Equine Veterinary Journal最新文献

{"title":"Racing and sales performance in Thoroughbred yearlings after carpal osteochondral fragment removal.","authors":"Daria C Debald, Victoria L Stanton, Cole B Sandow, Dwayne H Rodgerson, Michael A Spirito, Robert J Hunt, Bruno C Menarim","doi":"10.1111/evj.14532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14532","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>While radiographically evident carpal osteochondral fragments (COF) in Thoroughbred yearlings impair sales, their impact on future racing performance has been minimally investigated.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the impact of COF on Thoroughbred yearling sales and racing performance, and whether these are improved by arthroscopic removal. We hypothesised that surgical removal of COF improves Thoroughbred yearling sales and racing performance.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective observational.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using clinical records from years 2015-2018, 46 Thoroughbred yearlings with COF were identified and allocated to a surgically (SX group, n = 26) or conservatively (No-SX, n = 20) treated group. A control group consisted of 138 sire- and year-matched siblings without radiographic findings. Data were analysed using ANOVA with backward selection regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Identification of COF on radiographic surveys was associated with significantly lower sales prices and total winnings, regardless of treatment, with horses in both SX and No-SX groups achieving fewer starts and seasons raced when compared with controls. Overall variables and co-variables indicating racing and sales performances did not differ significantly between the SX group and the No-SX group; however, horses with COF treated surgically were more likely to achieve a racing career than those treated conservatively (OR: 6.2, p = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.987-69.690). When compared with control horses, conservative management of COF was overall associated with significantly poorer sales and racing performances. No such differences were observed between the SX group and the control group.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>The limited sample size and single centre limit generalisability. No further radiographic re-examination data were obtained during horses' careers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our data indicates that COF can impair a Thoroughbred's racing and especially sales performance. Larger cohorts of affected horses may help demonstrate the benefits of arthroscopic COF removal on sales and athletic performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144076802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equine fatalities in equestrian eventing.","authors":"Heather A Cameron-Whytock, Denzil O'Brien, Victoria Lewis, Tim Parkin, Euan D Bennet","doi":"10.1111/evj.14529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14529","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To date, industry and research outputs that have aimed to improve safety in equestrian eventing have tended to focus on identifying risk factors for horse falls during cross-country, which have been identified as the greatest risk of injury and fatality for riders. There is an absence of research that investigates fatalities of horses within the sport of eventing.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To use a combination of media reports and eventing federation databases to describe and document equine fatalities in equestrian eventing, including their context, location and a basic pathology.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Descriptive study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A study describing equine fatalities that occurred between 1998 and 2023. Study data were taken from a combination of media reports (to identify occurrences of equine fatalities) and federation databases (to confirm a fatality did indeed occur and validate data).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred and ten equine fatality records were included. Median horse age was 12 years. 62.7% of equine fatalities were not associated with a report of a horse fall during the cross-country phase. Of all fatalities, 36.4% involved a musculoskeletal (MSK) injury, 36.4% were considered sudden death and 27.3% did not report the pathology (unknown). A total of 47.5% of MSK-related fatalities and 90% of sudden death fatalities occurred during cross-country but were unrelated to horse falls at cross-country fences.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>The data presented within this study do not provide a complete picture of global equine eventing fatalities during the study period. Details around the context/pathology of fatalities are also limited because of the sources they are derived from.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrates that equine fatalities in eventing occur in contexts other than horse falls, including as a result of MSK injury and sudden death. Future research and risk management work in eventing should include work that investigates sudden death and MSK injury in eventing horses and their causative/associative factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144076645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptation strategies of Icelandic horses with induced transient hindlimb lameness at walk, trot and tölt.","authors":"Marie Rhodin, Filipe M Serra Bragança, Emma Persson-Sjodin, Sigríður Björnsdóttir, Helga Gunnarsdottir, Vikingur Gunnarsson, Elin Hernlund, Ineke H Smit","doi":"10.1111/evj.14525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14525","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Icelandic horses are valued for their additional gaits, but assessing lameness in this breed can be challenging. Pelvic (P) vertical movement asymmetries, differences (D) in minimum (min)/maximum (max) position, are used to quantify impact (PDmin) and push-off (PDmax) hindlimb lameness during the trot, but no established parameters exist for detecting hindlimb lameness in other gaits.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate temporal stride parameters and upper-body movement asymmetry after transient hindlimb lameness induction in walk, trot and tölt.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>In vivo experiment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eleven Icelandic horses were measured before and after hindlimb lameness was induced (sole pressure). Vertical movement asymmetry of Head (H)/Pelvis (HDmin/HDmax/PDmin/PDmax) and hip-hike were measured during ridden walk, sitting trot and tölt as well as in-hand walk and trot, using an inertial measurement unit system. Linear mixed models compared sound and lame conditions within each gait, and differences in estimated marginal means (mm) between conditions are presented, with significance set at p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Lameness induction significantly increased PDmin asymmetry in all gaits except walk in-hand: walk (PDmin_ridden: 5.07), trot (PDmin_hand: 10.72, PDmin_ridden: 9.85) and tölt (PDmin_ridden: 4.88). However, PDmax increased only for trot in-hand (PDmax_hand: 4.80). Hip-hike increased on the lame limb side at trot (hip-hike_hand: 20.90, hip-hike_ridden: 10.81) and tölt (hip-hike_ridden: 4.28).</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>Findings need verification in clinically lame Icelandic horses with varying diagnoses and lameness severity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PDmin and hip-hike appear to be effective parameters for detecting mild hoof-associated hindlimb lameness in Icelandic horses when trotting in-hand or ridden. At walk or tölt under saddle, only slight PDmin changes were observed, likely due to lower limb loading in those gaits and the pelvic minimum position associating with different loading stages throughout the stride cycle for walking and running gaits. These findings suggest trot is the preferred gait for assessing mild hindlimb lameness in Icelandic horses.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144076719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equine epiglottitis: Diagnosis, treatment and outcome.","authors":"Carlos Jimenez, Patricia Hogan, Reza Belaghi, Alexandra Curtiss","doi":"10.1111/evj.14528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Epiglottitis is an uncommon upper airway pathology manifested endoscopically by mucosal oedema, reddening and thickening of the epiglottic mucosa. Literature on epiglottitis in horses is sparse.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To describe the diagnosis, treatment and outcome of Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses diagnosed with epiglottitis at a single centre. A secondary objective is to demonstrate the efficacy of inhaled and topical anti-inflammatories for this condition.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective case series.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Medical records (2009-2023) were reviewed for racehorses treated for epiglottitis. Data collected included signalment, history, endoscopic findings, treatment progression, hospitalisation duration and any reason for re-admission. Race records were obtained to determine days to first race, earnings and career length.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-four horses were included in the study. Horses were referred for a variety of upper airway abnormalities including epiglottic entrapment, dysphagia and respiratory stridor. Of the horses admitted for epiglottic entrapment (18), a more accurate diagnosis of epiglottitis was made based on admission endoscopy. Horses were treated with systemic, topical and inhaled anti-inflammatories, as well as topical and inhaled antimicrobials. Twenty-two horses (91.6%) returned to racing after discharge. Eight horses (33.3%) were re-admitted, including six for recurrent epiglottitis and two for other airway pathologies.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>The major limitations include those inherent to a retrospective report. The results would be stronger with higher case numbers. Additionally, we did not have sufficient case numbers to compare outcomes of horses treated with inhaled medications versus those that were not. Racehorses inevitably develop other racing-related problems which confound studies of this nature.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Epiglottitis is a rare upper airway condition that is challenging to diagnose. However, when accurately identified, it can be successfully treated, offering a good prognosis for a return to athletic function.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144076710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dysphagia in an equine referral hospital, 182 cases.","authors":"Kevin M Connolly, Krista Estell","doi":"10.1111/evj.14512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dysphagia describes a clinical sign of pathologies of the oral cavity, pharynx, and oesophagus that carries potentially serious consequences for horses. Given the diversity of differential diagnoses that may cause dysphagia, an understanding of the prevalence of dysphagia in hospitalised patients, the distribution of aetiologies and clinical outcomes could inform diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aims to describe the incidence, signalment, history, aetiology, treatment, and outcome of horses presenting to a referral hospital for dysphagia.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective case series.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Referral hospital cases over a 12-year period were screened and included in the analysis for patients >6 months of age with at least one clinical sign of dysphagia and an aetiological diagnosis. Cases were partitioned into one or more aetiological categories of dysphagia (oral, pharyngeal, oesophageal, and neurogenic) based on recorded diagnosis. Treatment, survival, and resolution of dysphagia were reported.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dysphagia was recorded in 1.1% of all cases. Inclusion criteria were met for 182 cases. Resolution of clinical signs for oral, pharyngeal, and oesophageal aetiologies of dysphagia was >80%, while recovery of neurogenic dysphagia was 46%. Aspiration pneumonia was a common sequela of dysphagia.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>The retrospective design of the study was limited by the completeness of the medical record. Horses in this study population may not be representative of all dysphagia cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Dysphagia is an uncommon condition in hospitalised patients. Prognosis is good for most aetiologies, but resolution of dysphagia of neurogenic origin occurs less frequently than the other causes of dysphagia.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144076723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volume kinetics of lactated Ringer's solution in adult horses.","authors":"William W Muir, Xiu Ting Yiew, Shane W Bateman, Robert G Hahn","doi":"10.1111/evj.14534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fluid therapy in horses is primarily empirical. Evidence-based quantification of the disposition of intravenous (IV) crystalloids used in clinical practice could enhance the effectiveness of fluid therapy.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine the pharmacokinetics (i.e., volume kinetics: VK) and associated haemodynamic effects of IV lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) in adult euvolemic horses.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Unmasked multiple subjects, single baseline design.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirteen healthy, euvolemic adult female horses were administered an IV bolus of LRS and monitored over 4 h. Haemoglobin, albumin and haematocrit concentrations were used to generate VK parameter estimates through a non-linear mixed effects model and stepwise covariate testing. Cardiorespiratory effects, hormonal parameters and urine output were monitored.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Administration of an IV bolus of LRS increased heart rate and systolic arterial pressure. Kinetic analysis was based on plasma albumin, as fluctuations in haemoglobin concentration suggested splenic recruitment of erythrocytes. Fluid disposition was best described by a two-volume fluid space model. Covariate analysis showed that a high systolic arterial pressure is associated with a decrease in urine output, and that haemoglobin recruitment was associated with the transfer of fluid from the central compartment, which was estimated to be 26.2 L, to a peripheral space. Kinetic constants showed rapid fluid distribution to the peripheral compartment and slow return to the central compartment, impeding fluid elimination from the body. Distribution of LRS from the central compartment was rapid but elimination from the body was slow.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>Limited sample size and sample collection duration may have influenced model selection and covariate identification.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Volume kinetics provides a method for quantitatively describing the volume expanding effects of administered fluids. Fluid infusion is associated with an increase in heart rate and arterial blood pressure. Volume kinetic analysis offers a context-dependent method for developing and refining more effective fluid infusion protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143996485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment outcomes for equine osteoarthritis with mesenchymal stromal cells and hyaluronic acid.","authors":"Rodrigo Munevar Luque, Bri Henderson, Terence Connor McCorkell, Amir Hamed Alizadeh, Keith A Russell, Thomas G Koch, Judith Koenig","doi":"10.1111/evj.14531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14531","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are widely used to treat osteoarthritis (OA). Optimising dose, timing, and safety while comparing efficacy with standard therapies like hyaluronic acid (HA) is essential for their standardisation.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess the safety and efficacy of equine umbilical cord-derived (eCB) MSCs in client-owned horses with fetlock or carpus OA.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Prospective single-blinded randomised clinical study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Horses diagnosed with fetlock or carpus OA via intra-articular (IA) anaesthesia were randomly assigned to receive either 10 or 20 million eCB-MSCs in HA or 3 mL of HA alone (control). Subjective lameness examinations were performed at baseline, 3 weeks, and 6 weeks post-treatment. Adverse reactions were evaluated 24-72 h post-injection. Follow-up surveys were sent to owners at 18 weeks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-seven client-owned horses were enrolled. No significant adverse reactions occurred. Lameness outcomes did not differ significantly between treatment groups at 3 or 6 weeks (p > 0.05), though all groups showed improvement over time (p < 0.05). Median lameness change at 6 weeks was -1.5 (0.5) grades for HA, -2.0 (1.0) for 10-MSC + HA, and -2.0 (1.0) for 20-MSC + HA. Although return-to-work rates were not significantly different (p > 0.05), both MSC + HA groups had higher return rates to the same or higher work levels than HA-only (8 out of 9, 7 out of 9, and 5 out of 9, respectively).</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>Small sample size.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study aimed to assess MSC treatment safety and efficacy. Higher return-to-exercise rates were expected in the MSC groups at 18 weeks, but unexpectedly high rates in the HA group may have led to underpowering. A post hoc calculation suggests 30 horses per group would be needed to detect significant differences.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144062970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic performance of ultrasonography, bursography and standing magnetic resonance to detect navicular intrabursal pathology in horses with foot pain.","authors":"Grigorios Maleas, Natasha Werpy, Zoë Joostens, Bruce Bladon, Kerstin Gerlach, Mahmoud Mageed","doi":"10.1111/evj.14530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14530","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Navicular intrabursal pathology (NIP) is a common cause of forelimb lameness in horses. An accurate diagnosis of which structure is involved is essential for therapy and prognosis.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The study aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of ultrasonography, bursography and standing magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging as diagnostic tools of the proximal NIP using bursoscopy as the gold standard.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Prospective blinded study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 21 feet from 17 horses were included. The feet underwent ultrasonography, followed by MRI, and thereafter bursography and bursoscopy. The images were interpreted blindly to document the presence or absence of the podotrochlear lesions. The lesions of interest were dorsal fibrillations (DF) and splits of deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), adhesions and fibrocartilage defect (FD) of the navicular bone. The accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive values and negative predictive values were calculated. Furthermore, the kappa test was used to calculate the inter-observer agreement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bursoscopy revealed lesions in 95% (20/21) of the feet. Eighteen DF and 11 split lesions in the DDFT, 19 FD and 8 adhesions were identified. MRI showed accuracy of 94% (17/18, 95% CI 76.2%-99.9%) for DF and 81% (9/11, 95% CI 63.6%-97%) for split lesions in the DDFT, whereas the accuracy for FD was 58% (11/19; 95% CI 36.1%-80.8%). Adhesions with MRI were predicted correctly in only 37.5% (3/8; 95% CI 43%-85.4%) of the feet. Bursography showed with MRI similar accuracy regarding the adhesions. Bursography had accuracy for FD of 68% (13/19; 95% CI 52.8%-91.8%) and DDFT lesions were detected in 85% (17/20, 95% CI 34%-78.2%) of the feet. Ultrasonography predicted DDFT lesions in 65% (13/20, 95% CI 63.6%-96.9%) of the feet, whereas its adhesions' accuracy was 25% (2/8, 95% CI 14.5%-56.9%). The inter-observer agreement was the lowest for ultrasonography compared to MRI and bursography.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A combination of ultrasonography and bursography can be an alternative to standing MRI when the latter is not an option or is used as complementary tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of different techniques for injection of the interspinal space in horses.","authors":"Dorothea Tress, Simon Hennessy, Roswitha Merle, Katharina Charlotte Jensen, Christoph Lischer, Anna Ehrle","doi":"10.1111/evj.14515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14515","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Impingement of spinous processes (SPs) is commonly diagnosed in the equine athlete. For diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, local injections are performed at the level of the space between adjacent spinous processes in affected horses.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess the accuracy of different techniques for the local injection of the interspinal space in the equine thoracolumbar spine.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Ex vivo experimental study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Equine thoracolumbar spine specimens were used to compare three techniques for needle insertion (midline; bilateral abaxial; unilateral oblique), two needles (20G-1½″; 20G-3½″) and two volumes (5 mL; 20 mL) for local injection of the interspinal space. Additionally, needle insertion based on radiographic, ultrasonographic guidance, or palpation was assessed. Computed tomographic analysis and anatomical dissection were performed to evaluate the distribution of the injected volume.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most accurate injection of the interspinous ligament was achieved when the midline injection method using a 20G-1½″ short needle and a volume of 5 mL was used. Wide distribution of the injected volume was observed when the bilateral abaxial injection technique was utilised. The unilateral oblique injection technique led to significantly asymmetrical unilateral distribution of the injectate. Radiographic guidance did not increase the accuracy of the injection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The midline injection method is the most reliable technique for the targeted injection of the thoracolumbar interspinal space.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143992709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synovial fluid alpha-2-macroglobulin, gelsolin and lubricin distinguish between osteoarthritic and healthy equine joints.","authors":"Erica J Secor, Sydney J Womack, Machiel P Ysebaert, Marshall J Colville, Heidi L Reesink","doi":"10.1111/evj.14511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Synovial fluid (SF) is an ideal sentinel fluid for osteoarthritis (OA) diagnosis and prognostication due to its critical homeostatic role, proximity to articular tissues and immune cell composition. Untargeted proteomics enable identification of soluble markers for diagnostic and therapeutic applications while minimising bias.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To use liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to define the SF proteome in horses with and without carpal OA. The goal was to identify differentially regulated proteins in mild-moderate carpal joint disease compared with healthy joints.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Synovial fluid was obtained from horses undergoing arthroscopic treatment for carpal fragmentation and from horses with healthy carpal joints. LC-MS/MS proteomics was performed on a subset of joints (n = 8 OA, n = 8 healthy). Total protein (TP), gelsolin, lubricin and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) concentrations were quantified via biochemical or immunoassays (n = 58 OA, n = 25 healthy), and synovial membrane histology was graded (n = 16 OA, n = 6 healthy). Univariate and multivariate modelling were used to compare the predictive capacities of soluble factors between healthy and OA joints.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 119 proteins identified, 14 were increased and 10 decreased in OA. Two of the most upregulated proteins included pregnancy zone protein and alpha-2-macroglobulin. In OA, gelsolin/TP was decreased (OA median: 0.48 μg/mL/mg [95% confidence interval 0.27-0.73]; healthy: 0.89 μg/mL/mg [0.63-1.17]) and lubricin/TP increased (OA: 27.98 μg/mL/mg, [21.71-45.79]; healthy: 6.77 μg/mL/mg [4.36-9.94]) when measured by immunoassay. Multivariate modelling including gelsolin/TP, lubricin/TP and PGE₂ was superior to univariate models for differentiating between OA and healthy joints.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>Synovial membrane was available for a limited number of joints and most healthy samples were collected following euthanasia.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The upregulation of pregnancy zone protein and alpha-2-macroglobulin in OA joints motivates investigation into their function in OA and development of reagents for quantification. Several proteins with differential abundance in OA SF, including gelsolin and lubricin, were measured and may have diagnostic utility.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143978922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}