Energy Procedia最新文献_第10页

Mathematical modelling of the steam stripping of aroma from roast and ground coffee 从烘焙咖啡和磨碎咖啡中蒸汽剥离香气的数学模型

Energy Procedia Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.075

D. Beverly , P.J. Fryer , S. Bakalis , E. Lopez-Quiroga , R. Farr

{"title":"Mathematical modelling of the steam stripping of aroma from roast and ground coffee","authors":"D. Beverly , P.J. Fryer , S. Bakalis , E. Lopez-Quiroga , R. Farr","doi":"10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Instant coffee manufacture involves the aqueous extraction of soluble coffee components followed by drying to form a soluble powder. A challenge that arises from the process is the loss of volatile aroma compounds during evaporative drying. One method of retaining aroma is to first steam strip the volatiles from the coffee and add them back to a concentrated coffee solution just before the final drying stage. Understanding the impact of process conditions on the aroma content of the stripped solution offers engineers the ability to target desirable compounds and maximise their yield. This paper presents a multiscale model for aroma extraction that describes: (i) release from the matrix, (ii) diffusion through the coffee grain, (iii) transfer into water and steam, and (iv) advection through the stripping column. Results reveal how aroma physiochemistry determines the limiting kinetics at industrial extraction conditions. The interaction with the soluble matrix can also inhibit extraction, but this effect varies for the different aromas studied.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11517,"journal":{"name":"Energy Procedia","volume":"161 ","pages":"Pages 157-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86500840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Food, water, energy, waste: an examination of socio-technical issues for urban prosumers – Part 1 (Context) 食物、水、能源、废物:城市产消者社会技术问题的检验。第1部分(背景)

Energy Procedia Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.104

Wendy Miller

{"title":"Food, water, energy, waste: an examination of socio-technical issues for urban prosumers – Part 1 (Context)","authors":"Wendy Miller","doi":"10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The human relationship with food is an under-acknowledged contributor towards climate change and environmental degradation. However, citizens’ choices and actions regarding food consumption and production in urban settings are shaped by the economic, cultural and infrastructure systems in which they live. The purpose of this paper is to examine, from the perspective of prosumers, the socio-technical factors that affect urban food production and associated energy, water and waste services. A residential development on the urban fringe of Australia’s subtropical Gold Coast was used as a case study. A mixed methods approach was utilised to gather quantitative and qualitative data through estate maps, development planning documents, visual observations, interviews and surveys. Data was analysed around the themes of food production, consumption and development infrastructure (physical and social). The estate’s food production demonstrated high biodiversity and highlighted three common challenges: biological, knowledge and water/climate. Food consumption incorporated self-consumption, sharing/trading and a range of other typical and atypical sources found in cities. An integrated approach to land-use, energy, water and waste was instrumental in enabling food production, highlighting issues that affect the ability of urban prosumers to incorporate sustainability into their food practices. The paper raises the possibility of a ‘sharing-economy’ food production typology for urban areas and proposes an initial performance indicator framework (people, planet, prosperity, governance and propagation) to understand, develop and manage urban prosumers in the context of integrated energy, water, waste and food services.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11517,"journal":{"name":"Energy Procedia","volume":"161 ","pages":"Pages 360-367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84645709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Low temperature and power solar energy conversion for domestic use 低温和动力太阳能转换为家用

Energy Procedia Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.072

André-Charles Mintsa Do Ango, Gaël Levêque, Norman Holaind, Gabriel Henry, Arthur Leroux

引用次数: 0

Energy Recovery from Brewery Waste: experimental and modelling perspectives 从啤酒厂废料中回收能源:实验和模型的观点

Energy Procedia Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.054

Eric Siqueiros , Rasaq O. Lamidi , Pankaj B. Pathare , Yaodong Wang , A.P. Roskilly

{"title":"Energy Recovery from Brewery Waste: experimental and modelling perspectives","authors":"Eric Siqueiros , Rasaq O. Lamidi , Pankaj B. Pathare , Yaodong Wang , A.P. Roskilly","doi":"10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Food and drink processing industries are extremely large consumers of thermal energy as well as bio-wastes producers. The utilisation of bio-wastes for energy recovery appears to be a good opportunity to improve the overall efficiency of process industries. In this study, waste generation, management and energy auditing of a micro-brewery located in the north east of England is investigated. Fermented grains and hops are disposed as organic wastes after the production process. Hence, this study focuses on recovery of energy from these wastes through anaerobic digestion process. Experimental work was carried out in the laboratory for the wastes characterisation. The waste samples are then anaerobically digested at 55 ⁰C and 35 ⁰C with a 5L laboratory scale continuous stirred reactor using 5 gVSL<sup>-1</sup> and 25 days organic loading rates and hydraulic retention times respectively. Further to the experimental work, simulations were completed to evaluate the feasibility of the process. ASPEN plus simulation software was used to carry out the simulations using a novel approach for AD which is based on the ADM1 model. The experimental results showed that biogas can be produced at mesophilic and thermophilic conditions: 3.0 and 2.6 litres per day respectively. At thermophilic conditions, the methane content is 65 % while at mesophilic conditions, it is 55%. It is also found that the values of the final biogas production from the simulation were similar to the ones obtained in the experiments (-6.85%). However, the model would need further modifications to be able to accurately predict the biogas compositions. The result shows that the thermophilic process is able to fuel 126.01 kW boiler while mesophilic process can power 76.48kW boiler.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11517,"journal":{"name":"Energy Procedia","volume":"161 ","pages":"Pages 24-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74050150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Numerical investigation of the protective mechanisms of air curtain in a refrigerated truck during door openings 冷藏车车门开启时空气幕保护机理的数值研究

Energy Procedia Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.084

Ashika Rai, Jining Sun, Savvas A Tassou

{"title":"Numerical investigation of the protective mechanisms of air curtain in a refrigerated truck during door openings","authors":"Ashika Rai, Jining Sun, Savvas A Tassou","doi":"10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Warm air infiltration during door openings of refrigerated delivery trucks can account for approximately 34% of the overall refrigeration load, with this share estimated to be higher for longer and/or more frequent door openings. An increase in refrigeration load can have a direct impact on the energy usage (higher thermal loads require greater energy consumption). Many sources in the literature suggest that the use of an air curtain to reduce the impact of warm air infiltration during door openings. However, the majority of these studies focus on air curtain use in large cold rooms and warehouses. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the protective mechanisms of an air curtain against natural infiltration in a refrigerated vehicle during door openings. This study analyses the airflow behaviour in the refrigerated truck body with and without the protection of an air curtain during door openings. Different air curtain velocities have been tested for this particular investigation to study the influence of discharge velocity on energy performance. The airflow analysis suggests that natural infiltration is mainly caused by cold air flowing out from the lower part of the opening as warm air infiltrates in from the upperpart to fill the space. It has been found that an air curtain at optimum velocity (3.1 m/s in this study) can help reduce the energy consumption by almost 48%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11517,"journal":{"name":"Energy Procedia","volume":"161 ","pages":"Pages 216-223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78150664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

Low temperature gasification of poultry litter in a lab-scale fluidized reactor 实验室规模流化反应器中家禽垃圾低温气化研究

Energy Procedia Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.058

Giannis Katsaros , Daya Shankar Pandey , Alen Horvat , Savvas Tassou

{"title":"Low temperature gasification of poultry litter in a lab-scale fluidized reactor","authors":"Giannis Katsaros , Daya Shankar Pandey , Alen Horvat , Savvas Tassou","doi":"10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Low temperature gasification of poultry litter (PL) was experimentally studied in a lab scale fluidized bed reactor. The experiments were carried out at three different equivalence ratios (ER) of 0.17; 0.21; 0.25 and temperature 700 °C, to investigate its impact on cold gas efficiency (CGE), carbon conversion efficiency (CCE), gas yield, lower calorific value (LCV), and tar evolution. Maximum CGE and LCV of the produced gas was 43.4% and 3.34 MJ/m<sup>3</sup> respectively at an ER of 0.25. The maximum CCE of 72% was attained at the highest value of ER (0.25). The gas yield showed an increasing trend with ER reaching its highest value of ~1 m<sup>3</sup>/kg<sub>daf</sub> N<sub>2</sub> free. Highest amount of total tar was 2.41 g/Nm<sup>3</sup> in the dry gas at the lowest tested ER. Styrene- xylene, phenol, and naphthalene, were the components with the highest concentrations of up to 30%, whilst the tar compounds detected but couldn’t be identified ranged between 25-30% with respect to the total tar yield. The average compositions of the main components in permanent gases (vol %, dry basis) at the indicative value of the lowest ER were as follows: H<sub>2</sub>:7.87%, CH<sub>4</sub>:2.04%, CO: 6.37%, CO<sub>2</sub>:11.47%, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>:1%, and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>:0.22.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11517,"journal":{"name":"Energy Procedia","volume":"161 ","pages":"Pages 57-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76976108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Effect of cross-section geometry on the thermohydraulic characteristics of supercritical CO2 in minichannels 截面几何形状对微型通道中超临界CO2热水力特性的影响

Energy Procedia Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.077

Lei Chai, Savvas A Tassou

{"title":"Effect of cross-section geometry on the thermohydraulic characteristics of supercritical CO2 in minichannels","authors":"Lei Chai, Savvas A Tassou","doi":"10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) is becoming an important commercial and industrial working fluid as a potential replacement of the non-environmental friendly refrigerants. For refrigeration and power systems, the minichannel heat exchangers are becoming attractive for transcritical CO<sub>2</sub> Rankine cycle and supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> Brayton cycle, due to their highly compact construction, high heat transfer coefficient, high pressure capability and lower fluid inventory. This paper employs three-dimensional numerical models to investigate the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> in minichannels. The models consider real gas thermophysical properties and buoyancy effect and investigate the effect of cross-section geometry on the thermohydraulic characteristics. Six minichannel cross-section geometries with the same hydraulic diameter of 1.22 mm are considered. The geometries include circle, semicircle, square, equilateral triangle, rectangle (aspect ratio = 2) and ellipse (aspect ratio = 2). The inlet temperature, outlet pressure and wall heat flux are 35 °C/75 bar/100 kW/m<sup>2</sup> and 35 °C/150 bar/300 kW/m<sup>2</sup> for heating conditions and 120 °C/75 bar/-100 kW/m<sup>2</sup> and 120 °C/150 bar/-300 kW/m<sup>2</sup> for cooling conditions. Comparisons of local Nusselt number and friction factor with those employed empirical correlations are made and useful information and guidelines are provided for the design of compact heat exchangers for supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> power system applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11517,"journal":{"name":"Energy Procedia","volume":"161 ","pages":"Pages 446-453"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77750246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14

Development of Corn-Oil Ester and Water Mixture Phase Change Materials for Food Refrigeration Applications 食品制冷用玉米油酯水混合相变材料的研制

Energy Procedia Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.082

I Nyoman Suamir , I Made Rasta , Sudirman , Konstantinos M. Tsamos

引用次数: 12

Numerical study of the thermohydraulic performance of printed circuit heat exchangers for supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle applications 用于超临界CO2布雷顿循环的印刷电路换热器热工性能的数值研究

Energy Procedia Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.066

Lei Chai, Savvas A Tassou

{"title":"Numerical study of the thermohydraulic performance of printed circuit heat exchangers for supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle applications","authors":"Lei Chai, Savvas A Tassou","doi":"10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The printed circuit heat exchanger is currently the preferred type of recuperative heat exchanger for the supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> Brayton cycle due to its highly compact construction, high heat transfer coefficients and its ability to withstand high pressures and temperatures. This paper employs a three-dimensional numerical model to investigate the thermohydraulic performance of supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> flow in a printed circuit heat exchanger. This numerical model considers entrance effects, conjugate heat transfer, real gas thermophysical properties and buoyancy effects. The inlet temperature and pressure are 100 °C/150 bar on the cold side and 400 °C/75 bar on the hot side while the mass flux is varied from 254.6 to 1273.2 kg/(m<sup>2</sup>·s). The overall performance of the heat exchanger and comparisons of local heat transfer and friction pressure drop with predictions from the empirical correlations are presented and discussed. Overall, this paper provides useful information that can be employed in the design of recuperators for supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> Brayton cycle applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11517,"journal":{"name":"Energy Procedia","volume":"161 ","pages":"Pages 480-488"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90424973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

Optimising food dehydration processes: energy-efficient drum-dryer operation 优化食品脱水过程:节能滚筒干燥机操作

Energy Procedia Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.078

A. Almena , K.R. Goode , S. Bakalis , P.J. Fryer , E. Lopez-Quiroga

{"title":"Optimising food dehydration processes: energy-efficient drum-dryer operation","authors":"A. Almena , K.R. Goode , S. Bakalis , P.J. Fryer , E. Lopez-Quiroga","doi":"10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Current environmental policies, which promote a more sustainable food sector, have boosted efforts to reduce energy demand during processing, and particularly during drying operations. One of the routes towards more sustainable and efficient drying processes is the design and implementation of optimal operational routines for the existing drying equipment. In the food industry, drum-dryers are typically employed for the production of food powders from viscous slurries (e.g. starchy slurries). Food powders are used in a wide range of applications in the food industry, from beverage powders (milk or cocoa), instant soups, spices or flours and flavours. In this framework, we propose a model-based optimisation routine for the operation of a double drum-dryer (product under atmospheric conditions) used in the manufacture of a breakfast cereal porridge. The problem defines optimal steam temperature and optimal rotation speed that minimises the energy demand of the dryer operation for a range of operating conditions that considered different: product formulation, final moisture contents, thickness and initial temperature of the wet slurry. Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of model-based approaches to the design and optimisation of more sustainable and efficient industrial drying technologies in the food sector, which can help in the achievement of short/medium-term energy reduction goals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11517,"journal":{"name":"Energy Procedia","volume":"161 ","pages":"Pages 174-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.078","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89949624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8