States and statistics in the nineteenth century最新文献

On waves of passion: London 1860 激情澎湃:1860年伦敦

States and statistics in the nineteenth century Pub Date : 2020-02-28 DOI: 10.7765/9781526147530.00007

N. Randeraad

{"title":"On waves of passion: London 1860","authors":"N. Randeraad","doi":"10.7765/9781526147530.00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526147530.00007","url":null,"abstract":"L was the fountainhead of international statistics. Adolphe Quetelet enjoyed visiting the British capital. Early in his career he had discovered that many British thinkers shared his vision of statistics. He had a hand in the establishment of the Statistical Section (Section F) of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and the Statistical Society of London. In 1851 he chose the Great Exhibition of London as the stage for launching the European statistical congress. He expected the British to be very supportive and the Crystal Palace seemed the ideal place to introduce the international plans being developed by statisticians. The immense exhibition building defied the imagination and exuded confidence in the future. No cast-iron structure had ever been built on this scale. Joseph Paxton, a former gardener, had designed a modern, covered Garden of Eden. It was surrounded by pavilions displaying the most amazing and ingenious inventions of the day and in the centre there were fountains, boscages and towering elms. Birds flew around overhead. It was as if you could touch the sky, which is precisely what statisticians wanted to do. Statisticians found an attentive listener in Prince Albert, Queen Victoria’s German husband and the initiator of the Great Exhibition. As a former student of Adolphe Quetelet, he was well-versed in statistics. He became the patron and honorary chairman of the Statistical Society of London shortly after his marriage and relocation to Britain in 1840. There is no doubt that he was an active proponent of his former teacher’s plans in 1851 and, wherever possible, mobilised scientists to support the initiative. When the fourth international statistical congress was held in London in 1860, there was no one better suited to opening the proceedings than Prince Albert. Quetelet and the Prince corresponded regularly. In 1859, on behalf of the statistics community Quetelet invited the Prince to attend the forthcoming congress.1 The organisers had apparently intended to convene the congress in the summer of 1859, but the","PeriodicalId":116825,"journal":{"name":"States and statistics in the nineteenth century","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123281130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Front matter 前页

States and statistics in the nineteenth century Pub Date : 2020-02-28 DOI: 10.7765/9781526147530.00001

N. Randeraad

引用次数: 0

Small gestures in a big world: The Hague 1869 大世界里的小动作:1869年的海牙

States and statistics in the nineteenth century Pub Date : 2020-02-28 DOI: 10.7765/9781526147530.00010

N. Randeraad

{"title":"Small gestures in a big world: The Hague 1869","authors":"N. Randeraad","doi":"10.7765/9781526147530.00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526147530.00010","url":null,"abstract":"K Baedeker’s travel guide to Belgium and Holland said of The Hague that no other Dutch city had so many pretty, broad streets, tall stately homes and large open squares.1 A person who had not visited any other major European city might well think that The Hague was a resplendent place, comparable to the grand capitals of nineteenth-century Europe. But people arriving from Paris, London, St Petersburg, Vienna, Brussels, Rome or Berlin – like the foreign guests of the seventh international statistical congress – would have thought they had landed in a provincial town. The city centre must have made a modest, even small-town, impression. According to the census conducted at the end of 1869, The Hague had a population of just over 90,000, far less than the cities where the congress had been held before. You could walk across the entire city in a good quarter of an hour. In those days, Hollandsche Spoor railway station lay outside the city limits. One side of Stationsweg, the road that ran straight to the city centre from the station, offered ‘a free and unobstructed view ... charmingly alternated with tastefully planted pleasure gardens, straight leafy lanes, fertile orchards and opulent fields, ornamented with handsome, gambolling livestock’.2 So much green in and around the city was an important feature of the urban landscape at a time when the pleasure of the respectable bourgeoisie depended on beauty, refined entertainments and fresh air. The Hague was the appropriate setting for the seat of government of a nation that proudly displayed its conventionality and self-restraint, preferably within view of the neighbours. Anno 1869 the city was worthy of its stately full name, ’s-Gravenhage. The population of The Hague grew steadily throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, not because local trade and industry had any particular pulling power but because of the influx of civil servants, diplomats and servants of the Royal Household. From 1830 onward, the government was no longer","PeriodicalId":116825,"journal":{"name":"States and statistics in the nineteenth century","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123200955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

All the world’s a stage: Paris 1855 整个世界就是一个舞台:1855年的巴黎

States and statistics in the nineteenth century Pub Date : 2020-02-28 DOI: 10.7765/9781526147530.00005

N. Randeraad

{"title":"All the world’s a stage: Paris 1855","authors":"N. Randeraad","doi":"10.7765/9781526147530.00005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526147530.00005","url":null,"abstract":"I 1855 Parisians believed that their city was the centre of the world. On 15 May of that year emperor Napoleon III opened the second World’s Fair, which would attract over five million visitors. To Napoleon, this exposition was the international affirmation of his reign. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, the third son of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, king of Holland, was elected president of the new French Republic in 1848. In 1852, he abandoned his republican ideals and had himself crowned emperor Napoleon III of France. He ordered the construction of the Palais de l’Industrie, a magnificent structure of glass and iron between the Champs-Élysées and the river Seine. The design was reminiscent of the Crystal Palace in London, which had been built for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The colossal Palais provided accommodation for the 21,779 industrial exhibitors. At 250 metres long, 108 metres wide and 35 metres high, it was one of the largest, if not the most elegant, modern structures in Paris according to the Baedeker of 1878. The exposition’s 2,175 fine art entries were housed in a separate building, the Palais des Beaux-Arts. The construction of the palaces was an integral part of the grandiose urban renewal project that the emperor asked prefect Georges Haussmann to carry out in 1853. The visitors to the World’s Fair witnessed the beginning of a demolition and construction craze that would grip the city for years to come. Napoleon also employed less peaceful means to raise the prestige of his empire. In 1854, France and Britain declared war on Russia. The Crimean War would reach a tragic low point with the siege of Sevastopol, which coincided with the Paris exposition. The siege came to an end when the French breached the Malakoff bastion on 8 September, two days before the opening of the second international statistical congress. The congress delegates were not especially concerned with the Crimean War. Nevertheless, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Dieterici, who represented the","PeriodicalId":116825,"journal":{"name":"States and statistics in the nineteenth century","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126750609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Afterword 后记

States and statistics in the nineteenth century Pub Date : 2020-02-28 DOI: 10.7765/9781526147530.00012

Nico Randeraad

引用次数: 0

Index 指数

States and statistics in the nineteenth century Pub Date : 2020-02-28 DOI: 10.7765/9781526147530.00014

Nico Randeraad

引用次数: 0

‘Sadder and wiser’: St Petersburg 1872 and Budapest 1876 “悲伤和智慧”:1872年的圣彼得堡和1876年的布达佩斯

States and statistics in the nineteenth century Pub Date : 2020-02-28 DOI: 10.7765/9781526147530.00011

N. Randeraad

{"title":"‘Sadder and wiser’: St Petersburg 1872 and Budapest 1876","authors":"N. Randeraad","doi":"10.7765/9781526147530.00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526147530.00011","url":null,"abstract":"R and Hungary, the hosts of the last two editions of the international statistical congress, worked hard to prepare and execute the task entrusted to them. The St Petersburg congress was probably the most stylish of all the congresses, and that had everything to do with the city itself. In the course of the nineteenth century St Petersburg acquired the qualities of a European capital. Between 1800 and 1850 the population grew from 220,000 to 487,000. By 1869 the city had 550,000 inhabitants and by 1890 over one million. Infrastructural improvements were made as the city industrialised. Railway connections established with Warsaw and Tallinn in 1862 intensified St Petersburg’s economic and cultural contacts with north-western Europe. The cityscape assumed an international elegance. Théophile Gautier noted in his account of his travels in Russia that Nevski Prospekt was teeming with carriages, and the scene even surpassed the bustle of Paris at times.1 The ‘Passage’, a magnificent two-storey arcade housing a theatre, shops and cafés, and featuring a glass roof, opened on Nevski Prospekt at the end of the 1840s. The enormous St Isaac’s cathedral was completed in 1856. At the time, its dome was the third largest in the world. The nobility and the nouveau riche had mansions built in eclectic styles in a departure from the harmony of the eighteenth century. Tranquillity gave way to excitement. Musicians, painters and dancers sought and found access to the ultimate in European modernity. Max Nordau, a correspondent from the Pester Lloyd who visited the city to cover the creation of the Three Emperors’ League in 1873, was overwhelmed by the contrasts between Budapest, his city of birth, and the Russian capital. In his eyes, St Petersburg in the 1870s was comparable to Vienna before the revolution of 1848 and Paris in the heyday of the Second Empire: the city ‘revels in enjoyments with an intensity of which even the hedonistic Romans were incapable’.2 The participants of the St Petersburg congress stayed in the best hotels in the","PeriodicalId":116825,"journal":{"name":"States and statistics in the nineteenth century","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116044385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0