Environmental Geosciences最新文献

{"title":"ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DURING EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS","authors":"Irina Gildeeva","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-0984.1999.08046-11.x","DOIUrl":"10.1046/j.1526-0984.1999.08046-11.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Estimates of oil pollution show that every year, the surface of the globe is polluted by 30 million tons of oil. That is equivalent to the loss of one large oil field. Annual average oil losses in Russia alone are estimated to be 12 million tons in the last 2–3 decades. Lately, in Russia, up to 40,000 damages occur at the field pipelines of which at least 20 are significantly large. In the Komi Republic, an area of pastures damaged as a result of oil production totalled 17,200 hectares; in Western Siberia, up to 12.5% of all pastures are also damaged as a consequence of oil and gas field development. The author proposes to subdivide all the known oil and gas field types on the degree of their potential danger during field exploitation into five groups. This classification is the basis for constructing new environmental maps. These maps suggest that there is a potential for environmental damage by hydrocarbon field exploitation on the Timan-Pechora and Western Siberia provinces. It is indicated that it is necessary to create a defense system against oil pollution at all the stages of oil and gas field development. This system must include environmental audit monitoring, prevention of environmental pollution, and rehabilitation of soil and surface water. The characteristic of measures on pollution prevention, including engineer-technical, judicial measures, and the measures of prevention character, is given in the report. The last is illustrated by the technology of production and refining of high-viscosity, sulphurous, metal-bearing oils. The description of one effective biological cleanup method, based on the application of NAPHTOX biopreparation and created at the VNIGRI, is given. Recommendations on accidental oil spill prediction and combating measures are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":11706,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Geosciences","volume":"6 3","pages":"153-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1046/j.1526-0984.1999.08046-11.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57736673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Well test results and reservoir performance for a carbon dioxide injection test in the Bass Islands Dolomite in the Michigan Basin","authors":"J. Sminchak, N. Gupta, J. Gerst","doi":"10.1306/EG.04080909001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1306/EG.04080909001","url":null,"abstract":"Analysis of well test results and reservoir behavior is presented for a 10,241-t carbon dioxide (CO2) injection test in the Michigan Basin. The test site was located in Otsego County, Michigan, and was part of the Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) program. The injection target was a deep saline rock formation, named the Bass Islands Dolomite, at a depth of 1049–1071 m (3442–3514 ft). Rock core tests on this formation suggested an average permeability of 22 md and porosity of 13% across 22 m (72 ft). Hydraulic monitoring included metering injection at the wellhead and downhole pressure and temperature logging in the injection well and a nearby deep monitoring well. Pressure response curves were analyzed for a step-rate injection and shut-in recovery tests. Downhole pressure in the injection well was approximately 13,800–13,930 kPa at injection rates of 400–600 t CO2 per day. Step-rate injection testing suggested that injection rates of several hundred thousand metric tons CO2 per year may be sustainable in a single well. Injection test pressure falloff analysis showed that the overall reservoir permeability may be more than twice as high as indicated from rock core tests. This successful test provides extremely valuable field information on all aspects of the CO2 storage feasibility for both the test region and the broader deployment of the technology.","PeriodicalId":11706,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Geosciences","volume":"16 1","pages":"153-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1306/EG.04080909001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66164329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geological sequestration of carbon dioxide in the Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone: Regional storage capacity, site characterization, and large-scale injection feasibility, Michigan Basin","authors":"D. Barnes, D. Bacon, Stephen Kelley","doi":"10.1306/EG.05080909009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1306/EG.05080909009","url":null,"abstract":"The Mount Simon Sandstone (Cambrian) is recognized as an important deep saline reservoir with potential to serve as a target for geological sequestration in the Midwest, United States. The Mount Simon Sandstone in Michigan consists primarily of sandy clastics and grades upward into the more argillaceous Eau Claire Formation, which serves as a regional confining zone. The Mount Simon Sandstone lies at depths from about 914 m (3000 ft) to more than 4572 m (15,000 ft) in the Michigan Basin and ranges in thickness from more than 396 m (1300 ft) to near zero adjacent to basement highs. The Mount Simon Sandstone has variable reservoir quality characteristics dependent on sedimentary facies variations and depth-related diagenesis. On the basis of well-log-derived net porosity from wells in the Michigan Basin, estimates of total geological sequestration capacity were determined to be in excess of 29 billion metric tons (Gt). Most of this capacity is located in the southwestern part of the state. Numerical simulations of carbon dioxide (CO2) injection were conducted using the subsurface transport over multiple phases-water-CO2-salt (STOMP-WCS) simulator code to assess the potential for geologic sequestration into the Mount Simon saline reservoir in the area of Holland, Ottawa County, Michigan. At this locality, the reservoir is more than 260 m (850 ft) thick and has a minimum of 30 m (100 ft) of net porosity. The simulation used a CO2 injection period of 20 yr at a rate of 600,000 metric tons (t)/yr, followed by an equilibration period of 280 yr, for a total of 300 yr. After 20 yr, the total amount of CO2 injected is 12 million metric tons (Mt); after 300 yr, 9.8 Mt is modeled to remain as a free-phase (nonentrapped) supercritical CO2, 0.7 Mt is capillary-entrapped (residual) supercritical CO2, and 1.5 Mt dissolved into the brine. The injected CO2 spread to an area with a radius of 1.8 km (1.12 mi) after 20 yr of injection at a single well and to an area with a radius of 3.8 km (2.36 mi) after 300 yr. The low-permeability Eau Claire retards the upward migration of CO2. Pressures during injection at the bottom of the cap rock (1540.5-m [5054-ft] depth) are well below the fracture pressure limit of 27.9 MPa (4046.6 psi), assuming a fracture pressure gradient of 0.018 MPa/m (0.8 psi/ft) caused by the high permeability of the Mount Simon Sandstone.","PeriodicalId":11706,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Geosciences","volume":"16 1","pages":"163-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1306/EG.05080909009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66164522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reservoir characteristics of the Bass Islands dolomite in Otsego County, Michigan: Results for a saline reservoir CO2 sequestration demonstration","authors":"W. Harrison, G. Grammer, D. Barnes","doi":"10.1306/EG.05080909011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1306/EG.05080909011","url":null,"abstract":"As part of a phase II plan to understand, test, and evaluate the CO2 sequestration potential for deep saline reservoirs in Michigan, a demonstration test well was completed in late 2006 in Otsego County, northern lower Michigan. The well was drilled to 3630 ft (1006 m) and open-hole logged. Selected conventional cores totaling 180 ft (55 m) were taken in the saline reservoir (Bass Islands Formation), the immediately overlying confining unit (Bois Blanc Formation), and the overlying seal (Amherstberg Formation). Additionally, 24 sidewall cores were taken in several uphole formations. The whole core was sampled every foot by drilling 2-in. (5-cm)-long and 1-in. (2.5-cm)-diameter test plugs for porosity and permeability (PP) analyses. Seventy-four horizontal plugs, 12 vertical plugs, 6 whole cores, and 17 sidewall core plugs were sent to Core Laboratories for routine PP analyses. Fifteen blue-dyed, epoxy-impregnated thin sections were made from selected PP plugs. The whole core was slabbed for examination and description of lithology, sedimentary structures, and facies characteristics. This Upper Silurian and Lower–Middle Devonian stratigraphic section was carefully examined for lithology and facies characteristics that relate to reservoir and seal properties pertinent to CO2 sequestration. The overlying primary seal (Amherstberg Formation) is a low-porosity, low-permeability limestone that is highly fossiliferous and densely cemented with calcite and chalcedony. This unit is the ultimate vertical barrier to the vertical migration of fluids. The immediately overlying confining unit (Bois Blanc Formation) is a very cherty limestone and dolostone with moderate porosity and low permeability. Some fluids may move into this unit, but very low permeability will severely restrict the vertical flow. Thin sections show abundant microporosity. The target saline reservoir interval (Bass Islands Formation) is a variably porous and permeable dolostone composed of several tidal flat cyclic packages. The Bass Islands Formation has a gross thickness of 70 ft (21 m) with a reservoir interval composed of more than 40 ft (12 m) of greater than 10% porosity and permeability zones exceeding 500 md. Average porosity over the entire Bass Islands is 12.5%. Average permeability is 22.4 md. The CO2 injection tests, using the Bass Islands section, were completed during February and March 2008. Analysis of the Bass Islands Formation in northern Michigan indicated excellent reservoir quality for injection and storage of CO2 and high-quality sealing units to prevent vertical migration. Monitoring well data conducted during and after the injection test validates preinjection reservoir simulation modeling performed at Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs using well data and rock observations from this study.","PeriodicalId":11706,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Geosciences","volume":"16 1","pages":"139-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1306/EG.05080909011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66164572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geological sequestration capacity of the Dundee Limestone, Michigan Basin, United States","authors":"Joshua P. Kirschner, D. Barnes","doi":"10.1306/EG.04240909007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1306/EG.04240909007","url":null,"abstract":"Several Middle Devonian formations in the Michigan Basin are potential targets for geological sequestration of CO2, including the Dundee Limestone and the Rogers City Limestone. The Rogers City and Dundee limestones are disparate carbonate formations but are typically combined in subsurface nomenclature as the Dundee Limestone because they are difficult to differentiate in some areas. In much of the basin, however, the Rogers City and Dundee can be differentiated using wireline logs. Subdivision of the two formations was first accomplished in outcrop and is also straightforward in core on the basis of starkly different lithologic properties. Subsurface subdivision is especially important for reservoir characterization and/or geological sequestration studies because the Rogers City and Dundee differ in lithology, thickness, and reservoir properties. Regional geological sequestration capacity estimates for the undifferentiated Dundee Limestone obscure the relative contributions of the Rogers City and Dundee and oversimplify known geological heterogeneity. When evaluated separately using wireline logs supported by limited conventional core studies and porosity and permeability data, the Rogers City is clearly demonstrated to be only a local sequestration target with an estimated geological sequestration capacity of 0.13 Gt. In contrast, storage capacity in the Dundee is estimated at 1.88 Gt. This analysis indicates that the Dundee is a more laterally extensive, regional sequestration target compared to the Rogers City. Individual geological sequestration capacity estimates for the Rogers City and Dundee reflect differences in reservoir properties for the two units and are therefore more geologically defensible than estimates for the undifferentiated Dundee Limestone.","PeriodicalId":11706,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Geosciences","volume":"16 1","pages":"127-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66164763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MN OXIDE CONCENTRATION AS EVIDENCE OF A PATHWAY FOR INFILTRATION OF CRUDE OIL INTO A SHALLOW AQUIFER, WEST TEXAS","authors":"Rebecca C. Smyth","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-0984.1999.08046-26.x","DOIUrl":"10.1046/j.1526-0984.1999.08046-26.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In November 1991, landowners near Abilene, Texas, found crude oil in their water well. Subsequent drilling (four cores and 30 borings) defined a plume of crude oil (∼300 bbl) floating on shallow, perched groundwater. Data suggest that the oil came from a near-surface leak associated with oil-production activities. Crude oil is present in a thin (0.5 ft), silty sand layer 17.7–19 ft below the surface. Because of water level fluctuation, traces of oil also occur along fractures as deep as 35 ft in two cores collected within the crude-oil plume.</p><p>The presence of manganese (Mn) oxide coatings along fracture surfaces might prove to be a record of the path of oil as it infiltrated the subsurface. Mn oxide minerals are concentrated along fracture surfaces to depths of 20 ft in two cores located nearest the suspected crude-oil source. Changes in redox conditions and increased microbial activity associated with the crude oil probably caused dissolution, followed by reprecipitation and concentration of Mn oxides.</p><p>Other effects of crude-oil degradation include high unsaturated zone methane concentrations in a halo around the oil plume. Methane was measured in boreholes at concentrations mainly between 5–50% but locally as high as 98% at depths of 8–10 ft. The methane is most likely a result of both volatilization and biodegradation of the crude oil. Coincident with the methane plume are zones of high carbon dioxide (as much as 10%) and low oxygen (as little as 1.9%) content.</p>","PeriodicalId":11706,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Geosciences","volume":"6 3","pages":"158-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1046/j.1526-0984.1999.08046-26.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57736544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ON-SITE ELECTRIC GENERATION OPPORTUNITIES FOR OIL AND GAS PRODUCERS","authors":"Vern Mantey","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-0984.1999.08046-28.x","DOIUrl":"10.1046/j.1526-0984.1999.08046-28.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Deregulation of the electric industry is creating opportunities for oil and gas producers to take more control of their energy costs. On-site electric generation using small (&lt;100 kW) turbine generators provides an alternative to utility connection. The new generation of recuperated mini-turbines have high electric efficiency, medium power density, and inherent high reliability due to multiple unit configurations. SCADA compatibility and minimal on-site service requirements minimize operation and maintenance costs. Existing field staff are sufficient for normal day-to-day operation. Small turbines can use flare gas or other low pressure, slightly “off-spec” gas sources as fuel. Other benefits include less downtime due to electric interruptions and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions when using flare gas as fuel. Waste heat produced is not usually economic to recover in existing facilities but should be considered in new installations.</p><p>There may be cases in which selling energy in the form of electricity rather than gas is a viable alternative. These situations are very case specific and will depend on the jurisdiction, off-site electric prices, and proximity to gas transmission infrastructure. Mini-turbine technology offers opportunities that did not exist previously but the opportunities will require creativity and effort to realize.</p>","PeriodicalId":11706,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Geosciences","volume":"6 3","pages":"159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1046/j.1526-0984.1999.08046-28.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57736555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"USING TREES AS A BARRIER TO METALS-CONTAMINATED, SALINE GROUNDWATER","authors":"Christopher Olson,&nbsp;Frank Thomas,&nbsp;David Tsao,&nbsp;Ari Ferro","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-0984.1999.08046-14.x","DOIUrl":"10.1046/j.1526-0984.1999.08046-14.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Groundwater in the shallow transmissive zone at an AMOCO site is highly saline and contaminated with inorganics and radionuclides that exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum concentration limits. Under a voluntary cleanup program agreement, additional response actions would be required (i.e., additional containment, pump and treat, etc.) if the plume migrates past the compliance monitoring boundary.</p><p>A dilution study and greenhouse feasibility study are under way to determine the suitability of installing a tree barrier strip at the site. The installation of dense rows of deep-rooted water-loving trees perpendicular to groundwater flow and along the leading edge of the plume may serve as added insurance against further off-site migration; the trees essentially acting as a flow confinement system.</p>","PeriodicalId":11706,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Geosciences","volume":"6 3","pages":"154-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1046/j.1526-0984.1999.08046-14.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57736773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residual Hydrocarbons in a Water-Saturated Medium: A Detection Strategy Using Ground Penetrating Radar","authors":"Changryol Kim,&nbsp;Jeffrey J. Daniels,&nbsp;Erich D. Guy,&nbsp;Stanley J. Radzevicius,&nbsp;Jennifer Holt","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-0984.2000.74001.x","DOIUrl":"10.1046/j.1526-0984.2000.74001.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The focus of this article is to demonstrate through physical model experimentation a potential means for identifying contaminated areas where a light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) hydrocarbon has been redistributed by a rising water table in a previously hydrocarbon residual–free vadose zone using ground-penetrating radar (GPR). Analogies of the experimentation conducted in this study are situations where a rise of the water table follows leakage from a tank or pipe at depth or where an LNAPL hydrocarbon plume has migrated laterally from a surface source along the top of the saturated zone and a subsequent rise of the water table occurs. Research to date has provided insight into mechanisms that may offer the potential for LNAPL detection under certain field conditions; however, no studies have specifically focused on developing a potential detection strategy for a case in which residual hydrocarbon is present in a water-saturated medium.</p>\u0000 <p>A tank model filled with gravel and sand was designed to allow GPR measurements to be made on the surface before, during, and after water and gasoline injections and fluctuations within the tank. Background GPR measurements were made initially with only water being raised and lowered in the model, and the water table was then raised and lowered beneath a volume of 219 liters of gasoline that was injected into the bottom of the tank. Measurements from the initial raising and lowering of the water with no gasoline present demonstrate the sensitivity of GPR for monitoring changes in subsurface water content and minor fluctuations of the water table. Measurements made during the raising and lowering of the water table with gasoline in the model show differences from the measurements made when only water was raised and lowered, and a comparison of the data show that reflections in GPR data can be enhanced when residual gasoline is present in a water-saturated system because there is less attenuation of the radar signal. Differences in travel times to subsurface reflections between the two stages of the experiment are also caused by the residual gasoline present in the water-saturated medium. Results of this study provide the basis for a strategy that has the potential for successful detection and delineation of LNAPL hydrocarbon–contaminated areas at field sites where the conditions are similar to those modeled through this experimentation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11706,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Geosciences","volume":"7 4","pages":"169-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1046/j.1526-0984.2000.74001.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57737409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UNDER-EXPLORED BASINS OF AUSTRALIA: AN INVENTORY","authors":"A. E. Stephenson","doi":"10.1111/j.1526-0984.2001.08011-13.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1526-0984.2001.08011-13.x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11706,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Geosciences","volume":"8 1","pages":"74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1526-0984.2001.08011-13.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63118790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}