Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome最新文献

{"title":"Immunocytochemical and Ultra Structural Identification of Different Cell Typesof the Anterior Pituitary Cells of Egyptian Herbivorous Adult Female NonPregnant Rabbit Oryctolagus cunniculus","authors":"A. Selim, Eman El Nahass","doi":"10.4172/2161-1017.1000230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1017.1000230","url":null,"abstract":"The immunocytochemical and the ultrastructure identification of the pituitary gland of many species of herbivorous mammals were few in Egypt and may be in the world, so the present study is carried out on some herbivorous mammals such as Oryctolagus cunniculus in order to elucidate the similarities and the differences of the pituitary cells in rabbits and some mammals of the world and those of Egypt. The results indicate that, the gland is pyramidal in shape and its apex is long, directed posterior and its base interiorly directed. The acidophilic and the basophilic cells distributed heterogeneous in the body of the gland. The identification of the cells based on specific morphological characterizes, staining reaction and immnuocytochemistry. (STH) Somatotropin: Numerous, the nucleus is central, irregular or lobed with chromatin granules. The secretary granules are very enormous and more denser. Luteotropic Hormone (LTH): The nucleus is eccentrically near the plasma membrane, the mitochondria are spherical or elongated. Rough ER is poor and the granules are light and mostly collected at the periphery of some cells. (ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic: These cells are found singly, round with eccentric nucleus. Secretary granules are small and spherical shaped, while the (TSH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: with very small secretary granules but the (FSH and LH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone: are found singly, angular in shape with eccentric nucleus and the secretary granules are spherical or ovoid in shaped and exhibit variation in electron density than STH cells. We can differentiate between them by immune reactivity.","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78375725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"c.+62G>A and g.-420C>G RETN Polymorphisms and the Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: Original Research on a Mexican Population and Meta-analysis","authors":"Pablo A. Montiel-Tellez Bs, Adriana Nieva-Vázquez, L. Porchia, M. ElbaGonzalez-Mejia, E. Torres-Rasgado, Guadalupe Ruiz-Vivanco, R. Pérez-Fuentes","doi":"10.4172/2161-1017.1000228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1017.1000228","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To determine the association between the c.+62G>A and g.-420C>G polymorphisms and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) or obesity susceptibility for Mexicans. Additionally, we examined their overall effect across different populations by a systematic review. \u0000Methods: 164 Mexicans were classified as Healthy, Obese, or T2D. Genotypes were determined and associated risk for the heterozygous, homozygous, dominant, recessive, and allelic genetic models were determined by calculating the Odds Ratios (OR). For the meta-analysis, original publications that had determined RETN polymorphisms in T2D or obese subjects were searched for in PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, Ovid, and Wiley databases until November 2015, using the search terms: T2D, obesity, RETN, and polymorphism. Pooled ORs were computed using a random-effects or fixed-effects models. \u0000Results: For our cohort, no associations were observed between the polymorphisms and obesity or T2D. The metaanalysis indicates an increased risk of obesity among carriers of the g.-420G allele for the heterozygous and dominant models (OR=1.33 and OR=1.30, p<0.05, respectively). By regional assessment, Africans were associated with an elevated risk of developing T2D (OR=2.35-7.17, p<0.05) and obesity (OR=1.54-2.13, p<0.05). North Americans had an increased risk of developing obesity for the heterozygous and dominant models (OR=1.49and OR=1.42, p<0.05, respectively). No associations were determined between the c.+62 polymorphism and obesity or T2D. \u0000Conclusion: For Mexicans, none of the polymorphisms were associated with a risk of developing obesity or T2D. However, there is an increased risk of developing obesity for the whole population for subjects who carry the g.-420G allele.","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91204298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Gestational Diabetes on Gross Morphology, Histology and Histochemistry of Human Placenta","authors":"A. Elshennawy","doi":"10.4172/2161-1017.1000227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1017.1000227","url":null,"abstract":"Gestational diabetes is the glucose intolerance of varying severity and complicates about 2-4% of pregnancies. While there is a surfeit of associative data that demonstrate the placental adaptive responses to gestational diabetes, the mechanisms at placental level remain elusive. One objective of this study was to investigate various anatomical, histological and some histochemical changes in placenta of gestational diabetes patients with re-evaluation of some mechanisms of placental adaptive responses to gestational diabetes. A second objective was to find whether the placenta adapts to diabetes and ultimately protects the fetus or whether it contributes to the adverse fetal outcome with diabetic pregnancies despite good care of these gestations. Two groups each of 30 placentas were collected at term and post Caesarian Section (CS) deliveries as one group was the control group (control) and the other group was collected from patients with gestational diabetes and were treated with zinc insulin. After morphological data assay, central and peripheral biopsies were processed for histological and histochemical assay. The diabetic placentas showed mild increase in diameter, central thickness and weight. This study confirmed that the villous portion with its corresponding intervillous space is the structural and functional unit of the placenta. Syncytial clumps among peripheral placenta were bigger than those of central placenta of the diabetic group and best examined by Hematoxylin and Eosin stain and to a lower extent by Van Gieson stain for light microscopy. The diabetic placentas showed marked increase of the chorionic villi which appeared more crowded centrally while the villous vasculature was higher peripherally. The increased young, immature and unspecialized villi among the diabetic placentas explained the enhanced fetal hypoxia with subsequent increased neonatal morbidity and mortality. These anatomical, histological and histochemical findings put diabetes in the moderate-high risk factors of vascular placental pathology. Also, placenta was not the primary cause to markedly affect the perinatal morbidity as the placenta showed a good degree of potentiality to adapt with derangements of gestational diabetes. So, the elevated rates of perinatal morbidity and mortality among diabetic deliveries were most probably due to metabolic abnormalities occurred in mother and fetus because of whatever kind of diabetes. Conclusion: Placenta itself is always perfect, innocent and helpful in managing and preventing complications via its endogenous mechanisms. It was necessary histologically to examine several preparations with different and specific measures to obtain detailed picture of the totality of the placenta structure. Lastly, the premium key in gestational diabetes is to apply scientific exogenous measures in harmony and accordance with early diagnosed and strictly controlled endogenous placental measures.","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"337 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75933137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Prolactin in Men","authors":"M. Maria","doi":"10.4172/2161-1017.1000222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1017.1000222","url":null,"abstract":"The role of prolactin in women is quite documented while the man studies are conflicting. In this review we will study the structure, receptors, secretion factors, biological effects of prolactin in men. Previous studies in men associate hyper-prolactinemia with infertility, erectile dysfunction, reduced testosterone, decreased sexual desire as rarely galactorrhea. Originally had not been investigated low prolactin levels in the male but recent studies indicate that the hypo-prolactinaemia in men is associated with infertility, erectile dysfunction, hypo function of the seminal vesicles, oligospermia and asthenospermia. Recent studies indicated that 1 or 2 years after the bariatric surgery levels of the hormone prolactin reduced.","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"39 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84773349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal Iodine Deficiency and Brain Disorders","authors":"Ahmed Rg","doi":"10.4172/2161-1017.1000223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1017.1000223","url":null,"abstract":"Thyroid Hormones (THs) play an essential role in development and hormone deficiency during critical phases in fetal life may lead to severe and permanent brain damage. Maternal iodine deficiency is considered the most common cause of fetal TH deficiency, but the problem may also arise in the fetus/neonates. Due to defects in fetal thyroid gland development or hormone synthesis, clinical symptoms at birth are often mild as a result of compensatory maternal TH supply. A shortage of THs starting at the early stages of pregnancy results in neurological deficits that cannot be rescued by exogenous TH addition at later stages. Neonates are more sensitive than adults to the effects of iodine deficiency. Thus, these disturbances may lead to abnormalities in the neuronal network and may result in mental retardation and other neurological defects, including impaired motor skills and visual processing. Thus, iodine defenses programmes can avoid adverse neurodevelopmental consequences in mothers and their offspring.","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81875562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Obesity on Albino Rat Kidney","authors":"Waleed S. Mohamed, Ahamed S. Ashour","doi":"10.4172/2161-1017.1000226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1017.1000226","url":null,"abstract":"Background and study aim: Obesity and concomitant co-morbidities have emerged as public health problems of the first order. Obese individuals have an increased risk for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). The aim of this study is to study the metabolic and early renal histopathologic changes that are associated with obesity in experimental animals. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on sixty adult male albino rats; thirty with body weight ranging between 180-200 gm (control) beside thirty rates with body weight more than 250 gm. Control animals were fed a standard rat chow while obese rats were fed a semisynthetic diet enriched in sucrose. After 4 weeks, blood samples were collected to assess: Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Serum Insulin (SI), serum Total Lipid (TL), serum Triglyceride (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC), serum High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and serum Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL). Kidney tissue samples were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Anti-Collagen IV antibody then examined by light and electron Microscope. Results: There was a significant increased Body Weight (BW) and kidneys weight of obese group. There was a significant increased of FBS (p 0.0001), SI (p 0.0001), TL (p 0.0001), TC (p 0.0001), TG (p 0.0001), and LDL (p 0.0043) with significant decreased of HDL (p 0.0133) in obese group. Serum creatinine was significantly increased in obese group with a significant positive correlation between it and BW, FBS, SI, and TG. Histological examination revealed moderately expanded Bowman’s capsule, wide renal tubules, a positive reaction for collagen IV, increased thickness of glomerular basement membrane, foot processes fusion and many vacuolation in the cells lining of proximal convoluted tubules of obese rats kidneys. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with many metabolic abnormalities like insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, morphological and structural renal changes which may proceed to Glomerulosclrosis (GS) and CKD.","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"223 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75266526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Rationality to Use of Galectin-3 as Target in Biomarker-Guided Therapy of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"A. Berezin","doi":"10.4172/2161-1017.1000217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1017.1000217","url":null,"abstract":"Galectin-3 is a multifunctional chimaera-type β-galactoside binding protein that has been linked to incident Cardiovascular (CV) and renal disease, fibrosis and tissue injury. Elevated level of serum galectin-3 was found in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and associate well with CV complications. The short commentary depicts the role of galectin-3 in risk stratification in T2DM individuals. Although perspectives of clinical implementation of galectin-3-guided therapy in T2DM patients are widely discussed, there is evidence regarding cyto-protective role of galectin-3 in diabetes. Whether is rationale to achieve full control under serum galectin-3 as a predictor of successful T2DM treatment is not clear. Further investigations are needed to explain the role of galectin-3 in T2DM development and progression","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"183 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74393942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic Syndrome and the Mediterranean Diet with the Particular Interest of Some Food Stuffs","authors":"M. Aksoy","doi":"10.4172/2161-1017.1000221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1017.1000221","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Universities responsive to social changes can change rapidly and correctly and reflect these changes in the Programs and institutions that are intertwined with society. Program development, in accordance with the requirements of the profession, is integrated with program evaluation studies. The objective of the present study is to evaluate expectation sand needs of stakeholders of Nutrition and Dietetic programs in Turkey. \u0000Methods: Thirty-four Nutrition and Dietetics programs in Turkey were analysed qualitatively in terms of their historical background, present status, program structure, and knowledge and skills offered through courses. After identification of the stakeholders (participants) of the programs, they were given questionnaires and interviews to provide their opinions about the program. The total number of participants in the present study was 408; 34.3% are students, 22.1% are dietitians, 17.2% are patients and clients, 13% are instructors, 12.2% are cooks and waiters, and 1.2% are managers. \u0000Results: There was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) among students, dietitians and instructors in Evaluating the programs’ competency providing basic qualifications aimed through theory, practice and extra field courses. The same difference occurred for the degree they find important skills and knowledge for the profession. Majority of the stakeholders agreed the programs should include more practice courses on work-related knowledge and skills. \u0000Conclusions: Programs should be reviewed in accordance with the needs and expectations of stakeholders. Segments of society affected by the program should actively participate in future program studies.","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80666852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meal-Induced Oxidative Stress","authors":"N. Le","doi":"10.4172/2161-1017.1000258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1017.1000258","url":null,"abstract":"The target of interventions to reduce cardiovascular events has focused on total (CHOL) and low-density (LDLC) cholesterol levels. Data from the Framingham Heart Study would suggest that 50% of individuals with so-called “normal” LDLC levels (100 mg/dl or 2.6 mmol/L) would have atherosclerosis by age 50 [1].","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82075403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolical Activities of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Pathway and its Connection to Non-Classical Actions of Thyroid Hormones","authors":"Souza Gs, Moraes Bc, Carvalho Tm, S. Conde","doi":"10.4172/2161-1017.1000257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1017.1000257","url":null,"abstract":"Mutations in biochemical pathways mediators are often found in cancer, and it is observed that via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is associated with tumor development and progression. This pathway is involved in several metabolic processes, including regulation of gene expression by non-classical actions of thyroid hormone. The objective of this paper is to provide a brief literature review of progress in information obtained on the PI3K on the last fifteen years. It was used the PubMed database, with the assistance of MeSh (Medical Subject Headings) and as descriptor \"Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase\" AND \"Thyroid Hormones\" to the selection of base articles, and later were included references found in those to complement the review. It stands between the information obtained from them that PI3Ks are lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3-OH group of moderatory inositol molecules of cellular functions regulatory proteins. The PI3K pathway is involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, including intracellular traffic, cytoskeletal organization, apoptosis prevention, cell growth and transformation and it is important for various cell lineages differentiation. This pathway inhibitors promoted multiple possibilities of experiments, which led to the discovery of a relationship between PI3K pathway and other proteins such as protein kinase B (also known as AKT), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and oncoprotein RAS. The via was also associated with the expression of cancer related genes and hormones, including thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormones (TH) can work by other mechanisms besides the classical pathway, which occurs through receptors and responsive elements. The alternative to it is the non-classical or non-genomic pathway, in which TH activates PI3K, either by binding to TRβ or to αvβ3 integrin. This activation results in the transcription of specific genes, such as hypoxia inducing factor (HIF-1α) glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), calcineurin inhibitor (ZAKI4α), among others.","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87283579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}