Environment and Natural Resources Research最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of the Socio-Economic and Health Impact of Quarrying on the Inhabitants of Kenta Logemo Village in Odeda Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria","authors":"I. A. Hassan","doi":"10.5539/enrr.v12n1p29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v12n1p29","url":null,"abstract":"Quarry is a small scale industry generating materials used for construction, thus contributing to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. This study was carried out to evaluate the socio-economic and health impact of quarry on the inhabitants of Kenta Logemo Village in Odeda Local Government Area, Ogun State. The sampling was carried out in three different distances (100, 200, 300 m) around the quarry site and 1000 m (control). The air quality monitored are (gaseous component) CO2 NO2, CO, volcanic organic compound (VOC) and particulate matters (PM) and noise level. Thirty copies of questionnaire were administered to the workers and inhabitants. The result showed that the gaseous pollutants were more pronounced at 100 m and there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the distances and they were below Federal Ministry of Environment (FmEnv) limit. The PM10 at 200 m (137.1 ug/m3 ) was highest among three types of particulate matters and distances monitored. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) across distances from the quarry. Noise level ranges from 59.3 to 86.3 dB(A) and higher than the control (50. 8 dB(A) but below FmEnv limit (90 dB(A). The analysis of the questionnaire revealed that the vegetation (40.0 %) and animal (46.7 %) were into extinction and threatened and dust (30.0 %) covered food or cash crops. Water bodies were affected by taste, colour and turbidity (63.3 %). Among the diseases suffered were catarrh (53.3 %) and eye irritation (46.7 %). In conclusion, the surrounding of the quarry is not polluted with CO2 NO2, CO, VOC, PM and noise but there is significant effect of the activity of quarry on the health and socio-economic of the inhabitants hence, improved the economic status.","PeriodicalId":11699,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Natural Resources Research","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89434868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Farmers’ Perceptions of Land Degradation and Adaptation Strategies Adopted by Farmers in the Geographical Area of Bagaroua in Niger","authors":"Abdoulaye Mayara Aichatou, Abdou Gado Fanna, S. Boubacar, Baragé Moussa","doi":"10.5539/enrr.v12n1p37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v12n1p37","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted in the commune of Bagaroua, (Tahoua region). The Tahoua area has agro-climatic characteristics favorable to agricultural production. This area is now threatened by the rapid degradation of its natural resources due to climatic hazards and human activities. It is in this context that the present study proposes to analyze the perceptions of farmers on land degradation and the adaptation strategies of producers faced with the impact of this degradation. The data was collected by interview using a questionnaire submitted to 254 agricultural producers sampled using the formula n=t² *p*(1-p) /m². The results showed that agricultural producers clearly perceive the manifestations of soil degradation by the appearance of glacis with percentages by 66% of respondents; formation of “erosion” ravines (13.17%); presence of pebbles and sandy bulge (10.07%). Farmers perceive the impacts of this soil degradation through parameters such as the reduction in cultivable areas (12%); attacks by crop enemies (7%); increased food insecurity (32%); the influx of able-bodied young people to big cities (11%) inside and outside the country and delinquency (6%). This situation puts the population in a situation of extreme poverty (16%), indebtedness (8%) and conflicts between households (8%). Faced with this shock, producers adopt adaptation strategies, the most widespread of which are, among others, the use of water and soil conservation techniques, the use of organic and mineral manure, the use of improved varieties early.","PeriodicalId":11699,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Natural Resources Research","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90081574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Imidacloprid, Spinosad and Bifenthrin - Myclobutanil Combination to Allium cepa Root Tip Meristematic Cells","authors":"A. Asita, Relebohile Rebecca Mohale, S. Magama","doi":"10.5539/enrr.v12n1p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v12n1p1","url":null,"abstract":"Pesticides use boosts agricultural yield by reducing crop losses. However, some pesticides are mutagens and while technical grade active ingredients may produce mixed results in cytotoxicity and mutagenicity tests in in vitro and in vivo assays, synergistic interaction of pesticides, their metabolites or impurities in pesticide formulations often produce cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. This study assessed three concentrations (mg mL-1) (0.04, 0.08 and 0.16) each of Aphicide Plus® (AP) (imidacloprid at 20g L-1); Eco Fruit-fly Bait GF120® (EF) (spinosad at 0.24 g L-1) and Rosecare 3® (RC3) (combination of bifenthrin at 2.0 g L-1 and myclobutanil at 7.5 g L-1) for their effect on the (P+M)/ (A+T) Ratio, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity using the Allium cepa assay. A. cepa seedlings were treated for 24 hours, root tip squashes were prepared and the slides were examined under the microscope. For each pesticide treatment and the negative control, 6000 cells were examined and the cells were classified into interphase, normal (N) or aberrant (ABN) mitotic division stage. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by each pesticide concentration was compared with the value for the negative control using t-test. The 0.08 mg mL-1 of AP, 0.04 mg mL-1 of EF, and 0.08 and 0.16 mg mL-1 of RC3 induced significant change in the (P+M)/(A+T) ratio, (p > 0.05). All three concentrations of each pesticide significantly depressed the mitotic index (MI) and were adjudged cytotoxic (P < 0.05). Genotoxicity (GT) was expressed as the number of aberrant mitotic cells (AMC) per 100 mitotic cells scored. The three concentrations of each pesticide induced genotoxicity (P < 0.05). Pesticides use boosts agricultural yield by reducing crop losses. However, some pesticides are mutagens and while technical grade active ingredients may produce mixed results in cytotoxicity and mutagenicity tests in in vitro and in vivo assays, synergistic interaction of pesticides, their metabolites or impurities in pesticide formulations often produce cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. This study assessed three concentrations (mg mL-1) (0.04, 0.08 and 0.16) each of Aphicide Plus® (AP) (imidacloprid at 20g L-1); Eco Fruit-fly Bait GF120® (EF) (spinosad at 0.24 g L-1) and Rosecare 3® (RC3) (combination of bifenthrin at 2.0 g L-1 and myclobutanil at 7.5 g L-1) for their effect on the (P+M)/ (A+T) Ratio, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity using the Allium cepa assay. A. cepa seedlings were treated for 24 hours, root tip squashes were prepared and the slides were examined under the microscope. For each pesticide treatment and the negative control, 6000 cells were examined and the cells were classified into interphase, normal (N) or aberrant (ABN) mitotic division stage. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by each pesticide concentration was compared with the value for the negative control using t-test. The 0.08 mg mL-1 of AP, 0.04 mg mL-1 of EF, and 0.08 and 0.16 mg mL-1 of RC3 induced significant change in","PeriodicalId":11699,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Natural Resources Research","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79538975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phosphorus Retention of a Permeable Reactive Barrier Surpassed by an Unvegetated Artificial Pond","authors":"R. Summers, D. Weaver","doi":"10.5539/enrr.v11n1p25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v11n1p25","url":null,"abstract":"An artificial pond bisected by a phosphorus (P) retentive permeable reactive barrier (PRB) alongside Forrest Highway, Coolup, Western Australia was designed to remove P from farmland runoff. The pond bed was made of subsoil and road construction materials likely to have a relatively high P sorption capacity, and there was no vegetation in the bed of the pond. Flow through the pond was intercepted by the PRB, constructed from a mixture of sand, coarse crushed limestone, and bauxite residue (with 10% phospho-gypsum). The effectiveness of P removal and the impact of the PRB was measured by comparing the concentration of contaminants immediately either side of the PRB with established standards, and against background levels in runoff from surrounding farmland. Using coarse limestone to increase flow through the PRB failed where permeability was insufficient to avoid overtopping of the PRB and the wall had to be lowered to allow by-pass and avoid collapse. The PRB was effective in removing total P (TP); however, the influent TP concentration was low (mean 0.19 mg L -1 ) because most P entering from farmland was retained in the shallow pond upstream of the PRB. Despite this, TP removal by the PRB was 53% (2009–2012). Occasionally, in spring when the pond was stagnant and anaerobic, P was released from the PRB. This minor P release coincided with a minor release of iron, consistent with anaerobic conditions found in the PRB. Although not designed to do so, the shallow pond upstream of the PRB reduced the TP concentration from farmland by 85% (mean 1.26 mg L -1 down to 0.19 mg L -1 ), mainly by reducing filterable reactive P concentration. Some elements (arsenic, cobalt, conductivity, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum, pH, selenium, uranium and vanadium) were increased by flow through the PRB, but were low relative to surrounding waters and environmental standards","PeriodicalId":11699,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Natural Resources Research","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90626978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulated Soil Moisture and Planting Material Health on the Behaviour of Cosmopolites sordidus, Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","authors":"H. Sintim","doi":"10.17632/D399PTN3GV.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17632/D399PTN3GV.1","url":null,"abstract":"The pest status of Cosmopolites sordidus has been related to farm sanitation, environmental conditions and local weevil biotypes. This study was to confirm the inherent fecundity of endemic weevils, soil moisture effect and planting material health status that may contribute to weevil behaviour. Adult banana weevils were confined to plantain rhizomes, which were then subjected to four soil moisture regimens for 65 days. In another experiment to measure potential fecundity, weevils collected from the farmer’s field were dissected to determine the internal egg follicles. Planting material with different initial weevil egg infestations on the pseudostem were confined below insect screening net in growing pots. Larva damage and stage populations were determined after 22 weeks. The results showed that weevils confined to plants under moisture stress had higher corm damage than irrigated and vigorously growing plants. A lower number of weevils were associated with plants under moisture stress than vigorously growing plants. The maximum number of mature egg follicles present in the ovaries of female weevils was 17. In general, the mean number of mature egg follicles was 4 per female adult weevil. Infested planting material with initial estimated number of 0.3 eggs per sucker resulted in 2.3 adult emergence and ≈ 34% corm cross section damage after 154 days. The potential egg follicles albeit slow weevil population build-up reiterates the k-selected nature of the banana weevil. The egg follicles in adult female ovaries were high and comparable with weevils in other banana growing regions. The default health status of planting material was confirmed to be a contributing factor to weevil build-up in confinement. Soil moisture increased weevil survival but the improved plant vigour compensated for weevil damage.","PeriodicalId":11699,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Natural Resources Research","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89898231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classification of Sanitation Services and Students’ Sanitation Practices among Schools in Lagos, Nigeria","authors":"O. Z. Wada, E. Oloruntoba, M. Adejumo, O. Aluko","doi":"10.5539/ENRR.V10N3P55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ENRR.V10N3P55","url":null,"abstract":"The paucity of information on the number of accessible sanitation facilities in secondary schools in developing countries has hindered efforts in attaining sustainable development in this area. Therefore, this study was designed to bridge that gap. The cross-sectional study utilized a 4-stage sampling technique to select 386 students from schools in Badagry, Lagos. Pre-tested questionnaire and observational checklists were used to obtain data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression at 5% level of significance. Respondents’ mean age was 15.8±1.5 years and 55.2% were female. On-site observation revealed that all the schools had improved sanitation facilities, while 37% of the available toilet compartments were inaccessible to the students. Majority (85%) of the facilities provided limited service, while 15% provided basic service. The student to toilet ratio for the public school girls and boys were 3191:1 and 642:1 respectively, while the private school had a ratio of 257:1 and 289:1 for girls and boys respectively. Some of the sanitation practices observed in the schools were open defecation (35.4%), toilet avoidance (21%), and prolonged urine and feacal retention (57.4%). Students from the public school were about 3 times more likely to practice open defecation (OR=2.87; CI=1.160-7.095). Also, male students were more likely to practice open defecation (OR=1.72; CI=1.125-2.615). All the schools did not meet the school sanitation standard of 1 toilet to 30 boys/girls set by the Federal Government of Nigeria. Sustainable sanitation-interventions and maintenance schemes are required to safeguard the health of the students and the community at large.","PeriodicalId":11699,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Natural Resources Research","volume":"269 1","pages":"55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75386733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reviewer Acknowledgements for Environment and Natural Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 3","authors":"Emily S. Lin","doi":"10.5539/enrr.v10n3p69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v10n3p69","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewer Acknowledgements for Environment and Natural Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2020","PeriodicalId":11699,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Natural Resources Research","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84401659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduction of Some Heavy Metals in Fibre Cement Roofing Sheet Waste-Contaminated Soil by Consortium of Bacteria and Fungi","authors":"O. O. Akpomie, Catherine Ese Balogun, T. Akpomie","doi":"10.5539/ENRR.V10N3P43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ENRR.V10N3P43","url":null,"abstract":"This research was carried out in order to ascertain the effectiveness of microbial remediation (bio-remediation) of environmental pollution by heavy metals from different sources in general and wastes from the manufacturing of fibre cement roofing sheets specifically. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Ni in fibre cement soil (0.11, 0.08 & 0.83), in dumpsite soil (4.17, 2.87 & 40.68) and in surrounding soil (2.11, 1.89 & 19.84) and soils outside the pollution area, control, (1.76, 0.89 & 14.17) mg/g respectively were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Preliminary results showed that the concentration of the heavy metals; Cd, Cr, and Ni were all higer than values recorded by the WHO/FEPA standard. Analysis of the variance of means between the heavy metals showed differences in the respective sampled soils (P= 0.209). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the heavy metals on the test organisms of Bacillus sp, Rhizopus sp, proteus sp and microsporium canis were obtained by the Agar diffusion method from stock culture of isolates from fibre waste dumpsites at the Department of Microbiology, Delta State University Abraka. The MIC values for Ni on the respective test organisms were; 300, 150, 250 & 450, Cr; 250, 400, 350 & 450 while that for Cd was 900, 750, 900 & 700 μg/ml. Sterilized consortia of isolates inoculated with various combinations of bacteria and fungi were used to treat the experimental sampled soils. Concentrations of the respective heavy metals of the sampled soils were evaluated after the 1st and 12th week of treatments. Furthermore, the concentration of the respective heavy metals reduced in varying percentages between the 1st and 12th week of treatment and the results were also found to be significantly different statistically (t-calculated > t-critical). Overall, the percentage reduction in the heavy metal concentrations between the 1st and 12th week was higher in Cd and Cr (76.25% & 76.25%) respectively than in Ni (52.65%). This was an indication that microbial isolates were very effective in reducing heavy metals in fibre cement roofing sheet-wastes and from the environment.","PeriodicalId":11699,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Natural Resources Research","volume":"10 1","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90421516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cigarette Butt Disposal Behavior: A Case Study of a Public Beach on Jekyll Island, Georgia, USA","authors":"Maranda R. Miller, M. Burbach","doi":"10.5539/ENRR.V10N3P27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ENRR.V10N3P27","url":null,"abstract":"Improperly discarded cigarette butts are a substantial environmental problem. This study explored factors influencing cigarette butt discarding behavior on a public beach on Jekyll Island, Georgia, USA. A mixed-mode design utilized quantitative and qualitative data to study improper cigarette butt disposal. We surveyed smokers regarding their place attachment, environmental attitudes, environmental awareness, and habit as predictors of improper cigarette butt disposal. Environmental attitudes, environmental awareness, and habits were significant predictors of improper cigarette butt disposal behavior. A qualitative inquiry further explored the phenomenon of cigarette butt disposal from the smokers’ perspectives. Interviews illustrated that “improper disposers” experienced themes involving uncertainty that cigarette butts are litter, a lack of knowledge, problems with cigarette butt receptacles currently in place, the requirement of a conscious choice about how and where to discard a butt, and statements that contradicted the behavior observed. Themes that emerged from interviews with “proper disposers” included cigarette butts are clearly litter, awareness of social constructs that disapprove of smokers and their behavior, awareness of the cumulative effects of cigarette butts on the beach, minimal obstacles to discarding properly, and feelings of personal responsibility. Implications of the study results are discussed.","PeriodicalId":11699,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Natural Resources Research","volume":"116 1","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81663993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Niger, the Expected Futur Climate Will Provide Better Conditions than the Current One to Diospyros Mespiliformis Hochst. ex A.DC. Rich.","authors":"A. Ali, Laouali Abdou, M. Inoussa, J. Seghieri, A. Mahamane","doi":"10.5539/ENRR.V10N3P16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ENRR.V10N3P16","url":null,"abstract":"The human use of plant resources and land to face increasing population needs in Africa to the regression or even the disappearance of some useful multi-purpose species such as Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. Ex A. Rich. Increasing climatic variability is an additional threat for these species. The present study aims to identify the areas that are potentially favorable to D. mespiliformis conservation or regeneration in Niger and to analyze the impact of the current climate change. Thus to assess the D. mespiliformis distribution areas, the geographic coordinates of D. mespiliformis, the bioclimatic data, the soil and vegetation cover were collected and used to modeling based on the principle of maximum entropy (MaxEnt). The soil cover, annual cumulated precipitations and the average temperature are the most determining variables. This study also shows that the ecological niche of D. mespiliformis is located in the Central and Eastern bioclimates, within which almost 3% of the surface is very favorable under the current climate conditions and may reach 3. 94 % under 2050 ones after. These results indicate that the climate change expected in Niger is expected to be more favorable to the studied species than the current climate conditions. This represents an opportunity for its domestication.","PeriodicalId":11699,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Natural Resources Research","volume":"39 1","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84324418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}