Environmental Control in Biology最新文献

{"title":"Local Variation of Leaf Morphology in Bulbophyllum drymoglossum (Orchidaceae)","authors":"H. Hayakawa, N. Kakimoto, K. Matsuyama, Kyohei Ohga, K. Ito, S. Tebayashi, H. Ikeda, R. Arakawa, J. Yokoyama, T. Fukuda","doi":"10.2525/ECB.52.241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.52.241","url":null,"abstract":"In Japan, Bulbophyllum drymoglossum is a unique species without pseudobulbs in the genus Bulbophyllum . A normal form of B. drymoglossum was described as having an obtuse leaf tip and unclear midrib but we found many B. drymoglossum individuals with an acute leaf tip adding clear midrib in Kochi Prefecture, Japan. It is questionable whether the individuals having an acute leaf tip and/or a clear midrib are simply morphological variants of this species. To reveal the status of the individuals, we performed morphological and molecular analyses using B. drymoglossum having acute/ob-tuse leaf tips and clear/unclear midribs and two related sympatric species, B. inconspicuum and B. japonicum . Morphological analyses showed that B. drymoglossum with an acute leaf tip had a longer leaf and rhizome internode than those with an obtuse leaf tip, though the two types of leaf tip shape of B. drymoglossum overlapped with the two character ranges. Individuals of B. drymoglossum with unclear midribs were twice as many as those with clear midribs regardless of leaf tip shape. Molecular analysis showed no evidence of genetic differentiations between the two types of B. drymoglossum. Because a local floral variation of B. drymoglossum (described as B. somai ) was reported from Taiwan, this species might have various morphological variations adapted for local regions.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"16 1","pages":"241-247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78504161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Plant Cultivation Density and Light Intensity on the Production of a Vaccine Against Swine Edema Disease in Transgenic Lettuce","authors":"K. Okamura, Yoshie Matsuda, Kadunari Igari, K. Kato, H. Asao, T. Matsui, E. Takita, K. Sawada, H. Fukuda, H. Murase","doi":"10.2525/ECB.51.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.51.207","url":null,"abstract":"Recombinant proteins as biopharmaceuticals have been commercially produced in Escherichia coli, yeasts, insect cells and mammalian cells. Although the production systems are well established, there are some issues concerning production costs and safety. The high production costs are due to the expensive facilities required, such as tanks and purification systems to remove impurities or toxins, and maintaining cell lines is costly. There are also some issues regarding infection risks by viral contamination. One possible solution for these issues is to produce recombinant proteins in transgenic plants. The advantages of the utilization of plant systems include a vast reduction in production costs, and a lower risk of contamination with infectious microbes or toxins (Giddings et al., 2000). Tomatoes, tobacco, rice and corn have been used as hosts when developing production technologies for biopharmaceuticals (Giddings et al., 2000; Daniell et al., 2001; Sala et al., 2003). In 2006, the USDA approved a new oral vaccine against Newcastle disease in chickens, produced in transgenic tobacco cells. In 2012, the FDA approved Elelyso (taliglucerase alfa), a recombinant enzymatic medicine for type 1 Gaucher’s disease, produced in transgenic carrot cells (Maxmen, 2012). However, these two biopharmaceuticals are produced in plant cell culture systems, and so the production costs remain high. In order to reduce these costs it is necessary to utilize whole plant cultivation systems. When using whole transgenic plants, it is also necessary to prevent the potential-flow of transgenes from the cultivation room to the surrounding environment. In addition, high levels of uniformity of harvested materials, and stable plant production, not affected by seasonal variations, are required. This can be achieved by using a closedtype plant production system, termed a plant factory in this study. The plant factory can maintain stable cultivation conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and light, all year round. In addition, the plant factory can create a specialized cultivation environment not occurring in nature, such as a high CO2 concentration. Optimizing the cultiva-","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"36 1","pages":"207-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77738433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous UV-B Irradiation Induces Endoreduplication and Trichome Formation in Cotyledons, and Reduces Epidermal Cell Division and Expansion in the First Leaves of Pumpkin Seedlings ( Cucurbita maxima Duch.× C. moschata Duch.)","authors":"S. Yamasaki, Y. Murakami","doi":"10.2525/ECB.52.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.52.203","url":null,"abstract":"Ultraviolet-B (UV-B; 280 320 nm) irradiation has pleiotropic effects on development, morphology, and physiology of higher plants (Frohnmeyer and Staiger, 2003). Exposure to UV-B causes DNA and membrane damage, reduced photosynthetic activity, inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, stunted growth, reduced leaf area, bronzing, and necrosis (Teramura, 1983; Ziska et al., 1992; Krizek et al., 1993; Teramura and Sullivan, 1994). Thus, UV-B irradiation inhibits plant growth. Plant growth is driven by cell division coupled with subsequent elongation and differentiation of the daughter cells (Beemster et al., 2003; Jakoby and Schnittger, 2004). Cell division plays a role in developmental processes that create plant architecture and in modulating plant growth rate in response to environmental conditions (Cockcroft et al., 2000; Beemster et al., 2002). In higher plants, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) are the tissues with active cell division. In other tissues that lack active cell division, cells can sometimes undergo endoreduplication, an alternative cell cycle process in which DNA replication continues without mitosis or cytokinesis (Nagl, 1976; Barlow, 1978). Endoreduplication in higher plants often occurs during cell elongation and differentiation, and some have suggested that it could play an important role in cell-size regulation (Traas et al., 1998). The DNA content of endoreduplicated nuclei is much greater than 2 C (C is the haploid DNA content). For example, trichomes are generated by endoreduplication of epidermal cells. Arabidopsis trichomes consist of single cells that emerge from the epidermis of leaves and stems. The single trichome nucleus continues to replicate its genomic DNA during differentiation, reaching levels of 20 32 C (Melaragno et al., 1993; Hulskamp et al., 1994). The surface of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cotyledons contains trichomes composed of three cells with nuclear DNA levels of 6.7 8.2 C, which is greater than that in epidermal cells (Yamasaki et al., 2010). Cell division and endoreduplication are important processes for plant growth. Aerial parts of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Duch. C. moschata Duch.) seedlings contain the cotyledons, hypocotyl, and SAM. Although cell division is active in the SAM, it does not occur in open cotyledons. Therefore, pumpkin seedlings represent an excellent system to study the effects of UV-B irradiation on tissues with and without active cell division. To clarify the effects of UV-B irradiation on higher plants over short-term periods, an experimental system designed to provide continuous UV-B irradiation at intensities that do not cause severe damage to the plants is useful. We previously showed that continuous UV-B irradiation (0.57 W m 2 ) of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings induced endoreduplication, caused rapid expansion of the epidermal cells surrounding trichomes in cotyledons (Yamasaki et al., 2007; 2010), and reduced epidermal cell division and","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"31 1","pages":"203-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84226343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Variation in Allelopathic Activity of Japanese Red Pine Needles","authors":"F. Kimura, H. Kato‐Noguchi","doi":"10.2525/ECB.52.249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.52.249","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"20 2 1","pages":"249-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78117157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Precise/Short-interval Measurement of Nitrous Oxide Emission from a Rockwool Tomato Culture","authors":"T. Yoshihara, A. Tokura, S. Hashida, Kazuyoshi Kitazaki, M. Asobe, K. Enbutsu, H. Takenouchi, F. Goto, K. Shoji","doi":"10.2525/ECB.52.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.52.137","url":null,"abstract":"Recent estimates suggest that the average annual nitrogen (N)-use efficiency of crops (i.e., the ratio of uptake N to applied N) is 40 50% at the global level (Cassman et al., 2002; IFA, 2007; Brentrup and Palliere, 2009; Conant et al., 2013). Although such low N-use efficiencies are partly due to losses through physicochemical phenomena such as volatilization, leaching, and runoff/erosion, processes related to soil microbe activities (i.e., nitrification/ denitrification) are considered to be the major cause (Conrad, 1996; Mosier et al., 2004; Baligar et al., 2007; IFA, 2007). One such loss, nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, is observed as a by-product of nitrification and a product of one of the steps of denitrification. N2O is a greenhouse gas (GHG) whose warming effect is approximately 320 times that of carbon dioxide (CO2); accordingly, it constitutes approximately 6% of the total effect of GHGs (IPCC, 2006). Agriculture accounted for approximately 60% (i.e., up to 6 Tg N2O-N) of total global anthropogenic N2O emissions in 2005, and is expected to reach more than 1.2 times the present level by 2030 (Reay et al., 2012; Kanter et al., 2013). Thus, low N-use efficiency is a major concern not only in agro-economy but also for the global environment. N2O emissions can be taken as a proxy for the other products of nitrification/denitrification and N losses (Mosier et al., 2004; Zaman et al., 2012; Wunderlin et al., 2013). For example, NO2 concentration increases in pro portion to the N2O-N/NH4 -N ratio in a one-stage nitritationanammox sequencing batch reactor for wastewater treatment (Wunderlin et al., 2013). The approximation of N losses via monitoring of N2O emissions will also be possible in agriculture and may help to improve the N-use efficiency of crops through better fertilization (e.g., Saggar et al., 2004; Hénault et al., 2005). However, the approximation in agriculture contains some difficulties due to problems in monitoring N2 O emissions in the rhizosphere, which are encountered in monitoring the batch culture. For example, N2 O emissions in the rhizosphere are always diffusible and low in concentration, and they are sometimes affected by complex factors (Bekku et al., 1997). In addition, short-interval/frequent monitoring is required for precise observations of possible quick responses (Daelman et al., 2013; Wunderlin et al., 2013). One form of hydroponics, a drip culture system using rockwool as a medium to support plant roots (the rockwool culture), is very popular for use in the production of fruits and vegetables (Jones, 2005; Van Straten et al., 2011). In this system, the nutrient solution is supplied periodically as drips, and the system is typically designed to minimize wastewater (Resh, 2012). However, it is likely that the","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"97 1","pages":"137-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87965258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Optimization of Solution Nutrient Concentration to Promote the Initial Growth of Tomato Plants in Hydroponics","authors":"D. Yumeina, T. Morimoto","doi":"10.2525/ECB.52.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.52.87","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, an advanced greenhouse cultivating system, which is called a “plant factory” in Japan, has become the center of attention in the production of fruit and vegetables as a substitute for conventional outdoor cultivation, from the viewpoint of the countermeasure for the abnormal weather (Hashimoto, 2013). In such an advanced cultivating system, growth promotion and high quality of plants are required to recoup the initial investment in equipment through active and optimal control of environmental factors. Hydroponic culture techniques have several potential advantages over soil culture techniques for cultivation, e.g., technical ease of flexible control of the root-zone environment, and for the mechanization of cultivation processes (Fukuyama et al., 1986; Raviv and Lieth, 2007). In advanced greenhouses and plant factories, therefore, various hydroponic culture techniques are used for cultivation. At the same time, various sensors and computers have been rapidly introduced into hydroponic control systems and have brought about many changes in production task routines. Advanced control techniques for the greenhouse environment have also been developed to optimize environmental greenhouse variables such as temperature, relative humidity and CO2 concentration (Marsh and Albright, 1991; Chalabi et al., 1996; Sigrimis and Rerras, 1996; Ioslovich and Seginer, 1998). It is clear that the development of efficient control techniques for the cultivation processes leads to producing much better plants (Van Winden, 1988). However, since the studied control variables have been restricted to environmental factors and have not included any physiological plant responses, optimal control (or optimization) of plant growth has not yet been achieved. This is because plant control systems including plant physiological responses are characterized by complexity and uncertainty, and the relationships between plant responses and environmental factors have strong nonlinearity and time-variation. To achieve optimization of the plant production process, monitoring the physiological status of the plant and then using this information for control is effective. Such an approach is known as the “speaking plant approach (SPA)”, where environmental factors are considered to be the input and plant responses the output (Hashimoto, 1989). It is clear that the concept of SPA plays an important role in optimizing plant production processes. Development of the optimal control of the greenhouse environment based on the concept of SPA has been tried (Challa and van Straten, 1993; Tantau, 1993). In recent years, intelligent approaches such as neural networks and genetic algorithms have been applied to plant production systems in greenhouses (Martin-Clouaire et al., 1993; Morimoto and Hashimoto, 2000; Morimoto et al., 2003). Such intelligent approaches are more suitable for dealing with complex systems, such as cultivation systems, than traditional mathematical methods. Neural","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"63 1","pages":"87-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89196334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of NaCl Salinity and Solution Temperature on the Leaf Wilting of Snap Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Plantlets Grown Hydroponically","authors":"A. Tazuke, T. Kinoshita","doi":"10.2525/ECB.51.201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.51.201","url":null,"abstract":"Water stress is a major limiting factor of crop yield (Boyer, 1982). Water management requires experience and there have been many reports on automatizing water management with the use of plant image processing (Leinonen and Jones, 2004; Cohen et al., 2005; Lenk et al., 2007; Moller et al., 2007). However, most of these reports used expensive instruments such as thermal imagers and multispectral cameras. Leaf wilting is a conspicuous symptom of water stress in plants. There have been several reports to detect leaf wilting by use of machine vision (Kurata and Yan, 1996; Tazuke et al., 2002; Takayama et al., 2009). Here, in the line of these studies, we made detailed observations of wilting symptoms from plant images obtained by periodical capturing. Wilting is believed to be caused by the loss of water from leaves, and such loss is caused by an imbalance between root water uptake and leaf transpiration (Aroca et al., 2012). For this reason, the effects of two treatments known to cause a reduction in root water uptake, salinity (Muries et al., 2011; Sutka et al., 2011) and low root temperature (Aroca et al., 2001; Nagasuga et al., 2011), were examined. Two indicators of leaf wilting derived from captured plant images were examined, one of which proved to be a good indicator of plant responses to stress treatments in the critical range of NaCl concentration, i.e., 50 to 100 mM NaCl. MATERIALS AND METHODS","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"173 1","pages":"201-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88155077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Air Circulation to Reduce Wet Leaves under High Humidity Conditions","authors":"T. Kuroyanagi, H. Yoshikoshi, T. Kinoshita, H. Kawashima","doi":"10.2525/ECB.51.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.51.215","url":null,"abstract":"The wetting of plants is regarded as an undesirable condition in greenhouses because of an increased risk of fungal and bacterial-incited diseases (Csizinszky et al., 2005). Droplets form on plants as a result of 3 factors associated with the high humidity of greenhouses: (1) condensation falling from greenhouse covers; (2) condensation on the leaf or fruit surface; and (3) guttation, which is the exudation of drops of xylem sap due to root pressure. The presence of water on plants is often unavoidable in greenhouses. Among growers, guttation is widely believed to be a sign of plants having good root spread. Depending on plant species and weather conditions, guttation on a plant may be comparable to condensation on the leaves (Hughes and Brimblecombe, 1994), with this phenomenon being frequently observed under greenhouse conditions (Joachimsmeier et al., 2011). Since guttation water is derived from xylem sap through hydathodes (the structure through which water exudation occurs), it has a similar composition to the exudates that flow from the root to the shoot in healthy plants (such as tomato and cucumber), and contains various minerals, such as P, K, Ca, and Mg (Masuda, 1989). However, the appearance of droplet through hydathodes is regarded as a major invasion route of pathogens into host plants (Huang, 1986). For example, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, which causes bacterial canker in tomato plants, is transported into the leaves via guttation droplets containing bacteria, and causes marginal necrosis (Carlton et al., 1998). Under the commercial-like greenhouse conditions, the secondary spread of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is caused by workers touching the guttation droplets exuded from inoculated source plants. In comparison, once the guttation droplets have dried, spread does not occur by touching inoculated plants (Sharabani et al., 2013). Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMV) have also been identified in the guttation water of infected tomato and green pepper plants, with the concentrations of the virus particles being sufficient to lead to the infection of healthy plants (French et al., 1993). Since hydathodes serve as efficient infection routes via guttation, the implementation of certain greenhouse air conditions that inhibit guttation might prevent the secondary spread of critical pathogens. Water droplets on leaf margins due to guttation are brought through the intercellular spaces of the leaf, called the epithem, which results in these droplets being in continuous contact with the water in the vascular system (Wilkinson, 1979). This channel through the leaf becomes active in darkness, when almost all the stomata close. Guttation might be effectively suppressed by dehumidifying greenhouse air and increasing transpiration rates. However, dehumidification is not unavailable for more than half of the greenhouses in Japan, which are not equipped with dehumidifiers or heaters. Therefore","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"87 1","pages":"215-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81152139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Deep Groundwater in the Sambagawa Belt in Relation to Growth of Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis)","authors":"M. Hikashi, K. Ishikawa","doi":"10.2525/ECB.52.79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.52.79","url":null,"abstract":"Fresh-water resources are becoming increasingly limited as human consumption of these resources, and their use in agriculture and other industries, increase. Water is becoming scarce not only in arid and drought-prone areas but also in regions that were not previously water-limited (Pereira et al., 2002), because degradation of water quality by salinization and nutrient loading has made freshwater increasingly unavailable (Scanlon et al., 2007). Therefore, water scarcity refers to both the quantity and quality of water available for stringent to meet various needs. Deterioration of aquatic environments is accompanied by health risks (Zamberlan da Silva et al., 2008; Nahar and Zhang, 2012). Degraded water quality is often associated with water shortages (Pereira et al., 2002) and increased damage to natural ecosystems. Agricultural production consumes approximately 70% of available global freshwater resources (Ongley, 1996; Kanae, 2009), including surface water and groundwater. Groundwater has come to be an important source of irrigation water for agriculture in large parts of Asia. Over 300 km of groundwater is used annually in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and China, close to half of the world’s total annual use (Shah et al., 2003). Groundwater is less easily polluted than surface water because it is protected naturally, is less affected by drought even when close to the point of use, and does not require extensive treatment before use; therefore, groundwater is a more reliable resource than surface water (Ravikumar et al., 2011). A number of studies conducted in various countries have examined groundwater quality in relation to drinking and irrigation (Subramani et al., 2005; Ketata et al., 2012; Alaya et al., 2013). Groundwater chemistry provides important information on the suitability of the water for drinking and for agricultural and industrial purposes. Studies of groundwater chemistry have been conducted in Japan to assess groundwater quality (Mitra et al., 2007a, 2007b; Nahar and Zhang, 2012). Some recent studies have focused on “deep groundwater,” because knowledge about this resource can facilitate the development of water supplies and geothermal energy, and planning for underground waste injection or nuclear waste repositories (Rahman et al., 2011; Alley et al., 2013). Deep groundwater is poorly defined, but there is growing interest in understanding the typical depths from which groundwater is withdrawn to meet various demands for this resource (Alley et al., 2013). Development of the term “deep groundwater” is tied to the advance of the early groundwater sciences in the middle of the nineteenth century (Hebig et al., 2012). Research on deep groundwater flow in major hydrogeological units is important to maintaining the ability to provide water for human consumption and to adapt its utilization for agricultural practices. However, extensive study of the effects of deep groundwater quality on growth of crop plants has not been c","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"s3-44 1","pages":"79-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90836169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Night Break Effect of LED Light with Different Wavelengths on Floral Bud Differentiation of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat ‘Jimba’ and Iwa no hakusen","authors":"Y. Liao, Kenta Suzuki, Wenjin Yu, Defeng Zhuang, Yasuhiro Takai, Rie Ogasawara, T. Shimazu, H. Fukui","doi":"10.2525/ECB.52.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.52.45","url":null,"abstract":"Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) is one of the most important cut flowers and has the highest consumption in the world. As a short-day plant (SDP), wild type chrysanthemums flower in autumn under natural conditions. In other words, it flowers when night length exceeds a critical dark-period. Interruption of the dark period by a brief light treatment (night break, NB) prevents flowering in SDPs. Currently, in order to inhibit early flowering and increase its shoot length from autumn to winter; chrysanthemum growers apply NB lighting using incandescent (INC) lamps. INC lamps have very low electrical to light energy transformation efficiency. Now, in order to save energy, the Japanese government has decided to halt the manufacture and selling of INC lamps. Therefore, it is necessary to find a new light source that can be used in agriculture as an alternative to INC lamps. The light environment, such as light intensity, light quality, and photoperiod, plays an important role in plants and affects their photomorphogenic development, which includes seed germination, shoot architecture, and flowering (Quail, 2002; Cerdán and Chory, 2003; Takano et al., 2009). Photoperiod has a marked influence on reproductive growth and regulates the flowering of plants. Flowering plants can be classified into three groups depending on their responses to the photoperiod: long-day plants, SDPs, and day-neutral plants (Thomas and VincePrue, 1997). The light signal is perceived by the photoreceptors of plants, such as phytochromes, cryptochromes, and phototropins, and the day-length is measured by the circadian clock (Srikanth and Schmid, 2011). Phytochromes are mainly photoreceptors of red (R) and farred (FR) light and are encoded by three genes PHYA-PHYC in rice (Oryza sativa), an SDP (Takano et al., 2005). Phytochrome A (phyA) mediates FR light (Mockler et al., 2003), while Phytochrome B (phyB) mediates R light and inhibits flowering in rice (Ishikawa et al., 2009). Plants regulate their flowering by transducing the light signal into the circadian clock that controls the CONSTANS (CO) protein, a promoter activating the expression of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene, which encodes a florigen under inductive conditions (Kobayashi et al., 1999; Kardailsky et al., 1999; Yanovsky and Kay, 2002; Corbesier et al., 2007). NB treatment inhibits flowering in rice, but the effect is reversed in the phyB mutant (Ishikawa et al., 2005). Thus, phytochromes are involved in the NB effect on flowering. When phytochromes perceive different wavelengths of light, plants reveal distinct physiological responses. Therefore, light qualities of NB also have different effects on flowering (Kadman-Zahavi and Ephrat, 1972). Recently, it has become expected that LED lamps, which","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"3 1","pages":"45-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84509966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}