Endocrine regulations最新文献

{"title":"Correlation of triglyceride-glucose index, complement C5, and lipoprotein(a) with carotid intima-media thickness in thyroid dysfunction: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Heri-Nugroho, Nurdopo Baskoro, Charles Limantoro, Andreas Arie Setiawan, Anugrah Riansari, Risa Ardiani","doi":"10.2478/enr-2026-0001","DOIUrl":"10.2478/enr-2026-0001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective.</b> Thyroid dysfunction is associated with metabolic disturbances and an increased risk of atherosclerosis. This cross-sectional study investigated the relationships between the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index), complement C5, lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). <b>Methods.</b> Clinical data were collected, blood samples analyzed, and cIMT measured using high-resolution ultrasound in 54 participants with thyroid dysfunction (27 with hypothyroidism and 27 with hyperthyroidism). <b>Results.</b> The study found a significant positive correlation between the TyG index and cIMT in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients. Complement C5 levels were also positively correlated with cIMT. No significant association was found between Lp(a) and cIMT. <b>Discussion.</b> These findings highlight the complex interplay between thyroid dysfunction, metabolic dysregulation, and vascular health emphasizing the need for comprehensive cardiovascular risk assessment and management in patients with thyroid disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":11650,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine regulations","volume":"60 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147581076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ERN1-dependent regulation of BAG cochaperone 1 expression and the sensitivity to glutamine deprivation in U87MG glioblastoma cells.","authors":"Yuliia M Viletska, Oleksandr H Minchenko, Olena O Khita, Daria O Tsymbal, Myroslava Y Sliusar, Oleh V Halkin, Halyna E Kozynkevych, Dmytro O Minchenko","doi":"10.2478/enr-2026-0005","DOIUrl":"10.2478/enr-2026-0005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective.</b> The BAG cochaperone 1 (BAG1) binds to oncogene BCL2 and markedly enhances its anti-apoptotic effects. This cochaperone represents a link between growth factor receptors and anti-apoptotic mechanisms mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress. BAG1 interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor and modulates its transcription activity. As a cochaperone for several HSP70 proteins, it participates in control of protein folding. The present study aims to investigate the regulation of the BAG1 mRNA expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells by hypoxia and glucose or glutamine deprivation, depending on the inhibition of ERN1 (endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1) with the intent to reveal the role of ERN1 signaling in the regulation of this gene expression and function in oncogenesis. <b>Methods.</b> The U87MG glioblastoma cells (transfected by an empty vector; control) and cells with inhibited ERN1 endoribonuclease and protein kinase (dnERN1) or only ERN1 endoribonuclease (dnrERN1) were used. Silencing of ERN1 and XBP1 mRNAs for suppression of ERN1 function was also used. A hypoxic condition was created by dimethyloxalylglycine (4 h). DMEM medium without glucose or glutamine was used for glucose and glutamine deprivation (16 h). The expression level of the BAG1 mRNA was studied by real-time qPCR and normalized to the beta-actin mRNA. <b>Results.</b> Inhibition of the endoribonuclease activity of ERN1 significantly decreased BAG1 mRNA expression. However, a lesser suppression of this mRNA expression was observed in dnERN1 cells (with inhibited ERN1 endoribonuclease and protein kinase) indicating the involvement of protein kinase in controlling BAG1 expression. The silencing of ERN1 and XBP1 mRNAs also reduced the expression of BAG1 mRNA demonstrating the involvement of XBP1s in this regulation. The expression of the <i>BAG1</i> gene was resistant to glutamine deprivation and upregulated in response to glucose deprivation in control glioblastoma cells. However, the inhibition of ERN1 increased the sensitivity of <i>BAG1</i> gene expression to both glucose and glutamine deprivation. Furthermore, the expression of the <i>BAG1</i> gene was increased under hypoxia in control U87MG cells; however, a greater induction was observed in dnERN1 cells. <b>Conclusion.</b> The results of this study demonstrated that ERN1 inhibition reduces BAG1 mRNA expression through the endoribonuclease activity of ERN1 and that protein kinase activity counteracts endoribonuclease in regulating the expression of BAG1 mRNA. Moreover, ERN1 inhibition also enhances the sensitivity of BAG1 mRNA expression to nutrient supply and hypoxia resulting in reduced resistance of glioblastoma cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":11650,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine regulations","volume":"60 1","pages":"37-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147581129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circulating CXCL1 in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: context-dependent association with inflammatory load and metabolic indices.","authors":"Ali Zeynettin, Orhan Balikci, Ozden Yildirim Akan, Erdi Dilaver, Ismail Demir","doi":"10.2478/enr-2026-0003","DOIUrl":"10.2478/enr-2026-0003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective.</b> Metabolic syndrome (MS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) share a chronic low-grade inflammatory milieu driven by adiposity. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) has been linked to insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction, but its diagnostic relevance remains unclear. <b>Methods.</b> Our study employed a cross-sectional design and enrolled 104 adults: 52 newly diagnosed treatment-naive T2DM patients and 52 normoglycemic controls matched for age and sex. Serum CXCL1, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and metabolic parameters were measured. Logistic regression models to discriminate MS and T2DM status were constructed (base model: age, sex, BMI) and then expanded by adding hs-CRP, CXCL1, or both. Model performance was assessed for discrimination (AUC), calibration (Integrated Calibration Index [ICI], Expected Calibration Error [ECE]), and clinical utility (decision curve analysis, DCA) in accordance with TRIPOD 2024. <b>Results.</b> CXCL1 correlated with BMI (r=0.33, q=0.004) and hs-CRP (r=0.29, q=0.021), but not glycemic indices. For MS, CXCL1 marginally improved the base model (ΔAUC=+0.003, p=0.81); for T2DM, ΔAUC=+0.007 (p=0.60). hs-CRP performed better (AUC=0.744 for T2DM; 0.743 for MS) and the combined panel achieved the highest discrimination (AUC=0.769 and 0.745, respectively). <b>Conclusions.</b> CXCL1 reflects adiposity-related inflammation but provides only minimal incremental discrimination for metabolic syndrome and T2DM beyond conventional markers such as age, sex, BMI, and hs-CRP. The combined hs-CRP+CXCL1 panel achieved the best overall statistical performance, although its clinical utility remains limited. These findings emphasize the need for integrated multi-marker approaches rather than single-biomarker screening in metabolic risk assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11650,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine regulations","volume":"60 1","pages":"20-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147581049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of appetite- and metabolism-regulating hormones after bariatric embolization, sleeve gastrectomy, and gastric plication.","authors":"Andrii Prodan, Ihor Dzubanovsky, Yaroslav Ihorovych Havrysh","doi":"10.2478/enr-2026-0006","DOIUrl":"10.2478/enr-2026-0006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective.</b> The obesity is associated with profound disturbances in appetite-regulating and metabolic hormones including ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and insulin. Bariatric arterial embolization (BEA) has recently emerged as a minimally invasive alternative to established bariatric procedures. However, comparative endocrine evidence remains limited. The aim of the study was to assess postoperative changes in key metabolic and appetite-regulating hormones following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), laparoscopic gastric plication (LGP), and bariatric embolization of the gastric arteries (BEA). <b>Methods.</b> A total of 76 patients with obesity (BMI >35 kg/m²) were assigned to LSG (n=32), LGP (n=37), or BEA (n=7). Serum concentrations of total ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, insulin, and HbA1c were measured preoperatively 3 and 6 months after intervention using standardized ELISA assays. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. <b>Results.</b> All procedures resulted in significant improvements in hormonal and metabolic profiles within 6 months. Total ghrelin decreased by 55.6% after LGP, 69.7% after LSG, and 74.5% after BEA at 6 months (all p<0.001). Leptin significantly declined, while adiponectin increased in all groups with the most pronounced early (3-month) rise after BEA (+36.1%, p=0.033). Resistin, insulin, and HbA1c progressively decreased across all interventions indicating improved insulin sensitivity. Overall, BEA demonstrated the strongest early hormonal response, whereas long-term (6-month) effects were comparable across procedures. <b>Conclusion.</b> Laparoscopic gastric plication, sleeve gastrectomy, and bariatric embolization provide substantial improvements in appetite-regulating and metabolic hormones in patients with obesity. BEA shows a particularly favorable early endocrine profile supporting its potential as a minimally invasive metabolic intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":11650,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine regulations","volume":"60 1","pages":"48-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147580236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of endocrine disruptor mixtures on functions of cultured porcine ovarian follicular cells.","authors":"Alzbeta Bujnakova Mlynarcikova, Sona Scsukova","doi":"10.2478/enr-2025-0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/enr-2025-0032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective.</b> Involvement of various endocrine disruptors (EDs) in pathophysiology of reproductive system disorders has been suggested previously. The studies have shown adverse effects of the individual substances, however, in the real-life situation, numerous chemicals enter the organism on a daily basis. This points to the importance of examination of the combined effects of exogenous chemicals on biological systems, including reproductive system. The ovaries are a target of different EDs, which may impact the processes within the ovarian follicles. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of binary or ternary mixtures combining selected nonpersistent disruptors: bisphenol A (BPA), BPA-dimethacrylate (BPADM), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), 4-chloro-3-methylphenol (CMP), or alkylphenols (4-octylphenol, OP; 4-nonylphenol, NP; and tert-octylphenol, TOP) on ovarian follicular cell functions. <b>Methods.</b> Porcine oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCCs) and granulosa cells (GCs) were treated with the tested ED mixtures (BPA+BBP, CMP+BBP, BPA+BPADM, BPA+BBP+CMP, and OP+NP+TOP) in a wide concentration range from 10-10 to 10-4 M. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-induced cumulus expansion was assessed after 24 h of culture according to a subjective scoring system. After 44-h treatment, oocyte nuclear maturation was evaluated. Basal and FSHstimulated progesterone production by OCCs and GCs was measured by commercial radioimmunoassay after 44 h and 72 h of the culture, respectively. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test were used for statistical analysis of data. <b>Results.</b> The results obtained showed that the lower concentrations of ED mixtures (10^-10- 10^-6 M) did not exert significant changes, while the highest concentration (10-4 M) significantly inhibited cumulus expansion, oocyte meiotic maturation, and progesterone production by OCCs and GCs. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of ED mixtures seem to be more profound than the effects caused by the individual substances. <b>Conclusion.</b> The experimental approach of testing mixtures should provide a more comprehensive view on the effects of the ubiquitous EDs on various cell types of the reproductive organs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11650,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine regulations","volume":"59 1","pages":"271-281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145877787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis as a clinical clue to ectopic ACTH syndrome: two cases of neuroendocrine carcinoma.","authors":"Cundullah Torun, Erhan Eken, Bahar Cakır, Mehmet Uzunlulu","doi":"10.2478/enr-2025-0031","DOIUrl":"10.2478/enr-2025-0031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective.</b> Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) syndrome (EAS) is a rare, but potentially life-threatening cause of Cushing's syndrome. Its clinical recognition may be delayed, especially when classical features of hypercortisolism are absent. We present two cases, in which hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis was the initial and main clinical clue leading to the diagnosis of neuroendocrine carcinoma with ectopic ACTH production. <b>Case 1.</b> The first case was a 71-year-old woman admitted with progressive weakness, gait disturbance, and uncontrolled hypertension. Laboratory tests revealed severe hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. Endocrine evaluation showed markedly elevated urinary free cortisol and plasma ACTH, with absent suppression on low-dose dexamethasone testing. Colonoscopy for anemia revealed a rectal mass and histopathology confirmed poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma. Imaging demonstrated widespread metastases. Despite supportive treatment, she died of multi-organ failure during hospitalization. <b>Case 2.</b> The second case was a 67-year-old woman presenting with fatigue, weakness, and weight loss. Laboratory findings included hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, renal dysfunction, and elevated liver enzymes. Hormonal studies again confirmed ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome without suppression on dexamethasone testing. Imaging revealed a right hilar lung mass and bronchoscopy with biopsy confirmed small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. PET-CT showed disseminated metastases. Although chemotherapy was initiated, she developed rapid progression and died shortly thereafter. <b>Conclusion.</b> These cases highlight that severe hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis may represent the primary manifestation of ectopic ACTH syndrome even in the absence of overt Cushingoid features. Recognition of this biochemical pattern should prompt consideration of neuroendocrine tumors allowing earlier diagnosis and timely therapeutic intervention in this aggressive condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":11650,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine regulations","volume":"59 1","pages":"265-270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145877848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between shift work and levels of thyroid hormones and interleukin-37.","authors":"Inaam Noori Ali, Noor Nihad Baqer, Hayder G Jawad","doi":"10.2478/enr-2025-0026","DOIUrl":"10.2478/enr-2025-0026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective.</b> Symptoms of thyroid defects involve sleep disorders, gain or loss of weight, tremors of hand, constipation, dry skin, bradycardia, diarrhea, irregular menses, and hot or cold tolerance. Workers in different professions face different situations that can lead to stress. This study aimed to examine the association between shift work (office or irregular) and thyroid function indicators, interleukin-37 (IL-37) levels, and development of chronic diseases (cardiovascular, diabetes). <b>Methods.</b> The current study comprised three groups: 1) office staff, 2) irregular staff (comprising different jobs), and 3) controls (not working subjects). Eighty-five subjects, aged 30-55 years, were included in the study. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated for each participant. Venous blood was collected and serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) were determined by electrochemiluminescence (ECL) analysis using an automatic immunochemical analyzer Cobas E 411 (Roche Diagnostics, Germany). Serum IL-37 levels were measured using ELISA kit. <b>Results.</b> Serum T3 (p<0.01) and T4 (p<0.001) levels were significantly decreased in both office and irregular shift work groups compared to the controls. The mean T3 levels were higher in subjects with irregular shift work (1.162±0.11 ng/mL) compared to subjects with office shift work (1.14±0.12 ng/mL). Significantly increased TSH and TPO serum levels (p<0.01) were found in both the irregular shift work and office shift work groups compared to the control group. Similarly, IL37 levels were significantly increased in office shift work (294.8±21.05 ng/mL) and irregular shift work subjects (278.0±16.22 ng/mL) (p<0.001) compared to controls (56.5±0.28 ng/mL). Cardiac disease (p<0.01), hypertension (p<0.001), and diabetes (p<0.001) showed significant differences between subjects with office shift work, irregular shift work, and the control group. <b>Conclusion.</b> Elevated levels of IL-37 and TSH in shift workers may serve as biomarkers of the impact of shift work and the workplace on the immunological and hormonal status of employees.</p>","PeriodicalId":11650,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine regulations","volume":"59 1","pages":"227-235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145741675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LDL/HDL ratio and HOMA-IR as markers of severity of peripheral neuropathy in diabetic population.","authors":"Anand Nisintha, Kumar Bhargavi, Thangavelu Saravanan","doi":"10.2478/enr-2025-0025","DOIUrl":"10.2478/enr-2025-0025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective.</b> Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that substantially impairs quality of life. This study aimed to assess the relationship between metabolic parameters and DPN severity in T2DM patients. <b>Methods.</b> A prospective observational study was conducted at PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (Peelamedu, Coimbatore, India) from August 2023 to August 2024, enrolling 90 adults with T2DM on oral hypoglycemic agents after ethical approval and informed consent. Blood samples were analyzed for fasting glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, and plasma insulin. The LDL/HDL ratio and HOMA-IR were calculated to evaluate metabolic status. DPN severity was measured using a biothesiometer. <b>Results.</b> The higher HbA1c levels significantly correlated with increased neuropathy severity (severe: 12.1±1.3% vs. mild: 8.4±2.0%; p=0.002). LDL/HDL ratio was elevated in patients with severe DPN (3.6±1.8) compared to mild DPN cases (2.5±1.0), but this difference was not significant (p=0.12). Severe DPN cases also showed higher HOMA-IR (10.2±2.8) suggesting a possible link to insulin resistance though not statistically significant (p=0.23). <b>Conclusion.</b> HbA1c strongly associates with DPN severity, while LDL/HDL ratio and HOMAIR showed no significant correlation. Further research is needed to clarify these metabolic relationships and their clinical relevance.</p>","PeriodicalId":11650,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine regulations","volume":"59 1","pages":"217-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145741750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondria-targeting compounds for management of metabolic and hemostatic abnormalities associated with heart dysfunctions in experimental type 2 diabetes.","authors":"Tamara Kuchmerovska, Lesya Yanitska, Oksana Horkunenko, Tetiana Tykhonenko, Liliya Kalachniuk, Irina Pryvrotska","doi":"10.2478/enr-2025-0028","DOIUrl":"10.2478/enr-2025-0028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective.</b> Cardiovascular complications are highly prevalent in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) driven by obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hypercoagulability associated with insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of combined treatment with acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), and nicotinamide (NAm) on diabetes-induced metabolic, hemostatic, and heart abnormalities. <b>Methods.</b> Male non-linear Wistar rats were fed with a high-calorie diet for 2 months followed by a single low-dose streptozotocin injection to induce T2DM. Two weeks later, the diabetic rats received ALC (100 mg/kg), ALA (50 mg/kg), and NAm (100 mg/kg) for 2 weeks in separate daily injections. Fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and hemostatic parameters: fibrinogen, protein C, factor X, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), were measured. The NAD+ content and NAD⁺/NADH ratio were assessed in the heart tissue. <b>Results.</b> After 12 weeks, blood glucose and HbA1c levels in diabetic rats were 1.8-fold and 2-fold higher, respectively. Diabetes increased fibrinogen (1.5-fold) and PAI-1 (1.7-fold) levels, caused the appearance of soluble fibrin monomers complexes, while protein C and factor X levels were decreased by 18% and 19%, respectively, indicating hypercoagulability and impaired fibrinolysis. In diabetic rats, the cardiac NAD+ level was reduced by 48%. The NAD+/NADH ratio decreased by 2-fold. Combined treatment lowered the glucose levels by 1.3-fold and HbA1c by 1.7-fold and improved the NAD+ metabolism and partially corrected the hemostatic abnormalities. <b>Conclusion.</b> Co-treatment with ALC, ALA, and NAm improved the glycemic control, partially restored the cardiac NAD⁺ metabolism and reduced the hemostatic abnormalities in T2DM suggesting their potential as a safe adjunct therapy for diabetes-associated cardiovascular complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":11650,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine regulations","volume":"59 1","pages":"244-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145741702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mirtazapine for gastrointestinal side effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist therapy in older adults.","authors":"Ali R Khan, Gennifer Wahbah Makhoul, Mukaila A Raji","doi":"10.2478/enr-2025-0030","DOIUrl":"10.2478/enr-2025-0030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective.</b> Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) play a role in management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity by promoting glycemic control and weight reduction. Beyond these benefits, GLP-1 RAs have demonstrated positive effects on cardiovascular, renal, and neurological health, with emerging evidence supporting their therapeutic potential in conditions such as chronic kidney disease, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. However, their widespread clinical use is often hindered by gastrointestinal side effects including nausea, anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea that limit adherence and dose titration. Effective management of these adverse effects is essential to optimize treatment outcomes and maintain long-term therapy. <b>Case report.</b> A 72-year-old woman with a history of cognitive impairment, T2D, atrial fibrillation, obesity, and mood disorders presented with persistent gastrointestinal symptoms while receiving semaglutide. Dose escalation was restricted due to severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which markedly affected her quality of life. To manage these symptoms, mirtazapine was initiated. Following its introduction, the patient reported significant improvement in gastrointestinal tolerance enabling continued semaglutide therapy and successful dose advancement. Additional benefits included enhanced mood, better sleep, and overall well-being. No adverse effects related to mirtazapine were observed throughout the treatment. <b>Conclusion.</b> This case suggests that mirtazapine may be beneficial in mitigating GLP-1 RA-induced gastrointestinal side effects, thereby improving adherence and therapeutic efficacy. Further research is needed to evaluate the safety, mechanism, and generalizability of this approach in broader clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":11650,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine regulations","volume":"59 1","pages":"260-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145741716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}