Equine Veterinary Journal最新文献

{"title":"Age is associated with the requirement for surgery in horses with nephrosplenic ligament entrapment of the large colon at a single UK equine referral hospital.","authors":"Georgia Dollemore, Kate McGovern, Rose Tallon","doi":"10.1111/evj.14479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Conservative and surgical management of left dorsal displacement and nephrosplenic ligament entrapment of the large colon (NSLE) is well described in horses. Whilst breed factors predispose the development of NSLE, it is unknown if breed affects the likelihood for surgical intervention.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To compare the incidence of surgical intervention and differences in pre-operative parameters between Thoroughbred and non-Thoroughbred horses. The authors hypothesise a higher proportion of Thoroughbreds require surgical intervention.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Case records at a single equine referral hospital were searched between January 2007 and September 2022 for horses with suspected or confirmed NSLE on transrectal palpation, transabdominal ultrasonography or exploratory laparotomy. Horses were classified into Thoroughbred and non-Thoroughbred groups. Unpaired T-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, Chi-squared tests and multivariable analysis were used to compare groups. A mixed effects multivariable logistic regression model compared surgery or conservative management as outcome variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 179 NSLEs in 169 horses were included (100 Thoroughbreds). Forty-eight horses (26.8%) underwent surgery, including 34 Thoroughbreds (70.8%). A total of 131 NSLEs in 125 horses were treated conservatively (73.2%), including 66 Thoroughbreds (50.4%). Univariable analysis showed Thoroughbreds were more likely to require surgical intervention compared with non-Thoroughbred breeds (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-6.18; p = 0.04). Thoroughbreds requiring surgical intervention were significantly younger than those treated conservatively (surgical group median = 2 years [interquartile range, IQR = 1], conservative group median = 4.5 years [IQR = 7], 95% CI 1.66-5.27 years; p ≤ 0.0001). Multivariable analysis, however, showed decreasing age alone was associated with an increased likelihood of surgical intervention (OR = 0.9; 95% CI 0.81-0.99; p = 0.03).</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>Definitive diagnosis of NSLE is not possible in conservatively managed cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>For this hospital population, Thoroughbreds were more likely to require surgical correction of NSLE, most likely due to the significantly increased likelihood of surgical intervention in young horses.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143073711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective assessment of acute pain in foals using a facial expression-based pain scale.","authors":"Johannes P A M van Loon, Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade, Gustavo Venâncio da Silva, Jiska Keus, Carlijn Huberts, Janny C de Grauw, Aliai Lanci","doi":"10.1111/evj.14481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14481","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pain assessment based on facial expressions has been described in foals.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To extend previous pilot findings of the Equine Utrecht University Scale for Facial Assessment of Pain in Foals (EQUUS-FAP FOAL).</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Prospective blinded case-control study (known groups analysis).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Video recordings (30-60 s) of n = 100 foals (38 patients and 62 controls) were collected. Videos were randomised and scored by two observers, blinded for the condition of the animals. Inter- and intra-observer agreement was tested by Intra Class Correlation (ICC) analysis. Differences between patients and controls were tested using Mann-Whitney U test, differences before and after analgesic treatment were tested with Wilcoxon signed rank test. Multilevel binomial logistic regression was performed for statistical weighting of each pain scale item. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine sensitivity, specificity and cut-off values.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>EQUUS-FAP FOAL showed good inter- and intra-observer reliability (ICC coefficient of 0.85 and 0.90 respectively, p < 0.001). Patients had significantly higher pain scores (median score 7, IQR 5.3-7.5) compared with controls (median score 2.5, IQR 1-3, p < 0.001) and the patient pain scores decreased after analgesic treatment (median score 6.5, IQR 5-8 vs. median score 4.5, IQR 3.5-6.5, p < 0.05). Multilevel binomial logistic regression showed the relative importance of the individual scale items. Using the original scale, sensitivity and specificity were 88.2% (95% CI 76%-96%) and 87.9% (81%-98%) respectively, with an area under the ROC curve of 94.9% (92%-98%), based on a cut-off value of ≥4. These values remained similar with the weighted scale based on logistic regression output.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>Videos of included patients were short and acquired by a person in front of the stable.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The current study shows that EQUUS-FAP FOAL can be effectively used to assess acute pain in young foals.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143064738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circulating concentrations of vitamins C, D and E vary with age but not with pneumonia status in foals during the first 5 months of life.","authors":"Hannah Helbig, Londa J Berghaus, Monica Venner, Roy Berghaus, Kelsey A Hart","doi":"10.1111/evj.14480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14480","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adequate vitamin availability is vital for cellular and immune function and for normal growth. Available data on age-related changes in serum concentrations of vitamins in foals are limited. In addition, associations between circulating vitamin concentrations and the development of bronchopneumonia in foals are not described.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>(1) To quantify circulating concentrations of vitamins C, D and E from birth to weaning in foals; (2) to determine associations between vitamin concentrations and the development of bronchopneumonia during this period.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Prospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Blood samples were serially collected from 100 initially healthy Warmblood foals from birth to 5 months of age. Health status was evaluated weekly, and the development of subclinical and clinical bronchopneumonia was recorded. After weaning, foals were allocated to healthy, subclinical and clinical pneumonia groups, and samples from 15 foals/group were randomly selected for vitamin C, D and E quantification via ELISA and HPLC. Data were analysed with linear mixed models (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Circulating concentrations of vitamins C, D and E did not differ between healthy foals and foals with subclinical or clinical pneumonia. Foal age significantly impacted vitamin concentrations (p < 0.001) in a vitamin-specific manner. Vitamins C and E concentrations increased during the first week of life and then decreased until weaning. Vitamin C concentrations were higher at pneumonia diagnosis in foals with pneumonia diagnosed at or before 8 weeks of age than in healthy foals. Vitamin D concentrations were lowest on Day 7 and then increased steadily until weaning.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>A small number of foals was included, and results may be specific to this study population due to environmental and farm management factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Circulating concentrations of vitamins C, D and E vary with age in foals, but do not appear to be related to the development of bronchopneumonia.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143064754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between fungal detection, airways inflammation and diagnosis of moderate to severe asthma in horses.","authors":"Pauline Barbazanges, Anne Couroucé, Gabin Le Digarcher, Jacqueline M Cardwell, Eliott Schmitt, Marie-Pierre Toquet, Louise C Lemonnier, Eric A Richard","doi":"10.1111/evj.14470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14470","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fungi are ubiquitous in horses' environment. Their contribution to the pathophysiology of severe asthma (SA) is acknowledged, while controversies remain for mild-moderate asthma (MA).</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We hypothesised that fungi are a risk factor for asthma. Our objective was to compare different combinations of analytical methods (cytology, culture) and sampling sites (tracheal wash (TW), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)) in relation to clinical status (control, MA, SA).</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Prospective cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study population included asymptomatic racing horses in the field and horses referred to the hospital for respiratory investigations. Fungi were detected by cytology and identified by mycology on TW and pooled BALF. Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regressions were used for prevalence comparison between groups and association with clinical investigations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total 155 horses (85 MA, 35 SA and 35 controls) were included in the study. The overall proportions of fungal detection in TW ranged from 45.7% to 89.4% among groups. The prevalence of fungal detection in BALF was significantly lower by cytology for SA (5.7%) than MA horses (23.6%) and significantly higher by culture for MA horses (31.8%) than controls (8.6%). Fungal detection by culture in BALF was significantly associated with high tracheal mucus score, high neutrophil proportions in BALF and diagnosis of MA.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>Mycology was only performed in pooled BALF, and environment was not sampled.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Fungi were significantly more prevalent in the airways of MA horses than SA and/or controls. Fungal detection on TW, either by cytology or culture, was uninformative in a clinical context. Fungal detection by culture, but not cytology in BALF was associated with MA.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143064752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of tree-associated atypical myopathy risk factors in Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore) seeds and leaves.","authors":"Sonia González-Medina, Carolyn Hyde, Yu-Mei Chang, Richard J Piercy","doi":"10.1111/evj.14475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14475","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sycamore tree-derived hypoglycin A (HGA) toxin causes atypical myopathy (AM), an acute, equine pasture-associated rhabdomyolysis but incidence fluctuates.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Investigate whether tree or environmental factors influence HGA concentration in sycamore material and are associated with AM relative risk.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective and experimental prospective study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>UK sycamore population, seed production and AM incidence data were obtained. HGA concentration was measured in seeds from trees from 10 different central UK locations. The effect of tar spot infection, seed maturity, tree trunk girth, location (urban/countryside), AM cases within 130 m, soil type, facing direction of seeds on the tree and year on seed HGA concentration was examined. HGA concentration was compared in whole and homogenated seeds stored in different ways.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HGA concentration in sycamore seeds was not associated with tree tar spot infection, location, trunk girth, seed weight or branch-facing direction but HGA concentration in sycamore seeds varied significantly and in parallel year on year in the same trees. Trees in the same vicinity tended to have similar HGA concentrations in their seeds when compared with those from farther afield. Seed production estimates were positively correlated with regional AM case incidence (τb = 0.3; p = 0.007). HGA sycamore seed concentration remained stable as seeds matured, but HGA declined in leaves as they wilted in autumn. Warmer and wet storage resulted in higher HGA concentrations in seed homogenates but not in whole seeds. HGA was detected in water containing sycamore seeds for 48 h.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>Lack of accurate weather data; sampling restricted to central England.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Tree factors that were investigated did not affect HGA concentration in sycamore seeds but HGA concentrations varied year on year. AM incidence is related to seed production; conditions that mimic browsing and ingestion increased seed HGA concentration. HGA toxicity could occur from contaminated water sources.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143046018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inherited non-syndromic polydactyly in a Berber and Arabian-Berber horse family.","authors":"Ella Baville, Bianca Carstanjen, Aurélie Thomas-Cancian, Anne Calgaro, Nathale Bonnet, Laurent Tiret, Vincent Gache, Marie Abitbol","doi":"10.1111/evj.14472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14472","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Supernumerary digits, or polydactyly, have been described in various species including humans, wild and domestic animals. In horses, it represents the most common congenital limb malformation, which has only been described in isolated cases or nuclear families. Molecular aetiology has not been reported.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To characterise the phenotype of a non-syndromic pre-axial polydactyly in a horse family and to decipher the inheritance pattern.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-three members of the family including a previously reported polydactyl case were recruited. Available clinical and radiographical findings from the initial case and its family members were summarised and karyotypic examinations of the horses were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On clinical examination, eight horses (including the previously reported case) had one or two supernumerary digits on their forelimbs and one additional case was diagnosed using radiography. Additional digits were located on the medial side of the forelimbs in all nine polydactyl horses. Radiography highlighted variable expression of the defect, which was either unilateral or bilateral. Variations were observed in the number of supernumerary phalanges, the level of development of a rudimentary metacarpal bone, the individualisation of a supernumerary digit and the existence of a rudimentary hoof. All nine affected horses were related to a single stallion. Pedigree analysis revealed that the most likely inheritance pattern was autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. A more complex mode could not be ruled out.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>Restricted recruitment of the family members due to confidentiality constraints and to international dispersal of the relatives, quality of radiographs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We describe an equine preaxial polydactyly in a Berber and Arabian-Berber family most likely with autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance. This is the first description of an inherited non-syndromic polydactyly in horses.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equine temporomandibular joint diseases: A systematic review.","authors":"Tomasz Jasiński, Bernard Turek, Michał Kaczorowski, Walter Brehm, Katarzyna Skierbiszewska, Małgorzata Domino","doi":"10.1111/evj.14462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14462","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a unique joint that enables mandibular movement. Temporomandibular diseases (TMDs) impair joint function, leading to more or less specific clinical signs.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To compile and disseminate clinical data and research findings from existing publications on equine TMD.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Systematic review.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, literature searches were conducted in PUBMED, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge. The inclusion criteria covered case reports and research articles on equine TMDs. The selected records were grouped considering septic TMJ arthritis, primary TMJ osteoarthritis (OA), and non-arthritic TMDs. A risk of bias assessment was performed for the research articles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Equine TMD has been described in 51 publications to date, with septic TMJ arthritis accounting for 41.2% of TMD cases, fractures/luxations for 29.4%, and primary TMJ OA for 21.6%. Trauma was confirmed or suspected in 54.9% of TMD cases. The severity of clinical signs was mild to moderate in primary TMJ OA and mild to severe in septic TMJ arthritis and non-arthritic TMDs. Clinical signs were related to the underlying cause, particularly in terms of TMJ swelling, pain, and masticatory problems. Among diagnostic imaging modalities, CT was utilised in 92.2% of horses, radiography in 84.4%, and ultrasonography in 21.6%.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>The lack of clinical data in some reports. A risk of bias due to missing data.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>TMDs are infrequently described, with trauma being the most common TMD cause. TMDs are associated with TMJ dysfunction; however, the diagnostic protocol is varied. Regardless of the TMD type, a detailed diagnostic protocol should include a thorough history, detailed TMJ examination, and radiography as the first imaging choice in field practice, with CT as the 'gold standard' in clinical settings. For septic TMJ arthritis, a bacterial culture is recommended, while for primary TMJ OA, functional tests and local analgesia.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143037615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical findings of candidate stallions presented for licensing at all German Warmblood horse-breeding associations in 2018-2020.","authors":"Muriel Sarah Folgmann, Kathrin Friederike Stock, Karsten Feige, Uta Delling","doi":"10.1111/evj.14474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14474","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is very little information available about the health status of young stallions from the German Warmblood population that will, once licensed, shape the future of equestrian sport and horse breeding.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the prevalence of clinical findings at licensing examinations of candidate stallions and the influences of season of birth, age at licensing, year of licensing, and the evaluator on the distribution of recorded findings.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective observational study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Clinical records of 1655 candidate stallions presented for licensing in 2018-2020 were reviewed. Data were provided by all German Warmblood horse-breeding associations and their official veterinarians. Storage and processing of the records was performed using the German equine health database. Generalised linear models were used to determine the influences of fixed effects (season of birth, age at licensing, year of licensing, evaluator) on main clinical findings. The significance level was set at p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No remarks were documented on the clinical examination protocol in 777 of the 1655 horses (47.0%). Furthermore, 51.9% of those stallions with remarks had only one finding documented. The main abnormalities recorded were skin lesions, enlargements on the limbs, and testicular findings. The distributions of several clinical findings differed significantly between the evaluators.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>Homogenous study population and retrospective data.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The clinical part of the licensing examination of German Warmblood candidate stallions presented in 2018-2020 rarely revealed abnormalities. The majority of the clinical findings which were recorded are considered to be of minor clinical relevance, implying an overall favourable clinical health status of the presented stallions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reasons to be fearful? Rising proportions of positive faecal worm egg counts among UK horses (2007-2023).","authors":"Fleur Whitlock, Jan van Dijk, Jane E Hodgkinson, John Duncan Grewar, J Richard Newton","doi":"10.1111/evj.14478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14478","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Anthelmintic resistance (AR) threatens effective equine parasite control. Quarterly data summaries from faecal worm egg count testing (FWECT) performed by UK laboratories have appeared in Equine Quarterly Disease Surveillance Reports (EQDSR) since 2007, but have not previously been assessed.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess strongyle FWECT methods and thresholds used by UK laboratories. To investigate factors associated with quarterly laboratory FWECT positivity rates between 2007 and 2023.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Laboratory surveys and analysis of laboratory summary data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Laboratories were surveyed in Q3 2018 and again in Q4 2023. Proportions of FWECTs reported positive (PTP) each quarter by individual laboratories between 2007 and 2023 were analysed using multiple mixed-effects linear regression, evaluating laboratory-level random-effects and fixed-effects variables for ordered categories of FWECT-thresholds, year-quarters and consecutive year groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten laboratories responded in 2018 and 13 laboratories in 2023. Samples were commonly reported positive at >0 to <100 eggs per gram (epg) and ≥200 epg. Regression modelling of 1190 EQDSR submissions confirmed significantly decreased PTP for thresholds ≥100 to <300 epg (level-2: -12.0%, p = 0.03), ≥300 epg (level-3: -18.0%, p = 0.03) and when thresholds were not specified (level-4: -12.2%, p = 0.0), relative to level-1 baseline (>0 to <100 epg). No significant seasonal variation in PTP between year-quarters was evident. Overall, controlling for between-laboratory variation and FWECT thresholds, there remained evidence for a significant gradient in increasing PTP over the study period relative to baseline (2007-2009). There were increases in PTP of +6.9% in 2010-2011 (p < 0.001), +10.1% in 2012-2013 (p < 0.001), +14.1% in 2014-2015 (p < 0.001), +16.0% in 2016-2017 (p < 0.001), +15.6% in 2018-2019 (p < 0.001), +17.1% in 2020-2021 (p < 0.001) and +18.9% in 2022-2023 (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>Survey responses were limited and most laboratories' FWECT thresholds were not known.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Controlling for laboratories and FWECT thresholds there was strong residual evidence from FWECT summary data for increasing egg counts in UK horses between 2007 and 2023.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in microcirculation variables in an acute endotoxaemic equine model.","authors":"Philipp K Sauter, Barbara Steblaj, Sabine B R Kästner, Franz J Söbbeler, Julia K Reiners, Annette P N Kutter, Alvaro J Gutiérrez Bautitsta, Stephan Neudeck","doi":"10.1111/evj.14473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14473","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Microcirculation is the essential link between macrocirculation and cellular metabolism.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To test our hypotheses that microcirculation variables will show a heterogeneous flow pattern during experimental endotoxaemia, and that fluid therapy and noradrenaline (NA) infusion will normalise altered microcirculation variables.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>In vivo experiments.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Six healthy adult horses were anaesthetised with dexmedetomidine, ketamine, and diazepam and were mechanically ventilated under isoflurane anaesthesia. Endotoxaemia was induced with 30 ng kg^-1 Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide intravenously. One hundred and twenty minutes later fluid bolus and noradrenaline (NA) infusion were administered to produce normotension. Pulse rate (PR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were measured and microcirculation variables were obtained by side-stream darkfield technique (de Backer density (DBD), perfused de Backer density (PDBD), proportion of perfused vessels, microvascular flow index (MFI), heterogeneity index (HI)), laser Doppler flowmetry (blood flow) and white light spectrometry (tissue oxygen saturation (tSO₂)) in sublingual, jejunal and genital area. Measurements were obtained at baseline, after endotoxin, at 60 and 120 min and during the normotensive phase. Data were analysed by mixed model variance analysis and Tukey-Kramer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The PPV decreased significantly over time by 30% (p < 0.001) at the jejunum. MFI decreased from baseline to ET60 and from baseline to ET120 in sublingual and genital mucosa (2.9 vs. 1.4, p < 0.001 and 2.8 vs. 1.9, p < 0.01), respectively. The sublingual HI increased from baseline to ET60, ET120 and NA (0.1 vs. 0.9, p = 0.02; vs. 0.6, p = 0.01; vs. 0.3, p = 0.01), respectively. The genital HI increased from baseline to ET120 (0.2 vs. 1.1, p ≤ 0.01) and NA (0.16 vs. 0.53, p < 0.05, respectively). Moderate agreement between observers for MFI assessment was present (kappa = 0.4). The PR significantly increased, and MAP significantly decreased from baseline over time.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>The obtained data could be influenced by secretions, pressure artefacts, the experience of the examiner and the sampling location. Blood flow was not quantified and there was no control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, short-term experimental endotoxaemia did negatively alter MFI and HI; however, it did not alter tSO₂, blood flow, DBD, PDBD or proportion of perfused vessels. Intravenous fluid therapy and NA did not restore MFI and HI to baseline values.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143022620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}