EcoSal Plus最新文献_第5页

Peptidoglycan: Structure, Synthesis, and Regulation. 肽聚糖：结构、合成和调节。

EcoSal Plus Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0010-2020

Shambhavi Garde, Pavan Kumar Chodisetti, Manjula Reddy

{"title":"Peptidoglycan: Structure, Synthesis, and Regulation.","authors":"Shambhavi Garde, Pavan Kumar Chodisetti, Manjula Reddy","doi":"10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0010-2020","DOIUrl":"10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0010-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Peptidoglycan is a defining feature of the bacterial cell wall. Initially identified as a target of the revolutionary beta-lactam antibiotics, peptidoglycan has become a subject of much interest for its biology, its potential for the discovery of novel antibiotic targets, and its role in infection. Peptidoglycan is a large polymer that forms a mesh-like scaffold around the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Peptidoglycan synthesis is vital at several stages of the bacterial cell cycle: for expansion of the scaffold during cell elongation and for formation of a septum during cell division. It is a complex multifactorial process that includes formation of monomeric precursors in the cytoplasm, their transport to the periplasm, and polymerization to form a functional peptidoglycan sacculus. These processes require spatio-temporal regulation for successful assembly of a robust sacculus to protect the cell from turgor and determine cell shape. A century of research has uncovered the fundamentals of peptidoglycan biology, and recent studies employing advanced technologies have shed new light on the molecular interactions that govern peptidoglycan synthesis. Here, we describe the peptidoglycan structure, synthesis, and regulation in rod-shaped bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli, with a few examples from Salmonella and other diverse organisms. We focus on the pathway of peptidoglycan sacculus elongation, with special emphasis on discoveries of the past decade that have shaped our understanding of peptidoglycan biology.","PeriodicalId":11500,"journal":{"name":"EcoSal Plus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11168573/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38773322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanisms of Theta Plasmid Replication in Enterobacteria and Implications for Adaptation to Its Host. 肠杆菌中Theta质粒复制的机制及其对宿主的适应意义

EcoSal Plus Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0026-2019

Jay W Kim, Vega Bugata, Gerardo Cortés-Cortés, Giselle Quevedo-Martínez, Manel Camps

{"title":"Mechanisms of Theta Plasmid Replication in Enterobacteria and Implications for Adaptation to Its Host.","authors":"Jay W Kim, Vega Bugata, Gerardo Cortés-Cortés, Giselle Quevedo-Martínez, Manel Camps","doi":"10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0026-2019","DOIUrl":"10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0026-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Plasmids are autonomously replicating sequences that help cells adapt to diverse stresses. Theta plasmids are the most frequent plasmid class in enterobacteria. They co-opt two host replication mechanisms: replication at oriC, a DnaA-dependent pathway leading to replisome assembly (theta class A), and replication fork restart, a PriA-dependent pathway leading to primosome assembly through primer extension and D-loop formation (theta classes B, C, and D). To ensure autonomy from the host's replication and to facilitate copy number regulation, theta plasmids have unique mechanisms of replication initiation at the plasmid origin of replication (ori). Tight plasmid copy number regulation is essential because of the major and direct impact plasmid gene dosage has on gene expression. The timing of plasmid replication and segregation are also critical for optimizing plasmid gene expression. Therefore, we propose that plasmid replication needs to be understood in its biological context, where complex origins of replication (redundant origins, mosaic and cointegrated replicons), plasmid segregation, and toxin-antitoxin systems are often present. Highlighting their tight functional integration with ori function, we show that both partition and toxin-antitoxin systems tend to be encoded in close physical proximity to the ori in a large collection of Escherichia coli plasmids. We also propose that adaptation of plasmids to their host optimizes their contribution to the host's fitness while restricting access to broad genetic diversity, and we argue that this trade-off between adaptation to host and access to genetic diversity is likely a determinant factor shaping the distribution of replicons in populations of enterobacteria.","PeriodicalId":11500,"journal":{"name":"EcoSal Plus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7724965/pdf/nihms-1636126.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38629114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bacteriophage Infections of Biofilms of Health Care-Associated Pathogens: Klebsiella pneumoniae. 卫生保健相关病原体:肺炎克雷伯菌生物膜的噬菌体感染。

EcoSal Plus Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0029-2019

Ariel J Santiago, Rodney M Donlan

{"title":"Bacteriophage Infections of Biofilms of Health Care-Associated Pathogens: Klebsiella pneumoniae.","authors":"Ariel J Santiago, Rodney M Donlan","doi":"10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0029-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0029-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, are considered both serious and urgent public health threats. Biofilms formed by these health care-associated pathogens can lead to negative and costly health outcomes. The global spread of antibiotic resistance, coupled with increased tolerance to antimicrobial treatments in biofilm-associated bacteria, highlights the need for novel strategies to overcome treatment hurdles. Bacteriophages (phages), or viruses that infect bacteria, have reemerged as one such potential strategy. Virulent phages are capable of infecting and killing their bacterial hosts, in some cases producing depolymerases that are able to hydrolyze biofilms. Phage therapy does have its limitations, however, including potential narrow host ranges, development of bacterial resistance to infection, and the potential spread of phage-encoded virulence genes. That being said, advances in phage isolation, screening, and genome sequencing tools provide an upside in overcoming some of these limitations and open up the possibilities of using phages as effective biofilm control agents.","PeriodicalId":11500,"journal":{"name":"EcoSal Plus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0029-2019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9951989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Prokaryotic Organelles: Bacterial Microcompartments in E. coli and Salmonella. 原核生物细胞器：大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌中的细菌微隔。

EcoSal Plus Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2019

Katie L Stewart, Andrew M Stewart, Thomas A Bobik

{"title":"Prokaryotic Organelles: Bacterial Microcompartments in E. coli and Salmonella.","authors":"Katie L Stewart, Andrew M Stewart, Thomas A Bobik","doi":"10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2019","DOIUrl":"10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial microcompartments (MCPs) are proteinaceous organelles consisting of a metabolic pathway encapsulated within a selectively permeable protein shell. Hundreds of species of bacteria produce MCPs of at least nine different types, and MCP metabolism is associated with enteric pathogenesis, cancer, and heart disease. This review focuses chiefly on the four types of catabolic MCPs (metabolosomes) found in Escherichia coli and Salmonella: the propanediol utilization (pdu), ethanolamine utilization (eut), choline utilization (cut), and glycyl radical propanediol (grp) MCPs. Although the great majority of work done on catabolic MCPs has been carried out with Salmonella and E. coli, research outside the group is mentioned where necessary for a comprehensive understanding. Salient characteristics found across MCPs are discussed, including enzymatic reactions and shell composition, with particular attention paid to key differences between classes of MCPs. We also highlight relevant research on the dynamic processes of MCP assembly, protein targeting, and the mechanisms that underlie selective permeability. Lastly, we discuss emerging biotechnology applications based on MCP principles and point out challenges, unanswered questions, and future directions.","PeriodicalId":11500,"journal":{"name":"EcoSal Plus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7552817/pdf/nihms-1626342.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38469310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Escherichia coli Residency in the Gut of Healthy Human Adults. 健康成年人肠道中的大肠埃希氏菌残留物

EcoSal Plus Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0003-2020

Jonathan N V Martinson, Seth T Walk

引用次数: 0

Escherichia albertii Pathogenesis. 白细胞埃希氏菌的致病机理。

EcoSal Plus Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0015-2019

Tânia A T Gomes, Tadasuke Ooka, Rodrigo T Hernandes, Denise Yamamoto, Tetsuya Hayashi

{"title":"Escherichia albertii Pathogenesis.","authors":"Tânia A T Gomes, Tadasuke Ooka, Rodrigo T Hernandes, Denise Yamamoto, Tetsuya Hayashi","doi":"10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0015-2019","DOIUrl":"10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0015-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Escherichia albertii is an emerging enteropathogen of humans and many avian species. This bacterium is a close relative of Escherichia coli and has been frequently misidentified as enteropathogenic or enterohemorrhagic E. coli due to their similarity in phenotypic and genetic features, such as various biochemical properties and the possession of a type III secretion system encoded by the locus of enterocyte effacement. This pathogen causes outbreaks of gastroenteritis, and some strains produce Shiga toxin. Although many genetic and phenotypic studies have been published and the genome sequences of more than 200 E. albertii strains are now available, the clinical significance of this species is not yet fully understood. The apparent zoonotic nature of the disease requires a deeper understanding of the transmission routes and mechanisms of E. albertii to develop effective measures to control its transmission and infection. Here, we review the current knowledge of the phylogenic relationship of E. albertii with other Escherichia species and the biochemical and genetic properties of E. albertii, with particular emphasis on the repertoire of virulence factors and the mechanisms of pathogenicity, and we hope this provides a basis for future studies of this important emerging enteropathogen.","PeriodicalId":11500,"journal":{"name":"EcoSal Plus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11168576/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38087590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Escherichia coli Small Proteome. 大肠杆菌小蛋白质组。

EcoSal Plus Pub Date : 2020-05-01 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0031-2019

Matthew R Hemm, Jeremy Weaver, Gisela Storz

引用次数: 43

Inhibition of RNA Polymerase by Rifampicin and Rifamycin-Like Molecules. 利福平和类利福平分子对 RNA 聚合酶的抑制作用

EcoSal Plus Pub Date : 2020-04-01 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0017-2019

Hamed Mosaei, Nikolay Zenkin

引用次数: 0

Trans-Acting Small RNAs and Their Effects on Gene Expression in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. 反式作用小核糖核酸及其对大肠杆菌和肠炎沙门氏菌基因表达的影响

EcoSal Plus Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0030-2019

Jens Hör, Gianluca Matera, Jörg Vogel, Susan Gottesman, Gisela Storz

{"title":"Trans-Acting Small RNAs and Their Effects on Gene Expression in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica.","authors":"Jens Hör, Gianluca Matera, Jörg Vogel, Susan Gottesman, Gisela Storz","doi":"10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0030-2019","DOIUrl":"10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0030-2019","url":null,"abstract":"The last few decades have led to an explosion in our understanding of the major roles that small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) play in regulatory circuits and the responses to stress in many bacterial species. Much of the foundational work was carried out with Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The studies of these organisms provided an overview of how the sRNAs function and their impact on bacterial physiology, serving as a blueprint for sRNA biology in many other prokaryotes. They also led to the development of new technologies. In this chapter, we first summarize how these sRNAs were identified, defining them in the process. We discuss how they are regulated and how they act and provide selected examples of their roles in regulatory circuits and the consequences of this regulation. Throughout, we summarize the methodologies that were developed to identify and study the regulatory RNAs, most of which are applicable to other bacteria. Newly updated databases of the known sRNAs in E. coli K-12 and S. enterica Typhimurium SL1344 serve as a reference point for much of the discussion and, hopefully, as a resource for readers and for future experiments to address open questions raised in this review.","PeriodicalId":11500,"journal":{"name":"EcoSal Plus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7112153/pdf/nihms-1551392.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37772749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Chromosomal Organization and Regulation of Genetic Function in Escherichia coli Integrates the DNA Analog and Digital Information. 大肠杆菌的染色体组织和遗传功能调控整合了 DNA 模拟信息和数字信息。

EcoSal Plus Pub Date : 2020-02-01 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0016-2019

Andrew Travers, Georgi Muskhelishvili

{"title":"Chromosomal Organization and Regulation of Genetic Function in Escherichia coli Integrates the DNA Analog and Digital Information.","authors":"Andrew Travers, Georgi Muskhelishvili","doi":"10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0016-2019","DOIUrl":"10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0016-2019","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we summarize our current understanding of the bacterial genetic regulation brought about by decades of studies using the Escherichia coli model. It became increasingly evident that the cellular genetic regulation system is organizationally closed, and a major challenge is to describe its circular operation in quantitative terms. We argue that integration of the DNA analog information (i.e., the probability distribution of the thermodynamic stability of base steps) and digital information (i.e., the probability distribution of unique triplets) in the genome provides a key to understanding the organizational logic of genetic control. During bacterial growth and adaptation, this integration is mediated by changes of DNA supercoiling contingent on environmentally induced shifts in intracellular ionic strength and energy charge. More specifically, coupling of dynamic alterations of the local intrinsic helical repeat in the structurally heterogeneous DNA polymer with structural-compositional changes of RNA polymerase holoenzyme emerges as a fundamental organizational principle of the genetic regulation system. We present a model of genetic regulation integrating the genomic pattern of DNA thermodynamic stability with the gene order and function along the chromosomal OriC-Ter axis, which acts as a principal coordinate system organizing the regulatory interactions in the genome.","PeriodicalId":11500,"journal":{"name":"EcoSal Plus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11168577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37642536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0