Earth and Planetary Science Letters最新文献

{"title":"Interaction between layered mantle flow and progressively thinned lithosphere beneath the Armenia Volcanic Highland: Evidence from seismic azimuthal anisotropy","authors":"Jing-Hui Tong ,&nbsp;Tai-Lin Tseng ,&nbsp;Pei-Ying Patty Lin ,&nbsp;Khachatur Meliksetian ,&nbsp;Shuo-Fen Chang ,&nbsp;Bor-Shouh Huang ,&nbsp;Elya Sahakyan ,&nbsp;Mikayel Gevorgyan ,&nbsp;Lilit Sargsyan","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Removal of lithospheric mantle and subsequent volcanic activity are common phenomena along orogenic belts in response to plate convergence. In the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone, heterogeneous volcanism younger than 11 Ma, including Quaternary and Holocene-historical volcanism, is widespread in the northeastern Turkish-Armenian Plateaus. This post-collisional volcanism is attributed to significant lithospheric thinning, marked by a change in thickness of up to ∼50 km across Armenia toward Iran and Azerbaijan. Using a decade of unique datasets, we investigate the mantle flow patterns beneath the Armenia Volcanic Highland using azimuthal anisotropy constrained by shear-wave splitting. The large-scale pattern reveals a predominantly NE-SW fast direction, integrated with an ENE-WSW-oriented asthenospheric flow coupled to the plate motion and a sub-NS deep mantle flow likely originating from the Afar upwelling. Beneath the southwestern Armenian Highland, the detailed variation in anisotropy further suggests that the mantle flow is detoured around the sloping bottom of lithosphere. Owing to a higher thermal gradient at the lithospheric corner, edge-driven convection drives the progressive thinning of the lithosphere, which explains the migrating behavior of episodic delamination/volcanism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 119641"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The viscosity of multiphase lava: New insights from integrating laboratory and field measurements","authors":"M.A. Harris ,&nbsp;S. Kolzenburg ,&nbsp;M.O. Chevrel","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119642","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119642","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laboratory measurements on remelted rocks are the standard technique for characterizing the rheology of lava at eruptive temperatures. This approach enables precise measurements but struggles to recreate natural emplacement conditions. Particularly, lavas erupt as multiphase suspensions (melt + crystals + bubbles), but current laboratory methods cannot retain bubbles, and experiments are limited to two-phase (melt+crystals) suspensions. The oxygen fugacity of lavas is known to influence the kinetics of crystallization, and despite its importance, few studies have considered this factor to date. The only available technique to measure the three-phase viscosity of natural lava is through <em>in-situ</em> measurements while it is flowing. Here, we present the first study that integrates viscosity data from laboratory-derived single (melt) and two-phase (melt+crystals) measurements with data from three-phase (melt + crystals + bubbles) field measurements, using the 2023 Litli-Hrútur eruption in Iceland as a case study. We present a rheological characterization of the remelted lava during crystallization at thermomechanical equilibrium and disequilibrium at log <em>f</em>O₂ = −8.7, and deformation rates of 3.3 s^-1. These bubble-free laboratory experiments were designed to overlap with field temperatures (1150–1165 °C), enabling direct comparison with the <em>in-situ</em> three-phase field viscosities. We find laboratory and field data overlap in viscosity space (10^2.5 to 10^4.5 Pa s) and at cooling rates of 0.5–1 °C/min. Isothermal experiments successfully recreate crystal phases and volumes comparable to natural samples (∼20–50 vol.% crystals). This comparison allows the first field validation for laboratory measurements of the effective viscosity of natural lava.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 119642"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of inclusion-fluid fractionation on different isotopic systems used to date diamonds","authors":"Suzette Timmerman ,&nbsp;Thomas Stachel ,&nbsp;Ingrid Chinn ,&nbsp;Fabrizio Nestola ,&nbsp;Davide Novella ,&nbsp;Joshua Davies ,&nbsp;D. Graham Pearson","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diamond formation ages are crucial in understanding carbon mobility and diamond growth/destruction processes in the mantle linked to large tectono-magmatic events. Different dating methods have yielded an increasingly varied array of ages, creating discussion around what events the ages are recording. We report Sm-Nd, U-Pb, and Rb-Sr isotope systematics of lherzolitic garnet inclusions from Victor mine diamonds. Sm-Nd isochrons reflect diamond formation ages of 818 ± 251 and 624 ± 248 Ma, within uncertainty of a previously determined Re-Os isochron age from sulfide inclusions, potentially linking diamond growth to the Franklin Large Igneous Province (LIP) or rifting of Rodinia. The U-Pb (no systematic age relations) and Rb-Sr isotope systematics (182 ± 56 Ma) of the same garnet inclusions record significantly younger parent-daughter isotope fractionation events, within error of the kimberlite eruption age. Parent/daughter isotope fractionation models can reproduce these contrasting age results for single inclusions through garnet-fluid element fractionation at temperatures of 700-800 °C during kimberlite eruption. Fluid-mobile elements like Rb-Sr and Pb are highly incompatible in garnet, fractionating Rb/Sr and U/Pb between garnet and fluid during eruption, and therefore, these systems record ages approaching kimberlite eruption. In contrast, even in the presence of a fluid phase, garnet accommodates both Sm and Nd at 700-800 °C. Re-distribution of trace elements can be achieved through diffusion from the fluid film into the garnet rim during initial cooling. Once Sm-Nd are fully re-incorporated into the garnet, they record diamond formation ages, even if their concentrations are not homogeneous from rim to core.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 119635"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial patterns of volcanism between adjacent rift segments","authors":"Valentina Armeni ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Mantiloni ,&nbsp;Bodo Bookhagen ,&nbsp;Eleonora Rivalta ,&nbsp;Valerio Acocella ,&nbsp;Manfred R. Strecker","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Volcanic activity between adjacent rift segments remains a critical, yet poorly understood aspect of volcano-tectonic processes in extensional regions. Here, we investigate how crustal stresses, particularly the interplay between tensional and unloading (removal of mass) stresses, influence magma propagation and the spatial distribution of volcanic centers in regions between spatially separate rift segments. Using the Copernicus Global Digital Elevation Model, we quantified asymmetries in crustal unloading and examined spatial correlations between volcanic centers and rift segment terminations in three exemplary study regions, including the Rhenish Massif (Germany), the Virunga Volcanic Complex (Western Branch of the East African Rift System), and the Adda'do Magmatic Segment (Southern Afar, Ethiopia). We additionally conducted experiments with analog materials to simulate the roles of hydrostatic and unloading stresses, as well as tensional stresses on magma trajectories. We found that magma pathways, and therefore the distribution of volcanic centers, are shaped by the competition between tensional and unloading stresses within and between separate rift segments. Minor extension and low-magnitude asymmetric crustal unloading result in scattered monogenic volcanoes (Rhenish Massif). Moderate extension and pronounced asymmetric rifting redirect magma laterally toward the tectonically less active, gentler side of half-grabens (Virunga Volcanic Complex). High extension rates and moderate rift asymmetry cause a concentration of both polygenic and monogenic volcanoes along rift axes (Adda'do Magmatic Segment). In all of these settings, diking constitutes a complementary mechanism, in addition to tectonic faulting, to accommodate regional extension.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 119623"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluid flow and hydration in oceanic lithosphere: Insights from theory and numerical investigation","authors":"Amy L. Ferrick,&nbsp;Jun Korenaga","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The oceanic mantle lithosphere has considerable potential to store chemically bound water, thereby being an important factor for the deep water cycle. However, the actual extent of hydrous alteration in such mantle rocks is debated. Geodynamic modeling has the potential to directly predict the extent of fluid flow through oceanic lithosphere, and, in turn, the extent of serpentinization. By comparing theory and numerical simulations, we demonstrate that conventional geodynamic models are inherently inconsistent with the physics of brittle deformation, and, as a result, they overestimate the extent of fluid flow during extension. In contrast to the extensive serpentinization often inferred with bending-related processes during subduction, limited serpentinization is consistent with theoretical predictions and geophysical observations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 119638"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A plume of volcanic 3He observed in the Shallow North Pacific","authors":"W.J. Jenkins ,&nbsp;T.M. Joyce ,&nbsp;G.C. Johnson ,&nbsp;D.A. Hansell","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In April 1994, we observed a ∼100 m thick plume of volcanic ³He at 140 m depth, extending approximately 700 km meridionally, and centered at 18°N along 110°W in the Pacific. It was not present in two subsequent occupations. The plume had a significant dissolved helium excess, with a ³He/⁴He ratio 7.4 ± 0.6 times atmospheric, consistent with an upper mantle volcanic source. It resulted from a series of eruptions that occurred at 250 m depth on the flank of nearby Socorro Island from January 1993 that continued to the end of 1995. Using plume rise height, we estimate an initial heat flux of 6.7 ± 3.3 GW, with a total output of 0.2 - 4 × 10¹⁷ Joules. Numerical simulations show that the estimated ³He inventory released is a function of persistence, ocean velocity, and horizontal eddy mixing rates, allowing us to constrain the total release of ³He to 24 – 28 mol, about 5 – 6 % of the annual global oceanic hydrothermal ³He flux. The ³He:heat ratio was 0.06 – 2 fmol J^-1, about 3 to 100 times larger than the ratio of helium to heat produced by U and Th decay, and much greater than “typical” mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. By entraining deeper, nutrient-rich water, including iron, the buoyant plume from such venting may spur bursts of new biological activity in otherwise low-productivity waters, which may locally enhance export of particulate matter to the deep sea and significantly alter shallow inventories of dissolved organic carbon.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 119634"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Syn-rift margin architecture influenced by surficial loads","authors":"Haibin Yang ,&nbsp;Huixin Guan ,&nbsp;Laurent Geoffroy ,&nbsp;Hanlin Chen ,&nbsp;Minghui Zhao ,&nbsp;Min Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Passive margins, the transition zones between continents and oceans, document the history of continental extension and final breakup. Depending on abundant syn-rift mafic magmatism or not, two end members are categorized as either volcanic or volcanic-poor margins. Volcanic passive margins are filled with syn-extension thick piles of volcanic rock, visible in seismic images as seaward-dipping reflectors bounded by continentward-dipping faults. Here, we address the hypothesis that the cumulated weight of syn-rift deposition could shape, in addition to tectonics, the architecture of volcanic passive margins. To address this, we conducted thermomechanical numerical simulations. Our findings highlight that the dense solidified magma favors the development of continent-ward dipping normal faults from a single discontinuity. This dense material, such as lava flows or intrusive sills, leads to the formation of parallel fault arrays that dip toward the continent, bounding seaward-dipping wedges. Conversely, when the half-graben is filled with less dense material, the hanging wall breaks earlier, producing a more symmetrical pattern of conjugate faults. The surface load from basin infillings, whether heavy magma or lighter sediments, significantly impacts how strain is distributed and ultimately shapes the overall rift architecture of passive margins before complete breakup. These insights underscore the critical role of surface material properties in the geological evolution of these significant transition zones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 119637"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A massive primordial atmosphere on early Mars","authors":"Sarah Joiret ,&nbsp;Alessandro Morbidelli ,&nbsp;Rafael de Sousa Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Guillaume Avice ,&nbsp;Paolo Sossi","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mars finished forming while the solar nebula was still present, and acquired its primordial atmosphere from this reservoir. The absence of a detectable cometary xenon signature in the present-day Martian atmosphere suggests that the capture of solar nebular gas was significant enough to dilute later cometary contributions. By quantifying the mass of cometary material efficiently retained on Mars, we place a lower bound on the mass of the primordial Martian atmosphere. To test the robustness of our conclusions, we use cometary bombardment data from two independent studies conducted within a solar system evolutionary model consistent with its current structure. Our calculations show that, even under the most conservative scenario, the minimal mass of the primordial martian atmospheres would yield a surface pressure of no less than 2.9 bar. Such a massive nebular envelope is consistent with recent models in which atmospheric capture is strongly enhanced by the presence of heavier species on Mars - due to outgassing or redox buffering with a magma ocean.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 119625"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exhumation-induced residual stress in undeformed ultra-high-pressure metamorphic rock","authors":"Jean-Baptiste Jacob ,&nbsp;Hugo van Schrojenstein Lantman ,&nbsp;Benoît Cordonnier ,&nbsp;Luca Menegon ,&nbsp;Jonathan Wright ,&nbsp;François Renard","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-pressure metamorphic rocks in subduction zones undergo extreme pressure-temperature changes during exhumation, triggering complex micromechanical responses at the grain-to-sub-grain scale. While mineralogical and thermodynamic aspects of these processes are well studied, the development and preservation of residual stress in exhumed rocks remain poorly understood, besides very localized effects in host-inclusion systems. Here, we apply synchrotron scanning three-dimensional X-ray diffraction (s3DXRD) to an ultra-high-pressure garnet–quartz rock from the Lago di Cignana unit (Western Alps), revealing intra-crystalline misorientation, residual strain, and stress distributions at the ten-micrometer scale. Results show long-range residual stresses reaching several hundred Megapascals (MPa) over 10–100 μm, despite negligible strain at the macroscopic scale and absence of an oriented rock fabric. Quartz displays intra-grain misorientation up to 5^∘, reflecting very local crystal plastic deformation resulting from dislocation activity. Garnet shows lower misorientation below 0.8^∘, likely reflecting elastic strain gradients. These residual stresses are interpreted to result from anisotropic decompression during exhumation, locally amplified by grain interactions such as indenting tips and multi-anvil geometries. Composition gradients in garnet may also contribute to lattice distortion and stress retention. These long-range stress heterogeneities may influence rock rheology, metamorphic reactions, and affect elastic barometry results, underscoring the importance of rock microstructures in macroscale processes. Finally, our study demonstrates the value of synchrotron-based diffraction microscopy techniques to investigate metamorphic rocks. Besides in situ characterization of residual strain and stress, these methods open new avenues for multi-scale, three-dimensional investigation of intra-crystalline deformation and metamorphic reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 119615"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of iron formation to ore during Ediacaran to early Paleozoic tectonic stability","authors":"Anthony J. Fuentes ,&nbsp;Liam Courtney-Davies ,&nbsp;Rebecca Flowers ,&nbsp;Yiming Zhang ,&nbsp;Nicholas Swanson-Hysell","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The enrichment of iron formation (IF) to form economically important hematitic iron ore has been linked to a range of mechanisms from interactions with hydrothermal or metamorphic fluids during active tectonics to chemical leaching driven by meteoric water in the very near surface. Direct geochronologic constraints on hematite that can link ore-forming processes to geologic events have only recently become possible. Here, we present spatially resolved hematite U-Pb and paleomagnetic data for Paleoproterozoic IF, and associated hematite ore bodies from Northern Michigan, USA, to assess the timing of hematite crystallization in these units. Our paired paleomagnetic and radiometric dating approach indicates that hematite crystallization in different iron oxide facies spanned the Proterozoic into the early Paleozoic. Notably, hematite ore enrichment occurred during a period of regional tectonic quiescence in the latest Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic. At this time, Laurentia was at tropical paleolatitudes and for much of this interval Earth was in a particularly warm non-glacial interval. These results indicate that the hematite ore at the study locality developed through supergene process via the interaction of the host IF with warm meteoric water transported downward to the subsurface rather than hypogene hydrothermal fluids linked to tectonism in the Paleoproterozoic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 119621"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}