Equine Veterinary Journal最新文献

{"title":"Clinical features, treatments and outcomes in 51 Thoroughbred racehorses with physeal spikes: A retrospective study (2011–2023)","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/evj.70048","DOIUrl":"10.1111/evj.70048","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":"57 S61","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/evj.70048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-field magnetic resonance imaging findings in polo ponies","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/evj.70051","DOIUrl":"10.1111/evj.70051","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":"57 S61","pages":"32-33"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/evj.70051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144930028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computed tomographic evaluation of protrusion of the superficial layer of the hoof wall and crena marginis solearis in non-lame horses","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/evj.70061","DOIUrl":"10.1111/evj.70061","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":"57 S61","pages":"34-35"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/evj.70061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144930100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cortisol and heart rate response of mares during the in-hand breeding procedure with and without restraint.","authors":"Maria Fernanda Atayde, Beatriz Vidondo, Rupert Bruckmaier, Sabrina Briefer Freymond, Harald Sieme, Rebekka Rey-Kaeser, Dominik Burger","doi":"10.1111/evj.70083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.70083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In-hand breeding involving restraint methods is likely the most common practice in the horse breeding industry worldwide. However, welfare issues that arise from such management have not been investigated in detail.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>(1) To investigate whether the mares show increased stress responses during in-hand breeding using (a) a lip twitch and (b) hobbles. (2) To evaluate if the use of restraint methods influences the mare's expression of oestrous behaviour.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Intra-individual cross-over design.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Six Franches-Montagnes stallions and 10 warmblood mares were used in these experiments. Each mare underwent standardised teasing and breeding sessions with and without one of the two restraint methods (morning and afternoon) on the day before ovulation. Salivary cortisol concentrations, continuous heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) before, during and after the teasing and breeding sessions were measured as objective stress indicators. An ethogram was established to evaluate the behaviour during breeding.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using the lip twitch increased cortisol concentrations (with twitch from 0.77 ± 0.07 to 1.20 ± 0.07 ng/mL vs. without twitch from 0.73 ± 0.07 ng/mL to 0.99 ± 0.07 ng/mL; p = 0.04), and the hobbles could not be applied to 2 out of the 10 mares in our study, as they did not tolerate this restraint method.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>The sample contained a small number of mares.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Using a lip twitch in mares during in-hand breeding is accompanied by a slight degree of stress, while hobbles are tolerated very well or not at all by the mares.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adjuvant combination enhances immune response of equine influenza virus vaccine in horses.","authors":"Lee Dong-Ha, Lee Eun-Bee, Seo Jong-Pil, Ko Eun-Ju","doi":"10.1111/evj.70090","DOIUrl":"10.1111/evj.70090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite routine vaccination, equine influenza outbreaks occur due to disparities of virus strains between vaccine and field, and immunity gaps between vaccinations.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate whether a combination of adjuvants can enhance immune responses to equine influenza virus (EIV) vaccines.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>In vivo experimental study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eight mixed-breed horses were immunised intramuscularly with a recombinant canarypox-based EIV vaccine, either alone or in combination with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). A single vaccine dose was administered, and serum samples were collected before immunisation and at 2, 8, and 24 weeks post-immunisation to assess the humoral immune response. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated to evaluate immunomodulatory cytokine expression and characterise recall cellular immune responses. Additionally, bone marrow and lymph node cells were analysed to assess memory cell responses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The combination of MPL and poly I:C significantly enhanced serum IgG antibody concentrations and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres against H3N8 A/equine/Kyonggi/SA01/2011 (Florida sub-lineage clade 1) and maintained these for up to 24 weeks post-immunisation. This combination led to increased cytokine mRNA expression and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) responses in PBMCs. Enhanced memory B cell responses were also observed in the bone marrow and lymph nodes at 8 weeks post-immunisation. MPL and poly I:C induced higher frequencies of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells following in vitro restimulation with H3N8 EIV.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>A viral challenge experiment was not included.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The use of MPL and poly I:C as adjuvants in EIV vaccines significantly improved immune responses by enhancing humoral immunity, memory cell responses, and antigen-specific cellular immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors associated with gastric disease prevalence in extensively kept horses in Iceland evaluated four times in a calendar year.","authors":"Nanna Luthersson, Patricia A Harris, Tim Parkin, Úndína Ýr Þorgrímsdóttir, Euan D Bennet","doi":"10.1111/evj.70072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.70072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>It is unknown whether the high prevalence of Equine Squamous (ESGD) and Equine Glandular (EGGD) Gastric Disease in extensively grazed Icelandic horses in the autumn/winter is seasonally driven.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, gastroscopically significant ESGD (ESGD_SIGN:score of ≥2/4); gastroscopically severe ESGD (ESGD_SEV:score of ≥3/4) and gastroscopically significant EGGD (EGGD_SIGN:score of ≥1/2) in extensively pasture-managed Icelandic horses at four timepoints.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Prospective longitudinal cohort.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Gastroscopy was undertaken in 80 Icelandic horses (3-26 years) from four farms in three different Icelandic regions on four different occasions in one calendar year (May: n = 80, August: n = 70, November: n = 66, and following February: n = 63). Various morphometric, clinical, behavioural, and management factors were evaluated as potential risk factors through multivariable logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prevalences of 48%-72% (ESGD_SIGN) and 33%-45% (EGGD_SIGN) were recorded across the year. Seven risk factors were associated with ESGD_SIGN: including reduction in grass availability but no additional forage provided (OR 10.55 [95% confidence interval 1.78-62.71] vs. low grass with forage provided); and Region (South: OR 10.11 [2.82-36.28] vs. North); body-condition score (BCS ≥7/9 odds ratio 4.44 [1.43-13.75] vs. BCS 6/9). Four risk factors were associated with EGGD_SIGN, including presence of ESGD_SIGN (OR 3.38 [1.73-6.61]), age (OR 2.93 [1.23-6.97] for horses >14 years compared to those 3-4 years old), dental score >0/2 (OR 2.30 [1.08-4.88]).</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>Loss of horses over study period; specific pasture nutrient content is unknown.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Confirmation of consistently moderate EGGD prevalences in extensively managed horses not being intensively exercised, and moderate/high prevalences of ESGD in horses not being fed high starch/sugar-rich diets. New potential risk factors were identified. Unknown social factors, associated with increasing herd size, might influence the prevalence of ESGD under such conditions, whilst age and dental abnormalities might be important for EGGD.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between endometrial swab bacteriology and cytology findings and live foal rates in Thoroughbred broodmares in the United Kingdom.","authors":"Billy Fehin, Camilla J Scott, Juan Carlos Arango-Sabogal, Amanda M de Mestre, Rebecca Mouncey","doi":"10.1111/evj.70086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To date, relationships between pre-covering endometrial swab cytology and bacteriology and fertility outcomes in Thoroughbred broodmares in the United Kingdom are unknown and could aid clinical decision making.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate associations between cytology and bacteriology findings from the last endometrial swab taken in the breeding season (15 February to 15 July) and live-foal rates (predicted mean probability of producing a live foal) in UK Thoroughbred broodmares.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Endometrial cytology and bacteriology findings were extracted from laboratory records for all last-swabs submitted between 2014 and 2020. Mares' status, age and foaling outcome were collected from publicly available data sources. Live-foal rates were estimated for reported categories of cytology and bacteriology findings using a multivariable logistic regression model with mare and farm fitted as random effects, while adjusting for mares' age, status, number of previous swabs submitted in that season and any interactions. Pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction evaluated between-category live-foal rate differences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data were available from 7691 last swabs from 3579 mares on 196 farms. In contrast to other categories of isolate, mares with a profuse growth of Escherichia coli had significantly lower (p = 0.005) live-foal rates (59.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 43.7-74.5) compared to those with no growth (80.9%; 95% CI 79.2-82.6). There was interaction between mares' age and cytology. In mares >12 years, significant reductions in live-foal rates (p < 0.05 in pairwise comparisons) were observed between mares with >30% polymorphonuclear: endometrial cells/high power field at cytological examination and mares with ≤0.5% PMN, a finding absent in mares ≤12 years.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>The use of unguarded swabs and absence of clinical information.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results highlight complexities to consider when interpreting endometrial swab cytology findings and a subset of mares with a profuse growth of E. coli in which knowledge gaps exist around the aetiologies underlying their poorer fertility outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scoping review of comminuted fractures of the proximal phalanx in horses.","authors":"Charles de Chaisemartin, Jean-Michel Vandeweerd, Michael Schramme","doi":"10.1111/evj.70077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.70077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Comminuted fractures of the proximal phalanx (CFPP) occur in adult horses. Various treatments have been described. It remains uncertain which is the best therapeutic option.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aims to review systematically the existing literature on CFPP in horses, evaluate treatment modalities, synthesise outcomes to assess treatment efficacy and survival rates, and identify knowledge gaps for future research.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Scoping review.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search was conducted using online databases. The bias quality of each article was evaluated. Chi-squared analysis was used to detect differences between types of CFPP in each paper (based on the presence [moderately comminuted, MCFPP] or absence [severely comminuted, SCFPP] of an intact cortical strut between both adjacent joints).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-nine papers met the criteria for inclusion in this review. In total, 409 cases were identified. The survival rate (SR) was 77% for MCFPP and 51% for SCFPP with a significant difference between fracture types (odds ratios [OR]: 3.16; 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.64-6.24; p < 0.001). For MCFPP, the SR was 85% following lag screw fixation (SF). SF yielded significantly better outcomes compared to SF with transfixation cast (TFC) (SF vs. SF + TFC: p = 0.02). Cast immobilisation (CI) alone was associated with a SR of 50% (1/2) and 85% (11/13) for MCFPP and SCFPP, respectively. For SCFPP fractures, treatment with Ci showed significantly superior results compared to SF and TFC (CI vs. SF + TFC: OR: 6.65; 95% CI: 1.11-73.96; p = 0.04) and plate fixation with arthrodesis of two joints (PF2) (CI vs. PL2: OR: 9.60; 95% CI: 1.54-110.23; p = 0.006).</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>All reviewed studies were retrospective. Fracture definitions, data collection periods, follow-up time and methods varied between studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study showed that SRs between 35% and 85% may be expected for CFPP. In MCFPP, SF appears to be a good treatment option. The merits of cast immobilisation alone should be discussed with owners if surgery is not an option in MCFPP or SCFPP.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to comments on: Noseband type and tightness level affect pressure on the horse's face at trot","authors":"R. MacKechnie-Guire,&nbsp;R. Murray,&nbsp;J. M. Williams,&nbsp;J. Nixon,&nbsp;M. Fisher,&nbsp;D. Fisher,&nbsp;V. Walker,&nbsp;M. Pierard,&nbsp;H. M. Clayton","doi":"10.1111/evj.70085","DOIUrl":"10.1111/evj.70085","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The use of nosebands remains a contentious issue within the equestrian and scientific community. An evidence-based approach is needed to inform policy and decision-making.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Doherty et al.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; have raised several questions regarding our recent study,&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; which was the first to take a biomechanical approach at quantifying dorsal nasal and ventral mandibular pressures associated with noseband tightness in horses at trot.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; We welcome critical discussion and aim to address the points raised regarding study design, data interpretation, and the application of our findings. While some of the questions posed are reasonable, Doherty et al.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; assert that our study compromises equine welfare, a statement that we refute. The &lt;i&gt;Fédération Equestre Internationale&lt;/i&gt; (FEI) did not fund either MacKechnie-Guire et al.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; or Clayton et al.'s&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; work; however, as an indication of the FEI's approach to using evidence-based decision-making, both studies have informed the development and introduction of the noseband measuring tool, which was implemented (1 May 2025) at all international competitions and equestrian sports that are governed by the FEI to prevent horses being competed in tight nosebands.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Doherty et al.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; question the inclusion of the drop noseband in our study and data analysis. Compared to the Swedish, flash and cavesson noseband, the magnitude of nasal pressure (kPa) was lower for the drop noseband. Considerable attention has been given to nosebands used in elite dressage, but the vast majority of horses are not at elite level and still require protection and good welfare. Horses training at elite level, training and/or competing in non-elite dressage and other equestrian sports, or being used for pleasure riding do wear a drop noseband,&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5, 6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and we believe that all horses participating in all equestrian sports should be safeguarded from tight nosebands. Therefore, we designed a study that had broader applications than just elite dressage; hence its inclusion. In response to Doherty et al.'s&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; concerns, Table 1 and Figure 1 display nasal and mandible data and distribution taken from our study,&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; with the shaded area representing reprocessed data where the drop noseband data have been removed from the analysis. The median values are slightly increased; however, despite this, no significant differences were found between 2.0 and 1.5 or 1.0 finger equivalent tightness (highlighted in bold in the post hoc &lt;i&gt;comparison&lt;/i&gt; column) therefore refuting the suggestion that the inclusion of the drop noseband data skewed the analysis and interpretation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Doherty et al.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; suggest that pressures averaged over the entire pressure mat under-represent the absolute value of the nasal an","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":"57 6","pages":"1719-1724"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/evj.70085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTION: Comparison of Oral Esomeprazole and Oral Omeprazole in the Treatment of Equine Squamous Gastric Disease","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/evj.70076","DOIUrl":"10.1111/evj.70076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>RETRACTION</b>: <span>T. Sundra</span>, <span>S. Gough</span>, <span>G. Rossi</span>, <span>E. Kelty</span>, and <span>D. Rendle</span>, “ <span>Comparison of Oral Esomeprazole and Oral Omeprazole in the Treatment of Equine Squamous Gastric Disease</span>,” <i>Equine Veterinary Journal</i> <span>56</span>, no. <span>5</span> (<span>2024</span>): 952-958. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13997.</p><p>The above article, published online on 07 September 2023 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors; the journal Editor-in-Chief, Celia M. Marr; the British Equine Veterinary Association; and John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd. The authors reported to the journal that the article had included inaccuracies in their methodology and described the correct methodology as follows: all cases recruited in New South Wales were prospectively recruited and randomised, while some cases from Western Australia were identified via review of clinical records. As such, this arm of the study population represents a case series and not a randomised, single-blinded controlled trial as presented in the article.</p><p>The authors supplied a list of corrections that would be required for their article. In addition to the changes in methodology, the required changes also included amendments to the stated ethical approval information, interpretation of results, and study limitations. A review of these requested changes by the journal and the publisher determined that the changes required to accurately reflect the case series fundamentally alter the reported study design, methodology, and limitations of the article. As such, the retraction has been agreed to because the article does not accurately reflect the actual research that was performed. The authors agree with the retraction.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":"57 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/evj.70076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}