Joel H. Gayford, Scott G. Seamone, Duncan J. Irschick, Andrew Chin, Jodie L. Rummer
{"title":"Sexual Size Dimorphism in Rays and Skates (Elasmobranchii: Batoidea)","authors":"Joel H. Gayford, Scott G. Seamone, Duncan J. Irschick, Andrew Chin, Jodie L. Rummer","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71858","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is a widely observed but poorly understood phenomenon in which male and female animals differ in body size (e.g., length or mass). Despite extensive research on the interspecific distribution of SSD across various lineages, the evolutionary drivers behind male-biased and female-biased SSD remain contentious. In Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays), it is hypothesised that spatiotemporal differences in reproductive effort distribution between oviparous and matrotrophic species underlie variation in the direction and magnitude of SSD. However, existing studies have focused almost exclusively on sharks, overlooking batoids (rays), which comprise over 50% of elasmobranch diversity. In this study, we analysed published size (total length and disc width) records from 187 batoid species to quantify interspecific SSD variation across batoids and tested for ecological and evolutionary drivers of SSD within a comparative phylogenetic framework. Our findings reveal that, although interspecific trends in SSD among batoids superficially mirror those in sharks, subtle differences emerge in ecological signal and modes of trait evolution between the two. These differences suggest that selection for substantial male-biased and female-biased SSD in batoids is weaker than in sharks. The underlying reasons for this remain unclear but may involve variation in fecundity selection between batoids and sharks. Further studies quantifying variation in sexual selection and fecundity selection will be essential to fully clarify the adaptive basis of SSD variation within elasmobranchs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71858","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144673071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Visualization of Sex Identification in Red-Crowned Crane (Grus japonensis) via Recombinase-Aided Amplification Combined With Pyrococcus furiosus Argonaute Assay","authors":"Shenluan Tan, Tongtong Zhan, Fanwen Zeng, Xuanjiao Chen, Tanzipeng Chen, Li Li, Hengxi Wei, Shouquan Zhang, Kejing Zuo","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71780","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The red-crowned crane (<i>Grus japonensis</i>), a Class I protected animal in China, inhabits Northeast Asia, including China, Russia, and Japan. As sex-monomorphic birds, red-crowned cranes cannot be directly distinguished between females and males through observation. Molecular methods are accurate and stable for sex identification in birds and are widely used in zoos and farms. With the development of isothermal techniques, recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) has provided novel insights into bird sexing owing to its low equipment dependence and rapid amplification. Advancements in the <i>Pyrococcus furiosus</i> Argonaute (<i>Pf</i>Ago) biosensor have facilitated clinical detection. In this study, an innovative sex identification system was developed by integrating RAA and <i>Pf</i>Ago in red-crowned cranes. The RAA-<i>Pf</i>Ago system identified both females and males with remarkable accuracy. Via proper design of primers set, gDNA and probe, the RAA-<i>Pf</i>Ago system can complete visual detection, with detection limits between 0.35 ng/μL and 0.035 ng/μL under optimal conditions. The test samples exhibited strong green fluorescence in females, whereas no fluorescence was observed in males under blue light. The results of RAA-<i>Pf</i>Ago in the field were consistent with those obtained using conventional PCR. This study provides a high degree of rapidity, accuracy, and sensitivity for the sex identification of red-crowned cranes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71780","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Martin Sládeček, Kateřina Brynychová, Lucie Nutilová, Miroslav E. Šálek
{"title":"Faeces, Feathers and Flight: Understanding of Escape Behaviour in Incubating Eurasian Woodcocks (Scolopax rusticola)","authors":"Martin Sládeček, Kateřina Brynychová, Lucie Nutilová, Miroslav E. Šálek","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71573","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Predators are a leading cause of breeding failure as well as adult mortality in most bird species, prompting the evolution of various antipredator behaviours. Among these, cryptic breeding birds often rely on strategies such as nest concealment and reduced activity to avoid detection. However, even some cryptic species have been observed to respond more actively to an approaching predator. One behaviour suggested to have an antipredatory function is defecating over the nest and eggs when departing. In this study, we investigate this behaviour in incubating female Eurasian woodcocks (<i>Scolopax rusticola</i>) using a large data set of 399 photographed nests sourced from various open-source internet platforms. Our analysis reveals that signs of defecation are obvious in 54% of nest photos. Moreover, in 67% of nests are visible freshly moulted feathers are visible around the nest, indicating possible application of fright moulting—a behaviour not previously documented in the context of the antipredator response during escape. We give both these behaviours a common context and suggest that they may help to aid the female's escape rather than to protect the nest, although their antipredatory nature, let alone their effectiveness, remains unclear. The presence of faeces and feathers may, in fact, increase the risk of nest predation by making the nest more conspicuous to predators. Our findings thus also emphasise the importance of minimising nest disturbance during research to preserve the integrity of the nest environment. We show that open-source platforms can provide valuable data for studies of breeding behaviour in wild birds.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71573","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144671994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel J. Herrera, Christopher M. Schalk, Alex J. Jensen, Benjamin R. Goldstein, Brigit R. Rooney, Roland Kays, William J. McShea, Michael V. Cove
{"title":"iNaturalist and Structured Mammal Surveys Reflect Similar Species Richness but Capture Different Species Pools Across the United States","authors":"Daniel J. Herrera, Christopher M. Schalk, Alex J. Jensen, Benjamin R. Goldstein, Brigit R. Rooney, Roland Kays, William J. McShea, Michael V. Cove","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71805","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Crowd-sourced biodiversity data, such as those housed in the iNaturalist platform, are increasingly used to monitor species distributions. Such data represent unstructured biodiversity surveys that are generally comprised of incidental observations and do not report variation in sampling effort. These discrepancies may yield data that is incongruent with data from structured surveys. To assess whether mammalian iNaturalist data are reflective of data from traditional structured surveys, we calculated and compared measures of mammalian species richness and species pool similarity using data from unstructured surveys (i.e., iNaturalist) and data from structured camera trap surveys and bat acoustic surveys. We found that data from structured and unstructured surveys generally document similar mammalian species richness, but the two survey types document different species pools. Human population density and proxies for species pool breadth were most strongly associated with discrepancies in datasets, with data being most similar in areas of high human population density and lower species richness. Our analyses revealed that dataset similarity varied across geography and community metric for most taxa, but that structured and unstructured surveys produced consistently unreconcilable datasets for bats. These findings suggest that unstructured datasets like iNaturalist may offer reliable data for some taxa and geographies, but that these data are not universally applicable to all research scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71805","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miriam Simma, Arpat Ozgul, Francois Duchenne, Guido Ackermann, Hannes Jenny, Juerg Paul Müller, Anne Kempel
{"title":"Shifting Heights? A 40-Year Resurvey of Alpine Marmot Distribution in Response to Climate Change","authors":"Miriam Simma, Arpat Ozgul, Francois Duchenne, Guido Ackermann, Hannes Jenny, Juerg Paul Müller, Anne Kempel","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71777","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Alpine species are severely affected by climate change, with elevational range shifts being one key response of mountain species to the rapidly warming environment. The Alpine marmot (<i>Marmota marmota</i>) is suggested to be particularly susceptible to ongoing warming. However, it is largely unknown how climate change affected the Alpine marmot distribution in recent decades. This study examines the elevational changes in Alpine marmot distribution over the past 40 years in a Central Alps Mountain valley. Based on historical occurrence data of the year 1982, we resurveyed the marmot occurrences in the year 2022. We analysed potential distributional changes over time by fitting dynamic site-occupancy models to detect occupancy patterns, as well as marmot colonisations and site abandonments (‘local extinctions’ at a site) along the elevational gradient, whilst accounting for imperfect detection. Contrary to expectations, we found no evidence of upward colonisation at higher elevations or an upward shift of the lower range margin in our study, suggesting that marmots are not climate-limited at lower elevations in the investigated valley, and other factors than climate might constrain their higher elevation colonisation. Nevertheless, the marmot's elevational optimum shifted upwards by +86 m. Our results indicate that the most favourable conditions for marmots have slightly shifted higher due to warming. To better understand potential habitat contractions driven by climate change, further large-scale studies focusing on the lower range margins in warmer Alpine regions are necessary. Recognising distribution changes of species vulnerable to climate change is crucial to evaluate local extinction risks and for conserving biodiversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71777","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Caspian Red Deer Population Dynamics Under Changing Climate Conditions in Central Alborz: Two Decades of Conservation En Route to Restoration","authors":"Farid Salmanpour, Zahra Shakoori, Mahan Salmanpour, Mehdi Kia, Rahman Eshaghi, Abolfazl Rahbarizadeh, Faraham Ahmadzadeh","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71799","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change and habitat loss are among the most significant threats to global biodiversity, profoundly altering species distributions, reproductive success, and the number of individuals. This study focuses on the Caspian red deer (<i>Cervus elaphus maral</i>) within the Golestank core zone of the Central Alborz Protected Area (CAPA), investigating how climatic variables and conservation interventions have influenced their numbers over the past two decades. By integrating comprehensive field surveys, demographic assessments, and weather data from regional weather stations, we identified a consistent annual growth rate of 2.2%. This positive trend is attributed to enhanced calf survival and a stable male-to-female ratio, reflecting the population's resilience under conservation management. Warmer winter temperatures were found to positively influence population numbers, whereas increased spring snowfall exerted a detrimental effect. These findings highlight the importance of targeted habitat conservation efforts to buffer the impacts of climate change and support long-term population sustainability.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71799","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Mitochondrial Genome of the Imperiled Goliath Grouper Epinephelus itajara: Selective Pressures in Protein Coding Genes, Secondary Structure of tRNA Genes, and Phylogenetic Placement","authors":"Kyla Padgett, J. Antonio Baeza","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71795","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The goliath grouper <i>Epinephelus itajara</i> (Perciformes: Epinephelidae) is a large, critically endangered fish distributed across coastal habitats in the western Atlantic Ocean, from Florida to southern Brazil, and with additional populations in the eastern Pacific basin. Conservation concerns for this species stem from historical overfishing, habitat loss, and life-history traits such as slow growth and late sexual maturity. In this study, to aid conservation efforts, we assembled and characterized the complete mitochondrial genome of <i>E. itajara</i>. The mitochondrial genome of <i>Epinephelus itajara</i> is 16,561 bp long and comprises 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (12S and 16S rRNA), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and an 856 bp control region. Gene order is identical to that reported for other congeneric species. The overall A + T content is 56%, and codon usage shows a preference for A + T-rich codons. All PCGs were found to be under purifying selection, with variation in selective pressure among genes; <i>cox1</i> and <i>nad4</i> were under the strongest and weakest selection, respectively. Secondary structure analysis of the tRNA genes displayed typical cloverleaf secondary structures, except for trnS1, which lacked a complete D-arm. Comparative analyses between MiTFi and RASP2 revealed that MiTFi provided more accurate predictions of tRNA secondary structures. The control region exhibited a high A + T content (69.9%), multiple microsatellite motifs, and one tandem repeat, along with hairpin secondary structures. These features mirror findings in closely related species. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis based on translated PCGs did not support the monophyletic status of the genus <i>Epinephelus</i> and indicated a sister relationship between <i>Epinephelus itajara</i> and <i>Epinephelus lanceolatus</i>, another large-bodied grouper from the Indo-Pacific Ocean. The newly sequenced mitochondrial genome of <i>Epinephelus itajara</i> provides a new genomic resource that can support future conservation efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71795","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Past, Present, and Future Distribution of Sargentodoxa: Perspectives From Fossil Record and Species Distribution Models","authors":"Xuanqi Liu, Huasheng Huang, Xia Meng, Minqiao Li, Zeyu Qin","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71831","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global climate change is a critical factor influencing biodiversity and ecosystem stability by altering the suitable habitats of many species. <i>Sargentodoxa cuneata</i> is an endemic and relict plant species in China. Identifying its suitable habitats across different periods and glacial refugia helps explain how <i>S. cuneata</i> survived Quaternary climate fluctuations, which is crucial for informing its future conservation. However, long-term tracking of its distribution and systematic description of biogeographical evolution remain scarce. Here, we compare 10 species distribution models to assess their predictive performance. Ultimately, we apply a random forest model to simulate the suitable habitats of <i>S. cuneata</i> under past, present, and future climate scenarios and integrate fossil records to analyze its biogeographical history. We find that <i>S. cuneata</i> once had a much broader distribution, likely originating in North America, with subsequent migration to Europe and Asia, and its range has gradually contracted, now primarily persisting in East Asia. It is currently distributed mainly south of the Qinling-Huaihe Line in China, particularly in mid- and low-altitude mountainous regions with abundant precipitation and moderate temperatures. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~22,000 years ago) and Mid-Holocene (MH, ~6000 years ago), its suitable habitat contracted significantly, with extremely suitable areas nearly disappearing due to colder climate. Glacial refugia are identified in three mountain ranges within Central and South China. Model simulations under two different climate scenarios suggest that while the total suitable habitat of <i>S. cuneata</i> may expand, extremely suitable areas could decline, with a northward expansion and southern contraction. This study will provide insights into the long-term impact of climate change on relict plant species and contribute to a better understanding of the evolutionary history of East Asian flora.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71831","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Positive Selection Drives Mitochondrial Gene Rearrangement in Sternorrhyncha (Insecta: Hemiptera)","authors":"Tian-You Zhao, Jiu-Feng Wei, Cai-Feng Li, Ya-Nan Chen, Liang Lü, Fang Wang","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71789","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sternorrhyncha, a suborder of Hemiptera, comprises sap-feeding insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts, most of which are important agricultural and forestry pests, including aphids, psyllids, whiteflies, and scale insects. While the mitochondrial genome is a highly accessible molecular source for high-level and large-scale phylogenetic studies, a comprehensive mitochondrial phylogenomic investigation of Sternorrhyncha has been lacking. This deficiency is primarily attributable to the challenges associated with obtaining mitochondrial genomes from Coccoidea. We have constructed the largest mitochondrial dataset for Sternorrhyncha to establish phylogenetic relationships, to examine the interrelationships, and to assess the phylogenetic results. Based on phylogenetic trees and mitogenomic gene arrangement synapomorphies, our findings confirm a sister-group relationship between Coccoidea and Aphidoidea, and demonstrate the affiliation of Aclerdidae with Coccidae. Additionally, we have examined the mitochondrial gene rearrangements in Sternorrhyncha. Mitochondrial genes in Coccoidea and Aleyrodoidea display a notable prevalence of translocation and a high proportion of positive selection pressures, which correlates with their large species diversity. Conversely, most aphid genes are under negative selection pressure, and pairwise identity analysis reveals relatively modest low variation among aphid lineages, highlighting a paradox of species diversification underlain by conserved mitochondrial genomic changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71789","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Baker, J. Cottrell, R. Ennos, A. Perry, S. A'Hara, S. Green, S. Cavers
{"title":"Evidence of Genetic Isolation and Differentiation Among Historically Fragmented British Populations of Common Juniper, Juniperus communis L.","authors":"J. Baker, J. Cottrell, R. Ennos, A. Perry, S. A'Hara, S. Green, S. Cavers","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71818","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Habitat fragmentation and population isolation pose a threat to the genetic diversity and adaptability of many species. The common juniper, <i>Juniperus communis</i> L., a keystone species for juniper scrub habitat and one of only three conifers that are native to the United Kingdom, has been in decline for more than a century in the United Kingdom and across its European range. Remnant UK juniper stands are now often small and highly fragmented, which has raised concerns for their resilience, especially in the face of climate change and the introduction of novel pathogens, such as <i>Phytophthora austrocedri.</i> This work presents a baseline genetic survey of native UK juniper populations and compares patterns of diversity between remnant stands and among three main population centres, or regions, in southern England, the Lake District, and Scotland, using both single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) genetic markers. The aim was to evaluate the standing genetic diversity of native juniper stands, the impacts of habitat fragmentation, and to determine whether juniper populations are genetically isolated from one another. We found that juniper stands, while not completely isolated from one another, face substantial barriers to gene flow, especially between the three population centres. These centres also show different patterns of genetic diversity and population structure, indicating varying levels of internal gene flow. Our findings can provide a baseline from which to monitor the effectiveness of conservation activities, prioritize populations of concern, and guide genetic rescue efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71818","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}