2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting最新文献

筛选
英文 中文
A Novel Design of PR Controller with Anti-windup Scheme for Single-Phase Interconnected PV Systems 一种新型的单相互联光伏系统防卷绕控制器设计
2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting Pub Date : 2020-10-10 DOI: 10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334830
R. Errouissi, H. Shareef, A. Wahyudie
{"title":"A Novel Design of PR Controller with Anti-windup Scheme for Single-Phase Interconnected PV Systems","authors":"R. Errouissi, H. Shareef, A. Wahyudie","doi":"10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334830","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design methodology of an alternative approach for implementing proportional-resonant (PR) controller for single-phase grid-tied inverter. The developed PR controller is designed to regulate the grid current with the aim of controlling either the DC-link voltage or the active/reactive power injected into the grid. The control design is based on combining a state feedback controller with a disturbance observer. It turns out that the composite controller can be expressed as a PR controller plus an anti-windup scheme. The latter is required by the resonant portion of the PR controller to attenuate the effect of the control input saturation during transients. The performance of the existing PR controller was investigated under control saturation to highlight the poor transient performances associated with modulating signal limitation. The performance of the proposed controller was verified by simulation tests. The obtained results demonstrated good transient performances compared with the existing PR controller.","PeriodicalId":115239,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134206347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Statistical Models of EAF Harmonics Developed for Harmonic Estimation Directly from Waveform Samples Using Deep Learning Framework 利用深度学习框架直接从波形样本中开发谐波估计的EAF谐波统计模型
2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting Pub Date : 2020-10-10 DOI: 10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334839
Nagihan Severoglu, Özgül Salor-Durna
{"title":"Statistical Models of EAF Harmonics Developed for Harmonic Estimation Directly from Waveform Samples Using Deep Learning Framework","authors":"Nagihan Severoglu, Özgül Salor-Durna","doi":"10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334839","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a method to generate large amounts of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) currents with harmonics simulating the actual EAF operation characteristics to be used with deep learning (DL) applications of harmonic estimation is investigated. For this purpose, the behavior of the EAF current harmonics is examined in statistical terms using the field data collected at a transformer substation supplying an EAF plant. Then, a significantly larger amount of EAF current data is generated using the statistics mimicking the real EAF behavior to train the DL-based harmonic estimator. The outcomes of the research work presented in this paper are two-fold: (i) DL-based method is used to extract phase and amplitude information of the harmonics of the EAF currents using the waveform directly, without computing any time- or frequency-domain features during the estimation process, which helps reduce the processing time , (ii) EAF current data with realistic amounts of time-varying harmonics based on the statistics obtained from a tap-to-tap time of the EAF currents is generated, hence a detailed statistical analysis of the EAF current spectrum is achieved. The method proposed can be used to eliminate the uncharacteristic harmonics of the EAF currents, since it can provide fast and accurate phase and amplitude estimates of the harmonics, serving the need for active power filters in the electricity system.","PeriodicalId":115239,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115075915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Accurate voltage-to-frequency sensor with galvanic isolation and bandwidth of 375kHz 精确电压频率传感器,电流隔离,带宽为375kHz
2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting Pub Date : 2020-10-10 DOI: 10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334809
Decheng Yan, Liran Zheng, R. Kandula, D. Divan
{"title":"Accurate voltage-to-frequency sensor with galvanic isolation and bandwidth of 375kHz","authors":"Decheng Yan, Liran Zheng, R. Kandula, D. Divan","doi":"10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334809","url":null,"abstract":"High-bandwidth low-cost MV voltage sensors with appropriate isolation are required in MV power electronic converters for utility and industrial applications. It is especially critical in low-inertia converters (reduced passives) due to the existence of fast dynamics with reduced storage elements (dc-link, filters etc.). In this paper, a MV sensor for sensing a 2kV 16kHz voltage is presented. The sensor is supposed to provide > 160kHz bandwidth which is 10 times the frequency to be sensed, 2% accuracy and >10kV isolation. It is based on voltage-to-frequency (V2F) conversion and optical isolation principles. Compared to existing solutions, the proposed sensor is fast and scalable to MV thanks to the feature of converting analog voltage into digital high-speed square wave through optical enabled MV isolation. The components chosen to build the sensor and the design trade-offs are explained in detail. The sensor delay, accuracy, bandwidth characteristics are shown both at the v2f-sensor output and after frequency to voltage conversion implemented in a FPGA.","PeriodicalId":115239,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116749217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Saturated Amorphous Alloy Core Based Smart Fault Current Limiter for Improving the Low Voltage Ride Through Capability of Distributed Generation Units 一种基于饱和非晶合金铁心的智能故障限流器,提高分布式发电机组的低压穿越能力
2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting Pub Date : 2020-10-10 DOI: 10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334710
M. Islam, K. Muttaqi, D. Sutanto
{"title":"A Saturated Amorphous Alloy Core Based Smart Fault Current Limiter for Improving the Low Voltage Ride Through Capability of Distributed Generation Units","authors":"M. Islam, K. Muttaqi, D. Sutanto","doi":"10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334710","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes the use of a smart saturated amorphous alloy core-based fault current limiter (SAACFCL) to improve the LVRT capability of distributed generators (DGs) during votlages sag. The B-H loop of the amorphous alloy core used in the SAACFCL is very narrow compared to convensional sheet steel iron cores which are commonly used for fault current limiter (FCL). This narrow B-H loop characteristics of amorphous alloy indicates that it cause low core losses and it will require small dc excitation current compared to sheet steel core. Under steady-state grid condition, this proposed SAACFCL behaves as an air core FCL, hence, imposes low impedance and has very negligible effect on the grid operation. However, during a deep voltage sag caused by large fault currents, the core of the SAACFCL desaturates and its ac impedance is increased which limit the fault currents and improve LVRT capability of DGs. The performance of the SAACFCL in improving the LVRT capability of DGs has been validated using a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind energy system equipped with the proposed SAACFCL. This system has been simulated using MATLAB/Simulink simulation software. The simulation results with and without the SAACFCL show that the SAACFCL is capable to achieve the LVRT successfully and can meet the grid code requirement. The performance of the SAACFCL in limiting fault current and improving the LVRT has also been compared with that of the superconducting FCL (SFCL). The SAACFCL promises better performances than SFCL.","PeriodicalId":115239,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115810665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
A PV-Battery System Operating in Islanded and Grid Connected Modes with Shunt Active Filter Capability 具有并联有源滤波能力的孤岛和并网模式下的光伏电池系统
2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting Pub Date : 2020-10-10 DOI: 10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334847
Syed Bilal Qaiser Naqvi, Shailendra Kumar, Bhim Singh
{"title":"A PV-Battery System Operating in Islanded and Grid Connected Modes with Shunt Active Filter Capability","authors":"Syed Bilal Qaiser Naqvi, Shailendra Kumar, Bhim Singh","doi":"10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334847","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a battery integrated photovoltaic (PV) system, which provides reliable power to local loads, by operating in either islanded or grid connected modes, depending on the grid conditions. When the grid parameters violate the defined limits, the system seamlessly transfers to an islanded operation. In case the PV power surpasses the load demand, the battery absorbs the remaining power, thereby ensuring optimal utilization of the PV power. On recovery of normal grid, the system is capable of seamlessly resynchronizing to the grid. In grid connected operation, the grid provides the power if the PV power is deficient, and absorbs power, if the PV power is in excess. The system further incorporates the benefits of an active shunt filter, thereby enhancing the power quality. This system is single stage, and the PV power is directly given to the voltage source converter (VSC). The battery is connected by a bidirectional DC-DC converter (BDDC), which maintains the voltage of the DC link at the reference voltage provided by an incremental conductance technique, to derive optimum PV power.","PeriodicalId":115239,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115299145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Systematically Encoded Polynomial Codes to Detect and Mitigate High-Status-Number Attacks in Inter-Substation GOOSE Communications 系统编码多项式码检测和减轻站间GOOSE通信中的高状态数攻击
2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting Pub Date : 2020-10-10 DOI: 10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334776
Sree Subiksha M. Reshikeshan, M. Illindala
{"title":"Systematically Encoded Polynomial Codes to Detect and Mitigate High-Status-Number Attacks in Inter-Substation GOOSE Communications","authors":"Sree Subiksha M. Reshikeshan, M. Illindala","doi":"10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334776","url":null,"abstract":"Inter-substation Generic Object Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE) communications that are used for critical protection functions have several cyber-security vulnerabilities. GOOSE messages are directly mapped to the Layer 2 Ethernet without network and transport layer headers that provide data encapsulation. The high-status-number attack is a malicious attack on GOOSE messages that allows hackers to completely take over intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) subscribing to GOOSE communications. The status-number parameter of GOOSE messages, stNum is tampered with in these attacks. Given the strict delivery time requirement of 3 ms for GOOSE messaging, it is infeasible to encrypt the GOOSE payload. This work proposes to secure the sensitive stNum parameter of the GOOSE payload using systematically encoded polynomial codes. Exploiting linear codes allows for the security features to be encoded in linear time, in contrast to complex hashing algorithms. At the subscribing IED, the security feature is used to verify that the stNum parameter has not been tampered with during transmission in the insecure medium. The decoding and verification using syndrome computation at the subscriber IED is also accomplished in linear time.","PeriodicalId":115239,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123214387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Reliability Improvement of Wind Integrated Power Systems using Energy Storage & Aggregation 利用储能与聚合技术提高风力发电系统可靠性
2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting Pub Date : 2020-10-10 DOI: 10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334909
Atri Bera, J. Mitra
{"title":"Reliability Improvement of Wind Integrated Power Systems using Energy Storage & Aggregation","authors":"Atri Bera, J. Mitra","doi":"10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334909","url":null,"abstract":"Wind energy is one of the fastest growing renewable energy resources in recent times. However, the variable nature of wind power negatively affects power system reliability. Reduction in wind power variability and hence improvement in power system reliability can be achieved through a number of means including aggregating geographically diverse wind, deploying energy storage systems (ESS), and using flexible loads. This paper proposes a new approach for mitigation of wind power variability by utilizing both aggregation and ESS. Although aggregation of geographically diverse wind power leads to reduced variability, the benefits are limited due to several factors, as discussed in this paper. ESS projects, on the other hand, can be significantly expensive. In this context, the proposed approach helps in overcoming the limitations of the individual methods and provides a more cost-effective solution. Composite system reliability assessment is performed using Monte Carlo simulation on the IEEE 14-bus system to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Results show that the application of the proposed approach helps in reducing the ESS size while improving the system reliability.","PeriodicalId":115239,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"336 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123228775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Fault Diagnosis and Tolerant Operation of Multi-Channel 3L-NPC Power Converter Fed Adjustable Speed Hydro-Generating Unit 多路3L-NPC功率变换器馈调速水轮发电机组故障诊断与容错运行
2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting Pub Date : 2020-10-10 DOI: 10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334917
R. Selvaraj, Karthik Desingu, T. Chelliah
{"title":"Fault Diagnosis and Tolerant Operation of Multi-Channel 3L-NPC Power Converter Fed Adjustable Speed Hydro-Generating Unit","authors":"R. Selvaraj, Karthik Desingu, T. Chelliah","doi":"10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334917","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to design fault tolerant operation for multi-channel 3L-NPC back-to-back power converter system employed to adjustable speed hydro-generating unit. The post fault tolerant operation is designed based on a dc bus midpoint clamping approach for open switch faults in rotor side converter (RSC) with minimal hardware requirements (2-anti-parallel IGBTs per phase). A detailed operational and control strategy is studied with respect to its hardware limitations. One of the major drawback in designed fault tolerant operation is reduction in RSC output voltage capability due to dc link capacitor voltage limitations. Based on these operational strategies, hydraulic governor of drive is adjusted to deliver power with reduced slip variation of ±5.07%. The existence of dc component and low frequency components in fault tolerant operation causes dc link voltage fluctuation, it leads to output voltage unbalance. To compensate this dc offset value is injected with carrier based pulse-width modulation (CBPWM) to suppress dc link voltage fluctuation. The effectiveness of proposed post fault tolerant operation is examined with MATLAB/Simulink2014A environment for a 250 MW DFIM.","PeriodicalId":115239,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129792407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Design and Experimental Results of Three- Phase Interleaved DCM Buck-Boost-Derived PFC Converter for MEA and Comparison with Single-cell Converter 用于MEA的三相交错DCM buck - boost衍生PFC变换器的设计与实验结果及与单细胞变换器的比较
2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting Pub Date : 2020-10-10 DOI: 10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334736
S. Gangavarapu, A. Rathore
{"title":"Design and Experimental Results of Three- Phase Interleaved DCM Buck-Boost-Derived PFC Converter for MEA and Comparison with Single-cell Converter","authors":"S. Gangavarapu, A. Rathore","doi":"10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334736","url":null,"abstract":"In more electric aircrafts (MEAs), the synchronous generators are connected directly to the turboengine to reduce the weight of an empty aircraft which in turn resulted in constant voltage variable frequency (CVVF) AC supply bus. In addition, the MEA has adopted high voltage DC bus in its power system to cater the various categories of load used by aircraft. Therefore, the MEA requires AC-DC power converters to convert CVVF AC to constant DC. Hence, a three- phase interleaved buck-boost-derived power factor correction converter designed for discontinuous current conduction mode in order to achieve unity power factor (UPF) operation for wide range supply frequency of MEA. The benefits of the proposed interleaved converter are higher power density, efficiency, and reliability. An analytical comparison has been made with singlecell converter to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed interleaved converter and the relevant results has been presented. The experimental results from a 2.0 kW laboratory concept-proof hardware prototype have been shown to validate the proposed converter UPF operation for wide range supply frequencies. A low input current THD of 2.7% and a maximum efficiency of 96.3% are recorded from the developed prototype.","PeriodicalId":115239,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130101923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Assessment and implementation of an optimized Digital Hysteresis Current Control for a low cost Three-level Boost Rectifier in Metal Industries 金属工业中低成本三电平升压整流器的优化数字迟滞电流控制的评估与实现
2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting Pub Date : 2020-10-10 DOI: 10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334799
G. V. Ramos, A. Luiz, M. M. Stopa, Marcos Paulo Brito Gomes
{"title":"Assessment and implementation of an optimized Digital Hysteresis Current Control for a low cost Three-level Boost Rectifier in Metal Industries","authors":"G. V. Ramos, A. Luiz, M. M. Stopa, Marcos Paulo Brito Gomes","doi":"10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS44978.2020.9334799","url":null,"abstract":"This work evaluates the digital hysteresis current control of a high power and low cost three-phase and three-level active AC-DC rectifier in metal industries. The rectifier consists of an alternative converter composed of two active semiconductor switches and four power diodes per phase. It implies in a good voltage and current quality and lower maintenance and acquisition costs. In this scenario, the paper presents some important issues related to hysteresis current control operation, which affects the converter semiconductor switching pattern and performance in metal industry applications. The paper shows some good features achieved with the digital implementation of a hysteresis current control. Following this line, it is possible to limit the converter switching frequency and semiconductor stress and reduce the spectral harmonic spreading by digital hysteresis current control when the control system works with low sampling rates. Therefore, by an adequate choice of the sampling rate, the control system can be designed to respect and/or limit stress and losses in the power switches. Besides, the design can also lead the converter to low current ripple levels and an optimized size, weight and price of input inductors. The study is conducted through simulation and experiments. The results obtained reinforce and confirm the proposed ideas.","PeriodicalId":115239,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130110767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
相关产品
×
本文献相关产品
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信