Environmental Control in Biology最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of Growth under Non-24 h Period Lighting Conditions in Lactuca sativa L.","authors":"Takanobu Higashi, S. Nishikawa, N. Okamura, H. Fukuda","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.7","url":null,"abstract":"Nearly all living organisms have an endogenous circadian clock that generates a circadian rhythm with a periodicity of approximately 24 h. This rhythm is synchronized with the external environment and regulates many of the physiological processes of organisms. In animals, the circadian rhythm is generated by an endogenous circadian clock core located in the brain, and its resynchronization to different time zones is commonly referred to as “jet lag” (Yamaguchi et al., 2013). Conversely, in plants, the indigenous clock functions at the level of individual cells, which interact to produce the circadian rhythm in plant tissues, organs, and the entire organism (Fukuda et al., 2007; 2012). The circadian rhythm in plants regulates the timing of gene expression, which may for example result in peak expression of photosynthesis genes from early morning to noon, sugar transport genes from late afternoon to evening, and genes involved in fragrance production from late evening to early morning (Harmer et al., 2000). The circadian clock is comprised of a basis of three components: the input pathway, which transmits the lightdark cycle of the environment and other external stimuli to the endogenous oscillator; the endogenous oscillator itself, which generates the circadian rhythm with a periodicity of approximately 24 h; and the output pathway, which transmits the rhythm generated by the oscillator to control various physiological activities (Harmer, 2009). Most of the molecular genetics studies on circadian clocks in higher plants have been undertaken in the model organism, Arabidopsis thaliania (Mizoguchi et al., 2002; McClung, 2006; Harmer, 2009; Pruneda-Paz and Kay, 2010). Some of these studies have demonstrated how gene clusters, such as CCA1 (CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1), TOC1 (TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1), PRRs (PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATORs), and LHY (LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL) are involved in the oscillator, and how these “clock genes” play a central role in the formation of the circadian rhythm (Alabadí et al., 2001; Nakamichi et al., 2004; 2010; 2012). Proteins involved in the input pathway include phytochromes and cryptochromes, which are redand blue-light photoreceptors, respectively (Pruneda-Paz and Kay, 2010). Other factors known to be involved in the input pathway include phototropins, which are capable of both greenand bluelight photoreception (Briggs and Christie, 2002), as well as the F-box protein ZEITLUPE, which are the new blue-light photoreceptor proteins (Somers et al., 2000; 2004; Kim et al., 2007). Numerous other factors are involved in the output pathway, as evidenced by the circadian clock regulation of photosynthesis, respiration, stomata opening/closing, stem elongation, leaf opening, flowering, and a variety of other higher-plant functions (Harmer et al., 2000; Graf et al., 2010; Farré, 2012). A key factor in the regulation of physiological proc-","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75503231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variety Comparison of Effect of Supplemental Lighting with LED on Growth and Yield in Forcing Culture of Strawberry","authors":"K. Hidaka, K. Dan, H. Imamura, T. Takayama, K. Sameshima, M. Okimura","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.135","url":null,"abstract":"Production areas and levels are continuously declining for Japanese strawberry production. Solving these problems, there is an increasing trend towards strawberry productions in large-scale industrial facilities. Techniques to obtain consistently high yield are required in large-scale greenhouse. This requires the development of environment control techniques (e.g., light, air temperature, CO2 concentration, humidity, wind velocity) to allow plants to realize their full photosynthetic potential. Miyoshi et al. (2013) provides an example of environment control in forcing culture of strawberry, reporting on an energy-saving control of ambient air temperature using a constant soil temperature layer. Furthermore, Hidaka et al. (2012) reported that controlling the light environment directly influences leaf photosynthesis and fruit yield; this is required because variable light environments that are dependent on factors such as cropping season and cultivation location frequently lead to inadequate light levels for leaf photosynthesis, plant growth and fruit yield, resulting in declining productivity in greenhouse production. Consequently, the development of a supplementary lighting technique, independent of cropping season or cultivation location, is needed for consistently high strawberry production. Hidaka et al. (2013) examined the effects of 12 h of supplemental lighting (6:00 18:00) from two different commercial light sources, high-irradiance LEDs and fluorescent lamps. In that study, we found high-irradiance LEDs significantly enhanced leaf photosynthesis compared with fluorescent lamps. This led to improved fruit quality and a significant increase in marketable yield of strawberries in forcing culture. Hidaka et al. (2014) further examined the optimum photoperiod of supplemental lighting with LEDs to the June bearing strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch. cv. Fukuoka S6). The best fruit yield in this cultivar was found under 12-h illumination when four different photoperiods (12-h, 14-h, 16-h and 24-h illumination) were compared. Darrow (1966) classified June bearing strawberry Fragaria ananassa Duch.) as a facultative short day plant. Ito and Saito (1962) and Taylor (2002) clarified that each cultivar has a respective critical day-length that is needed to induce flower bud differentiation. Photoperiods exceeding a critical day-length may inhibit flower bud differentiation, and subsequently bring decreasing in yield. Therefore, a sufficient effect of supplemental lighting with 12-h photoperiods, which was seen when using the cultivar known as ‘Fukuoka S6’ (Hidaka et al., 2014), may not always be obtained using any other cultivars. Understanding the varietal differences in the supplemental lighting effect is required for developing a technique of supplemental lighting that can be broadly and successfully applied. The mechanism that produces an increase in yield based on supplemental lighting may also vary with each cultivar having","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2525/ECB.53.135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72390914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatization, Labor-Saving and Employment in a Plant Factory","authors":"Jai-Eok Park, Kenji Nakamura","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.89","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, plant factory related businesses are increasing because of abnormal climate and natural disasters. Various in-dustries have entered the plant factory business with new cultivating techniques. Various attempts are being made to produce high value crops with research and development of various cultivating techniques. Additionally in the plant factory business, large-scale production, automation and labor-saving are also important for establishing a sustainable industry. Therefore, several techniques have been utilized to improve the use of space, application of automation, and productivity in the plant factory.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81692828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Instantaneous Flooding and α-Tocopherol Content in Tuberous Roots of Sweetpotato ( Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)","authors":"T. Eguchi, Yuji Ito, S. Yoshida","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.13","url":null,"abstract":"In a previous study (Eguchi et al., 2012), tuberous root growth and antioxidant contents of two sweetpotato Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) cultivars were examined using two different irrigation schemes: periodic surface-irrigation and continuous sub-irrigation. Although no apparent differences in tuberous root development were observed between the two irrigation methods, the content of tocopherol in the surface-irrigated tuberous root was significantly higher for both the cultivars. We speculated that the periodical wetting of the tuberous root surface might increase the content of the antioxidant, -tocopherol. The inner portion of bulky plant tissues such as tuberous roots can become hypoxic because they are located at sites remote from the sites of oxygen entry (Geigenberger, 2003). Furthermore, hypoxia causes oxidative stress in plant tissue (Blokhina et al., 2003). A thin water film that covers the root surface may inhibit oxygen movement into the roots, and cause an increase in the content of the antioxidant -tocopherol, for coping with the slight oxidative stress occurring within the roots. However, there was doubt as to whether the surface-irrigated water completely coated the tuberous roots. Small container cultivation as we previously used for sweetpotatoes (Eguchi et al., 2012) can readily apply instantaneous flooding, which perfectly covers the whole surface of the tuberous root. In the previous study, the O2 concentration around the tuberous root was maintained at approximately 21% during the cultivation period and was unaffected by irrigation because of the good gas permeability and water drainage of the root media. In that case, instantaneous flooding may not greatly disturb O2 concentrations when we use the same root media. Therefore, in this study, we performed instantaneous flooding of sweetpotato plants grown in a small container. The effects of the flooding treatments with different times and different intervals were investigated with regards to the -tocopherol contents in the tuberous roots. Electrolyte leakage from the root flesh was also measured for examination of the occurrence of physiological stress within the root.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81030932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in Branch Formation in Indeterminate and Determinate Tomato Types","authors":"K. Ohta, D. Ikeda","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.189","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato plants differentiate a terminal flower bud on the apex of the main stem and formed flower truss, known as the determinate pattern with branching characteristics (Saito, 1982; Tabuchi, 2007). Then, the axillary bud adjacent to the terminal flower bud differentiates and grows as a uniaxial sympodial branch. The lateral shoot that extend a single main branch and continues to grow is referred to as indeterminate (Fig. 1). These types are cultivated mainly for the fresh product market. In contrast, plants with a self-pruning growth habit with only short sympodial branches that form 1 4 flower trusses (Yeager, 1927) are described as determinate. A new apex can differentiate from the highest node below the terminal flower bud in this branching type. These cultivars are mainly grown for processing tomatoes (Abe et al., 1965). In general, lateral shoots of indeterminate tomato cultivars need to be removed before becoming elongated to prevent nutrient competition between vegetative and reproductive organs. If lateral shoots are not removed, strong growth of shoots from some nodes occurs (Ohta, 2012). Because the sink strength of lateral shoots with flower trusses is stronger than that of the main stem (Shishido and Hori, 1991), strong growth of some lateral shoots may cause uneven distribution of photosynthetic products, resulting in undesirable effects on fruit production. During tomato cultivation during winter and summer in the Netherlands, lateral shoots generated from the first or second nodes below the terminal flower bud are used to increase stem numbers per area in indeterminate cultivars and increase tomato yield (Heuvelink, 2005). Aoki (1981) devised the continuous pinching cultivation method, which uses the lateral shoots to improve fruit quality and increase yield. The utilization of lateral shoots can both promote high-quality fruits (Fukuchi et al., 2004; Saito et al., 2006; Kusakawa et al., 2013) and also increase crop yield (Sasaki et al., 2013). In contrast, for determinate tomato cultivars, lateral shoots are generally not removed to save labor and ensure yield (Arima and Nakamura, 1969; Fukui et al., 1990; Ito, 1992; Yanokuchi, 1997). Differentiation of axillary buds occurs at every node during the growth of commercial cultivars. Although the axillary buds at lower nodes extend during the vegetative stage, the axillary buds at the upper nodes below the terminal bud do not extend much due to apical dominance (Saito, 1982; McSteen and Leyser, 2005). When the terminal flower bud at the shoot apex emerges and grows, the entire axillary bud in general begins to elongate. Branch formation in indeterminate cultivars differs from that in determinate ones. Also, the growth properties of lateral shoots generated from each node can be used as indices to increase yield and improve fruit quality. In addition, because the population of those who grow tomatoes in Japan is ageing, the ergonomics of this kind of work should be improved by developi","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89109100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracing Photosynthetic Response Curves with Internal CO2 Measured Directly","authors":"Jun Tominaga, Y. Kawamitsu","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.27","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85380311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empirical and Simulative Evaluations of White Fluorescence-type Light Emitting Diodes as Algal Growing Light Sources Based on the Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution by Synechocystis spp. PCC6803","authors":"K. Nagasawa, Junichiro Iwase, Diego Comparini, T. Kawano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.169","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, applications of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for enhancing the efficiency of photosynthesis have attracted the attentions by many researchers and agriculturalists. In the present study, we proposed both empirical (experimental) and simulative evaluations of chlorophyll-targeting monochromic and white fluorescence-type LEDs as the light sources for algal photosynthesis based on the evolution of O 2 by Synechocystis sp. PCC6803.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81886907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic Plant Cultivation System (Automated Plant Factory)","authors":"H. Ohara, T. Hirai, Kouji Kouno, Y. Nishiura","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.93","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74846040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of NO3-N Leaching in Commercial Fields of Leafy Vegetables by the Soil Nitrogen Balance Estimation System","authors":"A. H. Chotangui, K. Sugahara, M. Okabe, S. Kasuga, K. Isobe, Masao Higo, Y. Torigoe","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.145","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important element limiting nutrients for plant growth and one of the largest energy-input in agricultural production systems is through N fertilizers. Intensive crop production involves the application of inorganic and organic N fertilizer forms to supplement the soil resource base (Christian and Riche, 1998). Over-fertilization and inappropriate timing of fertilizer application may enrich soil water with nitrate-N (NO3-N) (Christian and Riche, 1998) and result to NO3-N leaching that is economically and environmentally undesirable (Asadi and Clemente, 2003; Luce et al., 2011). Several strategies of managing soil N that may reduce or prevent NO3-N leaching in intensive crop production systems have been proposed and experimented (Horiuchi, 2001; Di and Cameron, 2002; Qiaogang et al., 2008; Zupanc et al., 2011). However, in intensive leafy vegetable production systems, excessive application of N in the form of chemical fertilizers to achieve maximum yield per cultivated area is usually accompanied by NO3-N leaching (Mishima, 2001). NO3 -N leaching below the rooting zone results to point and non-point-source pollution and high cost-benefit ratio of agricultural production are sustainability issues that have been addressed for decades (Kumazawa, 1999; Maeda et al., 2003; Bergström et al., 2005; Schoolman et al., 2011). NO3-N leaching has been evaluated using lysimeters (Ogawa et al., 1979; Kobayashi et al., 1995; Suzuki and Shiga, 2004), porous ceramic cups (Williams and Lord, 1997; Christian and Riche, 1998), ion-exchange-resin cartridges (Predotova et al., 2011) and well calibrated computer models. Traditionally, a technique for monitoring salts in the soil of which NO3-N is not exempted involved core sampling (Patriquin et al., 1993; Eigenberg et al., 2002) or the use of suction probes (Williams and Lord, 1997; Christian and Riche, 1998) and subsequent laboratory analyses. Monitoring solutes in the soil has evolved through destructive and a series of non-destructive methods whose applicability is dependent upon the study objectives. Soil resistivity techniques such as resistance probes, low frequency capacitance probes (Aimrun et al., 2009; Scudiero et al., 2012), time-domain reflectometry (Payero et al., 2006; Krishnapillai and Ranjan, 2009; Persson and Dahlin, 2010), soil water samplers (Higashi et al., 2005), tracers (Shibano and Ohno, 1988) and morphological techniques (Eigenberg et al., 2002) have also been employed to monitor the pathway of solute movement in the soil. Computer models have also been developed for scientific research based on ecosystem management principles","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83934259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dry-fog Aeroponics Affects the Root Growth of Leaf Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Greenspan) by Changing the Flow Rate of Spray Fertigation","authors":"Y. Hikosaka, M. Kanechi, Mizuki Sato, Y. Uno","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.181","url":null,"abstract":"The growth characteristics and physiological activities of leaves and roots of lettuce cultivated in dry-fog aeroponics with different flow rates of nutrient dry-fog (FL, 1.0 m s (cid:4) 1 ; NF, 0.1 m s (cid:4) 1 ) were investigated under a controlled environment for two weeks and compared to lettuce cultivated using deep-flow technique (DFT). The growth of leaves of FL and DFT was not different and was significantly higher than that of NF. The amount of dry-fog particles adhering to the objects was higher in FL than in NF, so that the root growth in NF was significantly higher than that of FL. The respiration rate of roots was significantly higher in dry-fog aeroponics, but the dehydrogenase activity in the roots was significantly higher in DFT. There were no differences in the contents of chlorophyll and total soluble protein in the leaves or the specific leaf area. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were higher in dry-fog aeroponics. The contents of nitrate nitrogen, phosphate and potassium ions in the leaves were significantly higher in DFT, but the content of calcium ions was significantly higher in FL. Thus, changing the flow rate of the dry-fog in the rhizosphere can affect the growth and physiological activities of leaves and roots.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91137879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}