{"title":"Differences in Branch Formation in Indeterminate and Determinate Tomato Types","authors":"K. Ohta, D. Ikeda","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.189","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Tomato plants differentiate a terminal flower bud on the apex of the main stem and formed flower truss, known as the determinate pattern with branching characteristics (Saito, 1982; Tabuchi, 2007). Then, the axillary bud adjacent to the terminal flower bud differentiates and grows as a uniaxial sympodial branch. The lateral shoot that extend a single main branch and continues to grow is referred to as indeterminate (Fig. 1). These types are cultivated mainly for the fresh product market. In contrast, plants with a self-pruning growth habit with only short sympodial branches that form 1 4 flower trusses (Yeager, 1927) are described as determinate. A new apex can differentiate from the highest node below the terminal flower bud in this branching type. These cultivars are mainly grown for processing tomatoes (Abe et al., 1965). In general, lateral shoots of indeterminate tomato cultivars need to be removed before becoming elongated to prevent nutrient competition between vegetative and reproductive organs. If lateral shoots are not removed, strong growth of shoots from some nodes occurs (Ohta, 2012). Because the sink strength of lateral shoots with flower trusses is stronger than that of the main stem (Shishido and Hori, 1991), strong growth of some lateral shoots may cause uneven distribution of photosynthetic products, resulting in undesirable effects on fruit production. During tomato cultivation during winter and summer in the Netherlands, lateral shoots generated from the first or second nodes below the terminal flower bud are used to increase stem numbers per area in indeterminate cultivars and increase tomato yield (Heuvelink, 2005). Aoki (1981) devised the continuous pinching cultivation method, which uses the lateral shoots to improve fruit quality and increase yield. The utilization of lateral shoots can both promote high-quality fruits (Fukuchi et al., 2004; Saito et al., 2006; Kusakawa et al., 2013) and also increase crop yield (Sasaki et al., 2013). In contrast, for determinate tomato cultivars, lateral shoots are generally not removed to save labor and ensure yield (Arima and Nakamura, 1969; Fukui et al., 1990; Ito, 1992; Yanokuchi, 1997). Differentiation of axillary buds occurs at every node during the growth of commercial cultivars. Although the axillary buds at lower nodes extend during the vegetative stage, the axillary buds at the upper nodes below the terminal bud do not extend much due to apical dominance (Saito, 1982; McSteen and Leyser, 2005). When the terminal flower bud at the shoot apex emerges and grows, the entire axillary bud in general begins to elongate. Branch formation in indeterminate cultivars differs from that in determinate ones. Also, the growth properties of lateral shoots generated from each node can be used as indices to increase yield and improve fruit quality. In addition, because the population of those who grow tomatoes in Japan is ageing, the ergonomics of this kind of work should be improved by developing a training method using lateral shoots originating from lower nodes. However, there has been little research to elucidate branching habits and the relationships between the emergence of the terminal flower bud and the elongation of lateral shoots in tomato. Because","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"4","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Environmental Control in Biology","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.189","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Abstract
Tomato plants differentiate a terminal flower bud on the apex of the main stem and formed flower truss, known as the determinate pattern with branching characteristics (Saito, 1982; Tabuchi, 2007). Then, the axillary bud adjacent to the terminal flower bud differentiates and grows as a uniaxial sympodial branch. The lateral shoot that extend a single main branch and continues to grow is referred to as indeterminate (Fig. 1). These types are cultivated mainly for the fresh product market. In contrast, plants with a self-pruning growth habit with only short sympodial branches that form 1 4 flower trusses (Yeager, 1927) are described as determinate. A new apex can differentiate from the highest node below the terminal flower bud in this branching type. These cultivars are mainly grown for processing tomatoes (Abe et al., 1965). In general, lateral shoots of indeterminate tomato cultivars need to be removed before becoming elongated to prevent nutrient competition between vegetative and reproductive organs. If lateral shoots are not removed, strong growth of shoots from some nodes occurs (Ohta, 2012). Because the sink strength of lateral shoots with flower trusses is stronger than that of the main stem (Shishido and Hori, 1991), strong growth of some lateral shoots may cause uneven distribution of photosynthetic products, resulting in undesirable effects on fruit production. During tomato cultivation during winter and summer in the Netherlands, lateral shoots generated from the first or second nodes below the terminal flower bud are used to increase stem numbers per area in indeterminate cultivars and increase tomato yield (Heuvelink, 2005). Aoki (1981) devised the continuous pinching cultivation method, which uses the lateral shoots to improve fruit quality and increase yield. The utilization of lateral shoots can both promote high-quality fruits (Fukuchi et al., 2004; Saito et al., 2006; Kusakawa et al., 2013) and also increase crop yield (Sasaki et al., 2013). In contrast, for determinate tomato cultivars, lateral shoots are generally not removed to save labor and ensure yield (Arima and Nakamura, 1969; Fukui et al., 1990; Ito, 1992; Yanokuchi, 1997). Differentiation of axillary buds occurs at every node during the growth of commercial cultivars. Although the axillary buds at lower nodes extend during the vegetative stage, the axillary buds at the upper nodes below the terminal bud do not extend much due to apical dominance (Saito, 1982; McSteen and Leyser, 2005). When the terminal flower bud at the shoot apex emerges and grows, the entire axillary bud in general begins to elongate. Branch formation in indeterminate cultivars differs from that in determinate ones. Also, the growth properties of lateral shoots generated from each node can be used as indices to increase yield and improve fruit quality. In addition, because the population of those who grow tomatoes in Japan is ageing, the ergonomics of this kind of work should be improved by developing a training method using lateral shoots originating from lower nodes. However, there has been little research to elucidate branching habits and the relationships between the emergence of the terminal flower bud and the elongation of lateral shoots in tomato. Because
番茄植株在主茎的顶端分化出一个顶生花芽,并形成花架,称为具有分枝特征的决定性花型(Saito, 1982;Tabuchi, 2007)。然后,与顶生花芽相邻的腋芽分化并生长为单轴合轴分枝。延伸出一个主枝并继续生长的侧枝被称为不定式(图1)。这些类型主要用于生鲜产品市场。相比之下,具有自修剪生长习惯的植物,只有形成14个花束的短的合聚枝(Yeager, 1927)被描述为确定的。在这种分枝类型中,新的先端可以从顶生花芽以下的最高节中分化出来。这些品种主要用于加工番茄(Abe et al., 1965)。一般来说,不确定番茄品种的侧枝需要在变长之前去除,以防止营养器官和生殖器官之间的营养竞争。如果不去除侧芽,一些节点上的芽会生长旺盛(Ohta, 2012)。由于花架侧枝的汇强强于主茎(Shishido and Hori, 1991),部分侧枝生长旺盛,可能造成光合产物分布不均匀,对果实生产产生不良影响。在荷兰冬季和夏季的番茄栽培中,在不确定的品种中,从顶花芽以下的第一或第二节产生的侧枝用于增加每面积茎数并提高番茄产量(Heuvelink, 2005)。Aoki(1981)提出了利用侧枝提高果实品质和产量的连续掐枝栽培方法。利用侧枝既可以促进高品质果实(Fukuchi et al., 2004;Saito et al., 2006;Kusakawa et al., 2013),还可以提高作物产量(Sasaki et al., 2013)。相反,对于确定的番茄品种,为了节省劳动力和确保产量,通常不切除侧枝(Arima和Nakamura, 1969;Fukui等,1990;伊藤,1992;Yanokuchi, 1997)。在商品品种的生长过程中,腋芽的分化发生在每个节点上。虽然在营养阶段,下节的腋芽会伸长,但顶芽以下的上节的腋芽由于顶端优势而不会伸长(Saito, 1982;McSteen and Leyser, 2005)。当茎尖的顶生花芽出现并生长时,整个腋芽一般开始伸长。不确定品种的分枝形成与确定品种的不同。同时,各节侧枝的生长特性也可作为提高产量和改善果实品质的指标。此外,由于日本种植番茄的人口正在老龄化,应该通过开发一种使用源自较低节点的侧枝的训练方法来改善这类工作的人体工程学。然而,对番茄的分枝习性以及顶芽出芽与侧芽伸长之间的关系的研究却很少。因为