Engineering Fracture Mechanics最新文献

{"title":"Explosive fragmentation of brittle granular materials","authors":"Chuanshan Zhang ,&nbsp;Chun Feng ,&nbsp;Jun Zhou ,&nbsp;Kun Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study experimentally investigates the dynamic fragmentation behaviors of brittle granular materials subjected to explosive loadings, employing a concentric shell configuration. The setup consisted of a high-explosive sphere surrounded by a densely packed shell of dry glass spheres. To minimize reflection enhancement, the particle shells were confined within thin-walled glass casings, effectively simulating air-exposed conditions. This configuration allowed rarefaction waves reflected from the outer surface of the particle shell to significantly influence particle fragmentation, particularly in thinner shells. A specialized fragment-collecting apparatus was designed to prevent collision-induced damage to particle fragments, enabling the recovery of most fragments with preserved post-test morphologies following the explosion tests. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the breakage extent and pulverization degree of the fragmented brittle particles, utilizing metrics such as breakage index, fragmentation volume fraction, and fractal dimension. These parameters exhibited significant variations as the particle shell thickness increased from a dimension comparable to the explosive radius to several times that radius. Notably, the thinnest particle shell underwent near-total particle crushing, evidenced by a fractal dimension of up to 3.2, indicating intense fractal crushing. When the shell thickness increased to 3.75 times the explosive radius, the fragmentation volume fraction was nearly halved, and the fractal dimension decreased significantly. These variations in fragmentation behaviors highlight the impact of divergent blast waves, which impart transient explosive loadings with rapidly decaying overpressures on the particles. The experimental results elucidate the relationship between explosive fragmentation and transient explosive loadings, providing estimations for the radii of pulverized and fractured spherical zones. Particles fragmented by explosive loadings exhibit a markedly higher fractal dimension compared to those fractured by quasi-static loadings, even when fragmentation volume fractions are similar. This suggests distinct breakage mechanisms between the two loading conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 111126"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discrete multi-scale modeling of ultra-high-performance concrete with an energy-based coarse-graining approach","authors":"Tathagata Bhaduri ,&nbsp;Mohammed Abdellatef ,&nbsp;Mohammed Alnaggar","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete (R-UHPC) beams exhibit shear and flexural failure modes influenced by the interplay of continuous longitudinal reinforcements (rebars) and discrete fiber content. Accurate characterization of these failure modes requires understanding the stress redistribution between fibers and rebars after matrix cracking. Mesoscale discrete numerical models effectively capture this material-level behavior. Among various models, the lattice discrete particle model (LDPM) with fibers (LDPM-F) has proven successful in elucidating the failure behavior of R-UHPC. However, these models pose computational challenges in scenarios where the simulated structural scale is significantly larger than the smallest represented scale of heterogeneity and a high volume of fiber inclusions is considered within the simulated domain. These computational challenges lead to an increased number of degrees of freedom and heightened computational costs at the element level to account for interactions between fibers and matrix. Recently, a multi-scaling method, employing an energy-based coarse-graining (CG) approach, was introduced for LDPM. This approach aims to simulate the accurate damage behavior of concrete with a coarser mesostructure, resulting in a reduction of degrees of freedom. In the present study, this coarse-graining framework is integrated with the LDPM-F model to establish the Coarse-Grained LDPM-F (CG-LDPM-F) framework. In CG-LDPM-F, the coarser mesostructure leads to a reduction in nodal degrees of freedom and fiber–matrix intersections, while the number of fibers generated within the domain remains constant. CG-LDPM-F was initially validated against experimental data from material-level uniaxial compression, notched three-point bending, and notched direct tension tests, considering various coarse-graining factors up to 12. Subsequently, laboratory-scale R-UHPC beams, exhibiting gradual strain hardening and crack-localization-driven flexural failures, were simulated and validated. Additionally, a new UHPC material model, calibrated from the literature, was employed to simulate shear and flexural failure in a structural-scale R-UHPC I beam. Overall, the results demonstrate that the CG-LDPM-F framework can reliably simulate UHPC class materials without modifying fiber geometric and micromechanical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 111094"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An adaptive integration scheme for efficient fracture analysis using cohesive zone model","authors":"Z.Y. Qiu ,&nbsp;Z.Y. Ma ,&nbsp;X. Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cohesive zone models are widely used in fracture analysis of composites due to their effectiveness in modeling damage evolution. However, coarse cohesive elements (CEs) often struggle to capture the high-stress gradients within the cohesive zone, necessitating a fine mesh to achieve accurate results, which substantially increases computational costs. This study examines the impact of integration schemes on the numerical performance of CEs. A multi-point integration scheme is shown to enhance the stress-capturing capability compared to the standard 2 × 2 integration scheme, while reducing iteration counts and improving computational efficiency. Notably, the computational gains achieved by optimizing integration points can outweigh the additional cost of increased points. Based on these findings, an adaptive integration scheme is proposed: standard 2 × 2 integration is employed for CEs in the elastic and fully fractured phases, while integration points are refined near and within the cohesive zone to optimize the computational effort. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive scheme significantly reduces numerical iterations and improves computational efficiency in the fracture analysis of composite materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 111112"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural deterioration mechanism and failure mode of water-immersed sandstone under uniaxial compression in Dazu rock carvings","authors":"Shuo Wang ,&nbsp;Luqi Wang ,&nbsp;Wengang Zhang ,&nbsp;Sicheng Lin ,&nbsp;Weixin Sun ,&nbsp;Siwei Jiang ,&nbsp;Gang Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiangmin Li ,&nbsp;Chen Wang ,&nbsp;Zihua Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the microstructural deterioration and failure modes of water-immersed sandstone under load is crucial for comprehending the mechanical properties of grotto rock masses. This study conducted uniaxial compression tests on grotto sandstone samples with varying water contents, collecting acoustic emission (AE) signals during loading. Then, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and computed tomography (CT) were employed to investigate the microstructural deterioration mechanism and failure mode of grotto sandstone. The results show that (1) The <em>T₂</em> spectrum area and sandstone mass show similar exponential changes with the increase in water absorption time. During the unsaturated stage, the orderly diffusion and transfer of water result in the water component ratio reaching a dynamic temporary equilibrium stage, accompanied by significant deterioration. The deterioration of mechanical strength is mainly due to the formation of a large number of scaly attachments by illite when contacting bound water, which reduces the cementation strength between the particles. (2) The failure mode evolves from a combined shear-tensile failure to shear failure after water absorption. This transformation is accompanied by a decrease in crack porosity and fractal dimensions, indicating reduced complexity and volume of cracks due to water-weakening effects. (3) The dynamic evolution of multifractal parameters <em>Δα</em> and <em>Δf</em> based on peak AE frequency shows a decrease in <em>Δα</em> amplitude after the stable crack propagation stage, with AE signals becoming more uniform and shear dominated events becoming prominent. The research results provide reference value for the protection and restoration of grotto rock masses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 111110"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic fracture in DCB specimen loaded by end moments","authors":"M. Ciavarella","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dynamic fracture depends on a delicate interplay of the dynamic Energy Release Rate (ERR) <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> which is the static value <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> as reduced by inertia terms depending on crack speed and sometimes acceleration, and the dynamic toughness <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Γ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> which generally varies with crack speed. We review some basic results on Double Cantilever Beam specimen, and make a simple analysis of a DCB under remote bending loads applied slowly. We comment that smooth propagation ensues here contrary to the case discussed in the literature where the loading the end by a constant displacement rate, a very complex non-linearly oscillating velocity results, possibly leading to crack arrest (stick–slip) and which is only partly captured by present models, making difficult the determination of the dynamic toughness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 111055"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deformation rate dependence on fracture characteristics of third generation Advanced High Strength Steel","authors":"Simon Jonsson ,&nbsp;David Frómeta ,&nbsp;Laura Grifé ,&nbsp;Jörgen Kajberg","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gradually more stringent environmental and safety regulations in the transport sector have made third generation Advanced High Strength Steel (3^rd-gen AHSS) grades excellent alternatives to lower strength steel grades and have continuously been adopted by the automotive industry for body-in-white parts and energy absorbing safety components. Recently, essential work of fracture (EWF) has emerged as a viable material characterisation method to rationalise edge crack resistance and crashworthiness. However, much of the published data is still based on quasi-static conditions, which do not reflect the conditions during crash situations typically involving high deformation rates. This paper presents an experimental study on the deformation rate-dependence of fracture characteristics of three 3^rd-gen AHSS grades. The results show that the fracture toughness, measured using the EWF method, increases significantly with the loading rate, although the differences in conventional tensile properties are modest. The increase is due to a combination of rate-dependent hardening combined with a much more ductile failure at a higher loading rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 111089"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multiscale discrete element thermomechanical modeling approach of microcracking generated at high temperature by anisotropic thermal expansion in an elastic brittle polycrystalline ceramic material","authors":"Harikeshava Ranganathan ,&nbsp;Damien André ,&nbsp;Mossaab Mouiya ,&nbsp;Marc Huger ,&nbsp;Ratana Soth ,&nbsp;Christoph Wöhrmeyer","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aluminum titanate is widely used in various industries due to its superior intrinsic properties for thermal shock applications. At the microstructural scale, this material is characterized by its original grain crystallinity, leading to anisotropic thermal expansion behavior at the crystallographic grain level. Consequently, aluminum titanate undergoes spontaneous microcracking at high temperatures during operational conditions due to mismatches in the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) between grains. These microcracks within the refractory microstructure result in quasi-brittle, non-linear mechanical behavior under tensile loading. Experimental findings suggest that the non-linear macroscopic response signifies material toughening, enhancing fracture toughness and, consequently, improving its thermal shock resistance. To better understand these phenomena, this study presents a simplified polycrystalline microstructure model using the Discrete Element Method (DEM), with aluminum titanate as the reference material. The research focuses on predicting the role of grain-level thermal anisotropy in microcrack nucleation and propagation, critical for thermal shock sustainability. A novel DEM approach, based on the bonded particle element method, is proposed. This approach quantitatively accounts for anisotropic CTE, thermomechanical coupling, crack nucleation, propagation and closure under Periodic Boundary Conditions (PBC), enabling multiscale analysis. The results obtained align quantitatively with experimental macroscopic observations, including the evolution of CTE and Young’s modulus with temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 111088"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of water-coupling presplit blasting considering the role of stress wave parameters","authors":"Xiaofeng Huo ,&nbsp;Zhi Yu ,&nbsp;Xianyang Qiu ,&nbsp;Xiuzhi Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water medium has been widely used in decoupled charge blasting due to its high efficiency of energy transfer. In this study, water-coupling presplit blasting is investigated theoretically and numerically from the essential mechanism of the effect of stress wave parameters (peak pressure <span><math><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>b</mi></msub></math></span>, loading rate <span><math><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></math></span> and attenuation coefficient <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>) on presplitting. According to the propagation and superposition theory of stress waves, the inter-hole tangential stress peak distributions and hole spacings under different stress wave parameters are analytically given. Further, considering the role of stress wave parameters, water-coupling presplit blasting under different in-situ stresses <span><math><msub><mi>σ</mi><mi>s</mi></msub></math></span> and delay intervals <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></math></span> are investigated with air-coupling presplit blasting as a comparison. Through LS-DYNA, numerical simulations of presplit blasting are carried out to verify the reliability of theoretical analysis and further study their effects on the presplitting. Both the theoretical and numerical results show that the blasting load with higher <span><math><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>b</mi></msub></math></span> and lower <span><math><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></math></span>, <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mi>σ</mi><mi>s</mi></msub></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></math></span> favors presplitting. Under the same <span><math><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>b</mi></msub></math></span>, the stress superposition range, minimum stress peak and hole spacing of water-coupling presplit blasting are larger than those of air-coupling presplit blasting. The numerical results of the crack pattern also show that lower <span><math><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></math></span> will change the crack pattern from the crushing zone extension dominated by compression-shear damage to the main crack propagation dominated by tensile damage, and the directionality of presplitting is more pronounced with higher <span><math><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>b</mi></msub></math></span> and lower <span><math><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mi>σ</mi><mi>s</mi></msub></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></math></span>. Compared with air medium, water medium has better performance in the directional effect of presplitting and anti-interference ability to the delay scatter due to its lower <span><math><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></math></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 111067"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of pore structure and fracture characteristics of porous rock mass: Computed tomography scan and acoustic emission technology","authors":"Jiajun Wang,&nbsp;Xibing Li,&nbsp;Linqi Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porous rock masses in mining strata are prone to hazards like water inrush and instability due their developed pore structure and low strength. To investigate the pore structure characteristics and mechanical properties of porous rock mass, computed tomography (CT) scan and uniaxial compression acoustic emission (AE) tests were conducted on cemented broken rock specimens. The results indicated that the Talbot index (<em>η</em>) enhanced specimens porosity and macropore proportion. Connected pores were extracted from the three-dimensional pore distribution, and it was found that the maximum connectivity ratio was a mere 29.3%, suggesting a significant presence of isolated pores within the initial specimens. A pore network model (PNM) was established based on these connected pores. The coordination relationship of the PNM was significantly affected by the volume of the parent pores, while the pore throat radius and throat channel length controlled the distribution of the pore-throat structure in the PNM. As <em>η</em> increased, the uniaxial compressive strength of the specimens first increased and then decreased, accompanied by a transition from tensile to mixed tensile-shear cracks. Post-failure CT scans and three-dimensional cracks reconstruction confirmed this failure transformation: at low <em>η</em>, single tensile cracks with strong connectivity were generated inside specimens, distributed in a vertical lamellar pattern. Conversely, at high <em>η</em>, multiple-structure tensile/shear compound cracks with poor connectivity were formed within the specimens, distributed in disordered lamellar pattern. Finally, a spatial overlap display of the PNM and the three-dimensional reconstructed cracks demonstrated that the crack propagation paths predominantly followed the large pores and coarse throats in the PNM, revealing the spatial consistency between the PNM and crack propagation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 111092"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An extended average strain energy density criterion for predicting crack propagation of mixed mode I-II fracture in concrete","authors":"Maomao Yang ,&nbsp;Wenyan Yuan ,&nbsp;Wei Dong ,&nbsp;Binsheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Qian Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three-point bend and four-point shear tests were conducted to analyze the crack initiation and propagation of mixed mode I-II fracture in concrete under different mode mixity ratios. The digital image correlation technique was employed to monitor the crack propagation process. Then, the critical average strain energy densities were numerically calculated for crack initiation and different loading stages of crack propagation. Subsequently, an extended average strain energy density (EASED) criterion was proposed to predict the crack propagation of mixed mode I-II fracture in concrete. A numerical analysis method integrating both the EASED criterion and fictitious crack model was proposed and validated to predict the crack initiation and propagation process of mixed mode I-II fracture in concrete. The EASED criterion enhances the accuracy of predicting fracture behavior of mixed mode I-II crack in concrete, offering a more reliable approach for assessing fracture processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 111107"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}