EngRN: Biomaterials (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Modulation of MNC Phenotype and Macrophage Differentiation by the Matrix Elasticity in the Foreign Body Reaction","authors":"J. Fang, Zhi Yang, Wei Hu, Ba X Hoang, B. Han","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3674114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3674114","url":null,"abstract":"Biomaterial-induced multinucleated cells (MNC) have been observed within the material implantation sites, but their subtypes and roles in tissue repair and wound healing remain unclear. Herein, we present using an elastic gradient of the gelatin-based 3D matrix (Col-Tgel), as compared to cytokine, to induce MNCs in the <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> models. The 3D embedded Raw264.7 cells and rat bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDMs), with or without cytokines such as IL-4 and RANKL, were characterized in terms of their MNCs morphologies and subtypes by <i>in situ</i> immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. The macrophage polarization or osteoclasts differentiation markers such as NO production, arginase, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activities assays were conducted to compare matrix specific effects. 3D matrix-induced MNCs expressed the same phenotypic heterogeneity as the IL-4 and RANK treated ones. The high elastic matrix (1006.48±92.29 Pa) induced high proinflammatory and osteoclast-like MNCs populations, but pro-, anti-inflammatory, and osteoclast-like macrophage differentiation and gene expression were highly active in the low elastic matrix (38.61±7.56 Pa). The matrix elasticity also altered the effect of IL-4 and RANKL on macrophage-derived MSC polarization. In the <i>in vivo</i> subcutaneous implantation model, higher CD86+ and RANK+ MNCs populations displayed in the medium to high elastic matrices while relatively high CD206+ MNCs population presented in the low elastic matrix. Results suggested that the matrix elasticity modulated macrophage differentiation and MNCs phenotype. The low elastic matrix may favor anti-inflammatory MNCs and macrophage differentiation for subcutaneous implantation.","PeriodicalId":11894,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Biomaterials (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78402055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation of Inherently Antimicrobial Magnesium Oxychloride Cement and Effect of Supplementation with Silver Phosphate","authors":"Morgan Lowther, Thomas E. Robinson, Victor Villapun, C. Stark, L. Grover, S. Cox","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3592058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3592058","url":null,"abstract":"The growing threat of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is driving an increasing need for new antimicrobial strategies. This work demonstrates the potential of magnesium oxychloride cements (MOC) to be used as inorganic antimicrobial biomaterials for bone augmentation. An injectable formulation was identified at a powder to liquid ratio of 1.4 g mL-1, with initial setting time below 30 mins and compressive strength of 35 MPa. Supplementation with Ag3PO4 to enhance antimicrobial efficacy of MOC was considered, and shown via real-time X-ray diffraction to retard formation of hydrated oxychloride phases by up to 30%. The antimicrobial efficacy of MOC was demonstrated in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, with cement extracts after 72 hours of aging reducing the concentration of viable bacteria by a factor 107 CFU mL-1 after 24 hours culture. Enhanced efficacy was seen for silver doped formulations, with complete eradication of detectable viable colonies within 3 hours. Investigating the antimicrobial mode of action revealed that Mg and Ag release and elevated pH contributed to efficacy. Interestingly, sustained silver release was demonstrated over 14 days, suggesting the Ag3PO4 modified formulation offers two mechanisms of infection treatment, combining the inherent antimicrobial properties of MOC with controlled release of inorganic antimicrobials.","PeriodicalId":11894,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Biomaterials (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82865632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insect-Resistant Cowpea in Nigeria: An Ex Ante Economic Assessment of a Crop Improvement Initiative","authors":"D. Phillip, Alejandro Nin Pratt, P. Zambrano, U. Wood-Sichra, E. Kato, J. Komen, H. Hanson, J. Falck-Zepeda, J. Chambers","doi":"10.2499/p15738coll2.133541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133541","url":null,"abstract":"Since oil prices’ decline in 2014, agriculture has received renewed interest in Nigeria as a key sector for achieving sustainable growth and generating foreign exchange. One of the identified obstacles to achieving these goals is the need to improve agricultural productivity. Cowpea is one of the priority crops identified for productivity improvement. Currently cowpea yields are below 900 kg/ha, but it has been shown that with the right technology, these yields could potentially double. One of the main biotic constraints for cowpea is the infestation of the insect pod borer (Maruca Vitrata). No conventional variety has been developed to resist this pest, but with the use of biotechnology and the sustained collaboration of national and international partners over many years, there is now a genetically modified pod-borer-resistant (or more generally insect-resistant) cowpea. This paper estimates the potential economic benefits of adopting this new technology and the cost that Nigeria will incur if this adoption is delayed. The analysis is conducted using an economic surplus partial equilibrium model run with the newly developed DREAMpy software, data drawn from the Nigeria General Household Survey 2015–2016, estimations using these data, and other local sources. The estimations show that if the insect-resistant cowpea is planted in 2020, the net present-value benefits for producers and consumers would be around US$350 million, 70 percent of which would be accrued by producers. The distribution of benefits by region show that Sudan-Sahel will accrue the most benefits, given the relative concentration of cowpea in this region and the estimated higher adoption rates and yield changes. Almost half of producers’ total benefit will go to large producers, who represent only 20 percent of all cowpea producers, while small producers, representing half of all cowpea producers, will receive 24 percent of the benefit. Additionally, the analysis shows that a five-year regulatory delay will decrease the estimated benefits by around 35 percent. While Nigeria already has in place a competent biosafety system that will most likely ensure that these regulatory delays will not materialize, these estimations highlight the importance of having an evidence-based, efficient, predictable, and transparent regulatory system to ensure that the expected economic benefits are realized.","PeriodicalId":11894,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Biomaterials (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78181318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macrophage Adhesion and Phenotypic Shifts on Hydrophobically Modified Hydrogels","authors":"Zihao Xu, Dohgyu Hwang, Michael D. Bartlett, Shan Jiang, K. Bratlie","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3464636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3464636","url":null,"abstract":"A balance of macrophage phenotypes is essential in successful implantation. Therefore, biomaterials should be carefully designed to better regulate the response of macrophages. We demonstrate macrophage adhesion and phenotypic shifts can be modulated with hydrophobically modified hydrogels. This study represents a fundamental concept in controlling cell adhesion and differentiation with substrate hydrophobicity. Gel synthesis was carried out using methacrylated gellan gum (MGG), which was polymerized and crosslinked through a photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction in situ. The degree of hydrophobicity was controlled by attaching hydrophobic branches of different lengths to the MGG. The attachment was carefully controlled so that the hydrogel compressive modulus was not affected by the hydrophobic modification. Compared to unmodified MGG, the water contact angle increased and the swelling ratio decreased for modified MGG hydrogels. Naive and activated macrophages were subsequently seeded on the hydrogels with different surface wettability. Cell proliferation and spreading increased with increasing surface hydrophobicity. Hydrogel surface adhesion to a hydrophobic probe was quantified and showed an increasing trend with increasing substrate hydrophobicity. This suggests that the hydrophobic surface may increase protein adsorption, which, in turn, increases cell spreading. Cytokine secretion by M1 and M2 macrophages were also altered by substrate hydrophobicity. Both nitrite production, a marker of M1, and urea production, a marker of M2, increased with substrate hydrophobicity, with nitrate production being more pronounced. RAW 264.7 macrophages seeded on these substrates shifted to a more pro-inflammatory phenotype with increasing substrate hydrophobicity.","PeriodicalId":11894,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Biomaterials (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76529445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Ginger Variety and Incubation Time on the Quality of Coconut Oil (Cocos Nucifera)","authors":"Wahyu Wijayati, T. Rahayuningsih, D. Puspitasari","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3486997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3486997","url":null,"abstract":"Indonesia is the largest coconut producing country in the world. During this time, people process coconut oil in the traditional way. The oil quality is not good because it is processed by heating. One effort to get good quality coconut oil is to manage coconut oil without heating, namely enzymatic processing using zingibain enzymes from ginger. This research uses factorial randomized block design (RBD) consisting of two factors, namely ginger (J) type factors and duration of incubation (T). Ginger (J) type factor consists of two levels, namely: J1 = Zingiber officinale var officinarum and J2 = Zingiber officinale var rubrum. The incubation time factor (T) consists of three levels, namely: T1 = 36 hours, T2 = 48 hours, and T3 = 60 hours. The results showed that the type of ginger had a significant effect on yield, water content, acid number, and color organoleptic tests, but had no significant effect on the organoleptic scent test. The best treatment was obtained on coconut oil produced from Zingiber officinale var rubrum and 36 hours incubation time, with free fatty acids 0.19%, water content 0.24%, peroxide number 0.516 meq / 1,000 grams, yield 28.68% and had a total percentage preference for color 98.8% and aroma 51.1%.","PeriodicalId":11894,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Biomaterials (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82909999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Effects of the Nanoemulsion of Rosemary Essential Oil Against Important Foodborne Pathogens","authors":"H. Hassanzadazar, Samira Yousefizadeh, A. Ghafari, Mehdi Fathollahi, Majid Aminzare","doi":"10.29252/jhehp.5.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/jhehp.5.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of rosemary essential oil (REO) nanoemulsion against some important food borne pathogens. <br><br>Methods: Antibacterial effects of REO and REO nanoemulsion were determined using Agar disc diffusion, Broth microdilution and Steam phase diffusion methods against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shewanella SP, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enteritidis.<br><br>Results: Antibacterial effect of REO and REO nanoemulsion was increased with concentration enhancing of REO. There was no significant antibacterial activity in the effectiveness of nanoemulsion on the studied bacteria in comparison with REO in both disk diffusion and steam phase diffusion methods. MIC and MBC analysis of REO and prepared REO nanoemulsion showed that REO and its nanoemulsion have inhibited all studied bacteria. REO showed better inhibitory effects. REO and nanoemulsion of rosemary essential oil have the greatest effect on Shewanella SP., L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, S.enteritidis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, respectively.<br><br>Conclusion: In total, it can be said that REO and its nanoemulsion are desirable to inhibit the growth of food borne pathogens and can be a good choice as antimicrobial agents in food industry to enhance safety and extend foods’ shelf life.","PeriodicalId":11894,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Biomaterials (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80133214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification using Convolution Neural Network","authors":"M. S, Dr. Sanjay Pande M B, Dr Raveesh B N, Mr Madhusudhan G K","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3507904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3507904","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding human activity has lead researchers to work on one of the major organ of human body namely brain. The smooth function of human brain enhances the activities of human body. The systematic working of human brain is affected by various causes. In the present work, we have taken one such cause that is brain tumor, which is mainly due to abnormal growth of cells in brain.","PeriodicalId":11894,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Biomaterials (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90588809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrospun Acid-Neutralizing Fibers for Improved Biocompatibility","authors":"Yanbing Shen, T. Tu, Bingcheng Yi, Xianliu Wang, Han Tang, Wei Liu, Yanzhong Zhang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3368805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3368805","url":null,"abstract":"Biodegradable aliphatic polyesters, especially polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA), and their copolymer poly(lactide-<i>co</i>-glycolide) (PLGA), are the most representative and widely used synthetic polymers in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, these polyesters often give rise to the aseptic inflammation problem triggered by their acidic degradation products after implantation. Here, shell-core structured unidirectional fibers of chitosan/poly(lactide-<i>co</i>-glycolide) (i.e., CTS/PLGA) with acid-neutralizing capability were proposed for addressing the noted issue so as to achieve improved biocompatibility. Our results showed that during a period of 8-week degradation, the shell-layer of chitosan with its unique alkaline nature for acid-neutralization obviously hindered pH decrease as a result of the degradation of PLGA-core. In a mocked acidic environment testing with the human dermal fibroblasts, chitosan-enabled acidity neutralization could significantly reduce in vitro the secretion of inflammatory factors and down-regulate the expression of related inflammatory genes, such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the fibroblasts. Thereafter, biocompatibility assesments in vitro showed that CTS/PLGA nanofibers had poorer cell adhesion capacity than PLAG nanofibers, but were cytocompatible and promoted the cell migration and secretion of collagen. Moreover, two and four weeks of subcutaneous embedding in vivo revealed that the CTS/PLGA nanofibers significantly reduced the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the formation of foreign body giant cells (FBGCs). This study thereby demonstrated the excellent acid-neutralizing effect of the chitosan-coating layer on alleviating the inflammatory response caused by the acidic degradation products of the PLGA-core. Our highly-aligned CTS/PLGA nanofibers, as a kind of quasi ‘pH-neutral fibers’ with acid-neutralizing capability, may be potentially applied for engineering those architecturally anisotropic tissues (e.g., tendon/ligament) toward improved efficacy of regeneration.","PeriodicalId":11894,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Biomaterials (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87171458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single Shot Multi-Face Detection & Gender Recognition","authors":"Himanshu Vishwakarma, Gargi Verma, Smita Singh, A. Tiwari","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3350305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3350305","url":null,"abstract":"The method is proposed single shot face detection and gender recognition using Convolutional Neural Network(CNN).<br><br>The proposed method is using the YOLO algorithm to detect the human face and make gender recognition. The face detection and gender recognition are very interesting since the past two decades. This can be used in future for the security purpose, biometric, digital cosmetic and many more. As human face is a dynamic object having a high degree of variability in its appearance, that make the face detection problem difficult in the computer vision task. The goal of this paper is to multiple face detection and its gender recognition in one shot of image is passed in the network and give the better performance in term of speed and accuracy.<br>","PeriodicalId":11894,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Biomaterials (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76222791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tissue Specific Extracellular Matrix Extract Promotes Salivary Gland Organoid Formation with Human Salivary Progenitors","authors":"Zhang Siqi, Sui Yi, Fu Xiaoming, Feng Yanrui, Luo Zuyuan, Wei Shicheng, Zhang Yuanyuan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3325396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3325396","url":null,"abstract":"Hypofunction of the salivary glands (SGs) has several detrimental effects. Several approaches can be used to restore the function of damaged SGs, such as tissue engineering based on stem cells and biomaterials. Among these, three dimensional (3D) culture without biomaterials (termed organoids) can recapitulate the characteristics of the native organ in vivo. However, despite the substantial progress made, most organoids which are formed from stem cells or cell aggregates still lack a specific tissue niche. We hypothesized that tissue specific ECM proteins are required for formation and maintenance of functional organoids. Thus, we evaluate the effect of human tissue specific ECM extracts on the formation of functional SG organoids containing human SG epithelial and mesenchymal cells. We prepared human salivary gland ECM (hSG-ECM) with a growth factor-enriched supplement and the prepared hSG-ECM was introdeced in a uniform high-throughput 3D platform. First, we determined the optimum culture conditions; organoids comprising 5,000 cells at a mesenchymal: epithelial cell ratio of 1:9 exhibited a low frequency of apoptosis, high proliferation capacity, and a structure resembling that of SGs. Introduction of hSG-ECM extract with proper concentration resulted in maintenance of the stem cell niche and promotion of stem cell differentiation. Moreover, treatment of the organoids with decellularized supplements increased their sensitivity to neurotransmitters. In conclusion, we developed functional human SG organoids using salivary progenitors and ECM extract. The SG organoids have potential for SG tissue repair, drug development, and disease modeling.","PeriodicalId":11894,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Biomaterials (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81028969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}