Entomological Research最新文献

{"title":"Insecticidal Activity of Ficus carica, Eruca sativa, Portulaca oleracea, and Lupinus albus Against Adult Tribolium castaneum","authors":"Hassan M. Eltalawy,&nbsp;Huda El-Fayoumi,&nbsp;Shawky M. Aboelhadid,&nbsp;Saleh Al-Quraishy,&nbsp;Almahy M. El-Mallah,&nbsp;Ezzat M. Awad,&nbsp;Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki","doi":"10.1111/1748-5967.70068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study evaluated the insecticidal, repellent, and fumigant activities of four plant-derived extracts: <i>Ficus carica</i> (common fig), <i>Eruca sativa</i> (arugula), <i>Portulaca oleracea</i> (common purslane), and <i>Lupinus albus</i> (white lupin) against adult <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses identified key bioactive compounds, including unsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, and tocopherols, which may contribute to their insecticidal and repellent properties. In the residual paper technique, <i>F. carica</i> extract exhibited the highest mortality (22% at 100 mg/mL), followed by <i>E. sativa</i> (14%) and <i>L. albus</i> (6%), while <i>P. oleracea</i> induced only 2% mortality. Repellency bioassays revealed strong deterrent effects, particularly for <i>F. carica</i> and <i>E. sativa</i>. After 3 h, <i>F. carica</i> exhibited 98% repellency at 2 mg/cm², maintaining 66% at 0.5 mg/cm² and 56% at 0.125 mg/cm², indicating broad-spectrum efficacy. <i>E. sativa</i> followed with 64% repellency at 2 mg/cm², sustaining over 50% repellency across all concentrations. Although repellency declined over time, <i>F. carica</i> retained 70% at 2 mg/cm² after 24 h, while <i>E. sativa</i> maintained 64% repellency. In contrast, <i>L. albus</i> and <i>P. oleracea</i> exhibited weaker repellency. These findings highlight the strong repellent effects of <i>F. carica</i> and <i>E. sativa</i>, suggesting their potential as natural alternatives to synthetic insecticides in stored grain pest management. Under fumigation conditions, <i>F. carica, E. sativa</i>, and <i>P. oleracea</i> exhibited minimal insecticidal activity, and <i>L. albus</i> had no measurable effect. These results indicate that the primary potential of <i>F. carica</i> and <i>E. sativa</i> lies in their strong repellency and moderate contact toxicity, rather than fumigation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11776,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Research","volume":"55 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Decomposition Ability and Environmental Impact of Laying Hen Manure Treated With Black Soldier Fly Larvae","authors":"Yeonwoo Jeong","doi":"10.1111/1748-5967.70066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Adding black soldier fly (BSF) larvae to animal manure enhances composting and environmental outcomes, producing organic fertilizer. However, the environmental impact of laying hen manure treated with BSF larvae remains poorly understood. This study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the decomposition ability, ammonia production, and proximate composition of laying hen manure at different instar stages of BSF larval treatment. The treatments included (1) 200 g of 2nd instar and (2) 200 g of 3rd instar BSF larvae/2000 g of laying hen manure. BSF larvae had no significant effect on the decomposition ability of laying hen manure during the experimental period. No significant difference in ammonia production was determined between the two groups on days 0 to 10, except on Days 15, 20, 25, and 30, when the differences were statistically significant (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). In addition, no significant differences in pH, moisture, TN, CA, or ADF content of laying hen manure were detected between the 2nd and 3rd instar of BSF larvae; however, the NDF content showed significant differences between the two groups (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). In terms of environmental impact, the 2nd instar BSF larvae groups increased decomposition ability and proximate composition of laying hen manure or decreased ammonia production compared with the 3rd instar BSF larvae groups. In conclusion, using the 2nd instar of BSF larvae on laying hen manure had a beneficial effect on the environmental impact and enhanced larval development under optimal conditions, which may be associated with pH.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11776,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Research","volume":"55 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Interspecific Competition Between Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) on the Life History Traits","authors":"Aasma Nawaz,&nbsp;Muhammad Binyameen,&nbsp;Sheraz Amjad,&nbsp;Muhammad Zeshan Zafer,&nbsp;Douglas Law,&nbsp;Mohamed Farouk Elsadek,&nbsp;Nojood Altwaijry,&nbsp;Daniel K. Y. Tan,&nbsp;Muhammad Yasin","doi":"10.1111/1748-5967.70050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Bactrocera dorsalis</i> (Oriental fruit fly) and <i>Bactrocera zonata</i> (peach fruit fly) are economically important pests of fruits and vegetables. In the current study, the life history traits of <i>B. dorsalis</i> and <i>B. zonata</i> were investigated under cohabitation. The experiment consisted of three treatments: <i>B. dorsalis</i> alone, <i>B. zonata</i> alone, and <i>B. zonata</i> in a shared habitat with <i>B. dorsalis</i>. Data showed that cohabitation had a negative impact on the life history traits of <i>B. dorsalis</i> and a positive impact on the life stages of <i>B. zonata</i>. Significantly more landings, ovipositions, pupal recovery, and adult longevity were observed in co-habited <i>B. zonata</i>, while no difference in these parameters was observed in co-habited <i>B. dorsalis</i>, except for a decrease in adult longevity.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11776,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Research","volume":"55 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in Grasshopper Movement in Latitude and Altitude in the Context of Climate Change—The Example of the Ili River Basin in Xinjiang, China","authors":"Xingmin Song,&nbsp;Huixia Liu,&nbsp;Chuanen Li,&nbsp;Mengjia Wang,&nbsp;Hongxia Hu,&nbsp;Zhujun Cao,&nbsp;Roman Jashenko,&nbsp;Rong Ji","doi":"10.1111/1748-5967.70064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.70064","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global warming has caused various taxa to migrate to different latitudes and altitudes. This study aimed to clarify changes in the community composition of grassland locusts and grasshoppers in the context of climate change, as well as their response patterns to climate warming. Choosing the Ili River basin in Xinjiang of China as the study area, this study comparatively analyzed the changes in the species temperature index (STI) and community temperature index (CTI) of locusts and grasshoppers historically (1986–1988) and recently (2022–2023). The aim was to elucidate the differences in the community composition of locusts at different latitudes and altitudes, and their responses to climate warming. The results showed that, under the influence of climate change, locusts and grasshoppers migrated northward in latitude at a rate of about 1.45 km per year. In areas with an altitude of &lt; 1158 m, thermophilic species migrated to mid-altitude regions with suitable temperatures. In areas with an altitude of &gt; 1158 m, psychrophilic species migrated to habitable high-altitude regions. In areas with an altitude of 1158 m, the number of thermophilic species migrating to lower altitudes was similar to the number of psychrophilic species migrating to higher altitudes. We found that, in the context of climate change, the relative composition of thermophilic species and psychrophilic species in the communities of locusts and grasshoppers changed in the Ili River basin over the two different periods. Moreover, locusts and grasshoppers migrated and diffused in different ways at different latitudes and altitudes to cope with climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":11776,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Research","volume":"55 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1748-5967.70064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145111285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Timing, Temperature, and Duration for Locusta migratoria Egg Mass Storage","authors":"Min Ji Park,&nbsp;Sun Young Kim,&nbsp;Hyung Joo Yoon","doi":"10.1111/1748-5967.70065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Locusta migratoria</i> eggs use diapause and cold tolerance mechanisms, supporting potential for mass rearing. Long-term cold storage conditions for maintaining egg hatching rates remain understudied. This study aimed to determine optimal cold storage conditions for long-term preservation of <i>L</i>. <i>migratoria</i> egg masses. Eggs were stored at 7.5°C for 1 month starting on Days 1, 3, 6, and 9 after oviposition. The highest hatching rate (96.3%) was observed when storage began on Day 6 after oviposition, and no hatching occurred when initiated on Day 1. Among the temperatures tested (5°C, 7.5°C, 10°C, 12.5°C, and 15°C), 10°C yielded the highest hatching rate at 1 month (74.3%), followed by 7.5°C (69.3%). The lowest hatching rate (26.4%) was recorded at 5°C. Egg masses stored at 7.5°C and 10°C maintained high hatching rates (81.1%–86.9%) over a 10-day observation period, even after 5 months of storage. Regression analysis estimated maximum storage durations for maintaining hatching rates ≥ 90% as 2.8–3.9 months at 7.5°C, 2.3–3.8 months at 10°C, and only 0.6 months at 5°C. Notably, eggs stored at 7.5°C for 4 months beginning on Day 6 after oviposition exhibited a hatching rate &gt; 90%, confirming the condition's suitability for extended preservation. Moreover, prolonged storage was associated with shorter hatching durations, suggesting continued embryonic development during cold storage. Thus, initiating cold storage at 7.5°C–10°C 6-day postoviposition allows effective long-term preservation of <i>L. migratoria</i> egg masses, contributing to the establishment of stable, year-round rearing systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11776,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Research","volume":"55 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145051168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant, Macrophage Proliferation, and Nitric Oxide Scavenging Properties of Molecular Weight–Fractionated Polysaccharides Derived From Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis Larvae","authors":"Ju-Hwi Park,&nbsp;Seong Do Lee,&nbsp;Jong-Jin Park,&nbsp;Ibukunoluwa Fola Olawuyi,&nbsp;Jongbeom Chae,&nbsp;Joon Ha Lee,&nbsp;Jae Sam Hwang,&nbsp;Wonyoung Lee,&nbsp;Dongyup Hahn,&nbsp;Ju-Ock Nam","doi":"10.1111/1748-5967.70063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.70063","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Polysaccharides extracted from <i>Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis</i> larvae were separated into three fractions based on their molecular weights, and the biological activities of each fraction were evaluated: L-PBSL (Mw: &lt; 3.5 kDa), I-PBSL (Mw: 3.5–13 kDa), and H-PBSL (Mw: &gt; 13 kDa). All PBSL fractions exerted antioxidant activities at 0.5–2 mg/mL, with L-PBSL producing the greatest effect: 19.34%–42.93% ABTS radical scavenging activity. Additionally, dramatic increases in macrophage proliferation were induced by 25–100 μg/mL L-PBSL and I-PBSL treatments, which were confirmed to be driven by a prolongation of the S-phase of the cell cycle. Finally, 100 μg/mL L-PBSL and I-PBSL treatments significantly decreased the nitric oxide produced by LPS-treated macrophages, with 62% and 43% reductions, respectively. Also, an LPS-conditioned medium model confirmed that L-PBSL and I-PBSL directly scavenge secreted nitric oxide. In summary, this study characterized the antioxidant, macrophage stimulatory, and nitric oxide scavenging activities of PBSL in relation to their molecular weight, with L-PBSL, the polysaccharides with a molecular weight below 3.5 kDa, showing significantly greater effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":11776,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Research","volume":"55 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1748-5967.70063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145051207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MaxEnt-Based Global Distribution Model of an Invasive Benthic Macroinvertebrate Species (Procambarus clarkii), Focusing on Habitat Suitability in South Korea","authors":"Yunsang Jeong,&nbsp;SoonJae Eum,&nbsp;Hyungsoon Jeong","doi":"10.1111/1748-5967.70059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.70059","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Invasive alien species are an international problem because they can pose ecological and economic threats. Red swamp crayfish (<i>Procambarus clarkii</i>) is a representative invasive invertebrate species that has spread to Europe, North America, and Asia and causes ecosystem disturbances in freshwater and damages water management facilities. This study aimed to evaluate the species distribution and potential spread of <i>P. clarkii</i>, which was presumed to have been human-mediated introduced into South Korea. To achieve this purpose, this study predicted the global habitable areas of <i>P. clarkii</i> using a maximum entropy model based on global and South Korea-specific <i>P. clarkii</i> distribution data and five environmental variables. Shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios were used to assess the effects of climate change on distribution. The model showed a good predictive performance for occurrence (AUC = 0.9707; TSS = 0.851; F1 score = 0.869). Temperature seasonality and mean temperature of the warmest quarter were the most influential factors for <i>P. clarkii</i> habitat. The model identified most regions with temperate climates and parts with continental and cold semiarid climates as high-risk areas. Under the SSP scenarios, the model predicted that the range might move into continental regions where habitat suitability is lower than that in temperate regions. In South Korea, habitat suitability was predicted to be high in the southern regions and eastern and western coasts. Also, suitability within the country is expected to increase. This study provides perspectives on <i>P. clarkii</i> invasion risk and highlights the need to prevent human-mediated introduction.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11776,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Research","volume":"55 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144897227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptation Mechanisms of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila suzukii to Their Distinct Habitats","authors":"Hyemin Kim,&nbsp;YeongHo Kim,&nbsp;Young Ho Kim","doi":"10.1111/1748-5967.70053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.70053","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The <i>Drosophila</i> genus comprises over 2000 species worldwide, making it a valuable model for studying habitat selection and preference differences among species in specific ecosystems. This review focuses on the differences in habitat and chemical preference between <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, which inhabits overripe and decaying fermented fruits, and <i>D. suzukii</i>, which inhabits fresh and ripe fruits. First, we discuss habitat characteristics associated with differences in chemical preference between the two <i>Drosophila</i> species and examine the correlation between chemical attraction and sensory adaptations. In addition, considering the sequential production of various volatile compounds such as 2-phenylethanol, ethanol, and acetic acid during the fermentation and decay processes of fruits, we provide a molecular-physiological interpretation of the differences in chemical tolerance and tolerance-related gene expression. Furthermore, we propose a novel relationship between the immune response and chemical tolerance, offering new insights into the study of immune pathways in fruit flies. Building on recent findings, we outline future directions for research into the molecular mechanisms of chemical interactions and adaptive strategies of <i>D. melanogaster</i> and <i>D. suzukii</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":11776,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Research","volume":"55 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1748-5967.70053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression and Functional Analysis of Niemann-Pick Type C2 Genes in Neoseiulus californicus","authors":"Feng Xiao,&nbsp;Jiayun Zhu,&nbsp;Di Fu,&nbsp;Qin Li,&nbsp;Zonglin Wang,&nbsp;Haoran Zhang,&nbsp;Meimei Mu,&nbsp;Rong Xiao","doi":"10.1111/1748-5967.70055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.70055","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Niemann-Pick type C2 protein is a newly discovered odor molecule carrier protein in arthropods and has garnered widespread attention in recent studies. However, its functions in predatory mites remain largely unexplored. In this study, we cloned the coding sequences of nine <i>NPC2</i> genes from the predatory mite <i>Neoseiulus californicus</i> and designated them as <i>NcNPC2-1</i> to <i>NcNPC2-9</i>. These genes encode proteins ranging from 146 to 174 amino acids in length, with molecular weights between approximately 15.6 and 19.3 kDa. All proteins possess a conserved ML lipid recognition domain, and their tertiary structures are mainly composed of <i>β</i>-sheets, consistent with the characteristics of the NPC2 protein family. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these genes are closely related to the <i>NPC2</i> genes of other mites and spiders. All nine genes were expressed in the olfactory-functional leg I, with <i>NcNPC2-5</i>, <i>NcNPC2-6</i>, and <i>NcNPC2-8</i> showing higher expression levels in leg I. After excision of leg I or both leg I and the gnathosoma, the expression level of <i>NcNPC2-5</i>, <i>NcNPC2-6</i>, <i>NcNPC2-7</i>, <i>NcNPC2-8</i>, and <i>NcNPC2-9</i> significantly decreased compared with that in leg I. Next, RNA interference experiments were performed on <i>NcNPC2‑5</i>, <i>NcNPC2‑6</i>, and <i>NcNPC2‑8</i>. Knockdown of <i>NcNPC2‑6</i> and <i>NcNPC2‑8</i> did not significantly affect the attack latency of female <i>N. californicus</i> towards Tetranychus urticae eggs compared with the dsGFP control but did significantly reduce their daily predation rate. In contrast, knockdown of <i>NcNPC2‑5</i> significantly increased attack latency and reduced daily predation rate. Our results support that <i>NcNPC2-5</i> is involved in the prey recognition and localization process of <i>N. californicus</i>.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11776,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Research","volume":"55 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Amino Acid Profiles for Different Deltamethrin Resistance Statuses of Aedes albopictus (Skuse)","authors":"Song-Quan Ong,&nbsp;Intan H. Ishak,&nbsp;Gomesh Nair,&nbsp;Rolinus Paulous","doi":"10.1111/1748-5967.70060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.70060","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding the molecular aspects of the susceptibility status of mosquitoes to insecticides could help tackle the problem of insecticide resistance. One of the most important molecular profiles is the amino acids involved in the synthesis of metabolic resistance proteins. In this study, the amino acid profile is compared for three different deltamethrin resistance statuses of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> (Skuse), namely, the VCRU strain (susceptible in the laboratory), the Balik Pulau strain (susceptible in the field), and the Glugor strain (resistant in the field). The resistance status to the insecticide was determined using the WHO adulticide tube test. The mosquito samples were later freeze-dried and derivatized by silylation and then analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Using standardized, known concentrations of amino acids, we quantified the amino acids in three different strains. A one-way ANOVA was performed to compare the concentrations of amino acids between the strains. Of the 12 amino acids obtained from the extraction, our results showed that the susceptible strains from the laboratory and the field were not significantly different, suggesting that the profile may represent the status of susceptibility. More importantly, the resistant strain in the field had a significantly higher concentration of alanine, valine, and glycine and a significantly lower concentration of the other eight amino acids. This suggests possible metabolic adaptations related to insecticide resistance, possibly involving detoxification processes or changes in protein synthesis.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11776,"journal":{"name":"Entomological Research","volume":"55 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144807526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}