Safety & Fire Technology最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of Selected Issues of the CPR Proposal, Taking into Account the Specifics of Fire Alarm Systems","authors":"Grzegorz Mroczko, Robert Śliwiński","doi":"10.12845/sft.61.1.2023.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.61.1.2023.8","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The purpose of this publication is to present the results of ongoing theoretical research – an assessment of the newly proposed regulation that will replace Regulation (EU) No. 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing harmonized conditions for the marketing of construction products and repealing Council Directive 89/106/EEC. The purpose of the conducted research was to analyse and compare the legal provisions. Introduction: Regulation (EU) No. 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council is a document that regulates the marketing of almost all construction products in the European Union. After 11 years since the publication of Regulation 305/2011, and less than 10 since its full entry into force, the European Commission has published on its website a proposal for a regulation that will ultimately replace today’s EU-wide regulation in 2025. The changes are, among other things, an outcome of the Commission’s 2016 report on the implementation of the regulation, which identified deficiencies in its implementation and a significant number of problems related to standardization, among other issues. This state of affairs was confirmed by the 2021 report of the Internal Market and Consumer Protection Commission. Methodology: The authors used theoretical research, such as analysis of literature and legal documents, synthesis, generalization, inference, comparison and analogy. An analysis was performed of the current regulation and compared with the proposal for a new regulation, which has been published by the European Commission and is publicly available to all citizens. Conclusions: The presented analysis of the proposed regulation, which is ultimately intended to replace the existing European regulation, shows that the implementation of the new (amended) act may contribute to the complexity of the processes involved in the marketing of construction products within the European Union. The document itself is characterized by a high degree of complexity, in which, under the banner of simplification and unification of the construction product market, among other things, the scope of the European Commission’s powers is expanded, new obligations are introduced for the manufacturers of construction products, notified bodies assessing products, and new requirements for products and a new type of declaration are introduced. Its implementation will be a major challenge for EU member states and all players in the construction products market. Keywords: construction products, regulation 305/2011, European regulations, marketing of construction products","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123245464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rescue and Firefighting Operations During Incidents Involving Alternatively Powered Vehicles. Gas Propulsion","authors":"Jan Kielin, Jacek Zboina, Grzegorz Bugaj, Jacek Zalech, Damian Bąk","doi":"10.12845/sft.61.1.2023.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.61.1.2023.1","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The purpose of this article is to present the most important information and conclusions about gas-powered motor vehicles and the associated risks during fires and local emergencies. An additional area of consideration for the article’s authors is the challenges that emergency services may encounter during rescue and firefighting operations involving such vehicles. Introduction: Technological advances in propulsion systems used in vehicles and machinery pose a variety of challenges for fire protection. It results in the evolution of known threats and the emergence of new ones. Among other things, these developments have a significant impact on the technologies of rescue operations during fires and traffic accidents involving vehicles with different propulsion systems (increasingly using gaseous fuels). Equally important is ensuring fire safety when operating such vehicles. Methodology: On the basis of a review and analysis of the literature on the subject, as well as available research results, conclusions have been formu- lated regarding the fire safety of gas-powered vehicles. Aspects relevant to conducting rescue and firefighting operations involving such vehicles were taken into account. Conclusions: Necessary measures to improve fire protection, including the conduct of effective rescue and firefighting operations during incidents involving alternatively powered vehicles include: 1. Keeping as accurate a record as possible of fires and local emergencies involving the vehicles in question. 2. Urgently developed and updated educational materials that allow training, both for the rescuers and commanders of KSRG units, in blended learning mode, and systematically conducted such training. An example of this is the educational platform prepared by CNBOP-PIB in 2009 for OSP rescuers (rescue operations) and rural residents (handling emergency situations). The platform is still in place today, and although it needs updating, it has been used successfully for many years for training and professional development of a wide range of the rescuers. 3. A rescue database of vehicles involved in incidents urgently prepared and made available to the rescuers of firefighting units that are part of the KSRG. Such a base should be established immediately or be available on terms convenient to the rescue units (such as CRS or ERG). Keywords: alternative propulsion, CNG, LNG, methane, LPG, ethane, propane, methanol, fuel cells, emergency cards, fire safety","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121679434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Contributing to Increased Building Fire Incidents in Sri Lanka","authors":"Nalaka Prasanna Jayarathna Liyanapeli, Amiya Bhaumik, Udayanga Idunil Galappaththi, Deepthi Wickramasinghe","doi":"10.12845/sft.61.1.2023.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.61.1.2023.3","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Despite the existence of established fire codes, the frequency of building fires in Sri Lanka has been on the rise in recent years. The primary objective of building codes is to ensure minimum acceptable fire safety standards in buildings, but deviations from the code can increase fire risk factors and exacerbate the severity of fires. This study aims to identify and rank such risk factors in three stages, beginning with design and concluding with maintenance. Introduction: Metodologia tego badania obejmuje podejście jakościowe, które uwzględnia przegląd literatury, ankietę opartą na kwestionariuszu oraz częściowo ustrukturyzowane wywiady ze specjalistami z branży pożarniczej. Kwestionariusz został opracowany w kontekście Sri Lanki. Wykwalifikowany i doświadczony zespół specjalistów ds. pożarnictwa został poproszony o uszeregowanie przygotowanego kwestionariusza, który został podsumowany w dwunastu kategoriach ryzyka. Chociaż metod oceny ryzyka pożarowego jest niewiele, w niniejszym badaniu zastosowano metodę wskaźnika względnej istotności. Wyniki uzyskane z pięciostopniowej skali Likerta, gdzie „1” to najmniejszy poziom ryzyka, a „5” to najwyższy poziom ryzyka, zostały przekonwertowane w celu identyfikacji priorytetów z RII. Project and methods: The methodology of this research consists of a qualitative approach, which includes a literature review, a questionnaire-based survey, and semi-structured interviews with fire industry professionals. The questionnaire was developed in a Sri Lankan context following an extensive literature review that included the author's experience. The qualified and experienced panel of fire specialists was asked to rank the prepared questionnaire, which was summarized into twelve risk categories. Though there are few fire risk ranking methods, the relative importance index method was applied in this research as it is simple and easy to use for ranking the risk factors. The results obtained from the five-point Likert scale, where “1” is the least risk level and “5” is the highest risk level, were converted to identify priorities with RII. Results: In the Sri Lankan context, it was discovered that issues with design and the approval of inaccurate building plans are the first and second major isk factors, respectively, out of the twelve categories identified. Thus, it was evident that deviations made at the design stage are the most significant risk factors, according to the Sri Lankan setting. Most of the mistakes that are made at the design stage cannot be rectified at a later stage under normal conditions, as it could incur huge costs to change the building structures. Conclusions: The study summarizes twelve factors that contribute to fire-related incidents in Sri Lankan buildings. Among these factors, the survey data shows that incorrect building design and the approval of inaccurate building plans for construction are the primary contributors to the high frequency and severity of fire-related incidents. Despit","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"1170 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132387468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Parameters of the Dispersed Stream Generated by Various Types of Water Nozzles","authors":"Wiktor Wąsik","doi":"10.12845/sft.61.1.2023.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.61.1.2023.2","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The purpose of the research was to determine the parameters of the micro- and macro-structure of the streams generated by nozzles of different types, and to identify potential applications of the tested water nozzles, including firefighting and air pollution removal. Introduction: TF6 FCN, TF6 V, NF 15 and CW 50 water nozzles were tested. At supply pressures of 0.2 MPa, 0.4 MPa and 0.6 MPa, the basic parameters of micro- and macrostructure of the streams were measured and determined: flow rate, spray angle, mass distribution of liquid on the surface (spray intensity), non-uniformity of spray density distribution, and average droplet diameters and spray spectrum. A sputter spectrum analyser, using the photoelectric method, was used to determine the microstructural parameters of the stream. Project and methods: Badaniom poddano dysze wodne TF6 FCN, TF6 V, NF 15 oraz CW 50. Przy ciśnieniu zasilania równym 0,2 MPa, 0,4 MPa oraz 0,6 MPa zmierzono i wyznaczono podstawowe parametry mikro- i makrostruktury strumieni: natężenie przepływu, kąt rozpylenia, rozkład masowy cieczy na powierzchni (intensywność zraszania), nierównomierność rozkładu gęstości zraszania oraz średnie średnice kropel i widmo rozpylenia. Do określenia paramentów mikrostrukturalnych strumienia zastosowano analizator widma rozpylenia, wykorzystujący metodę fotoelektryczną. Results: The tested nozzles generated dispersed streams with different parameters. Among the analysed nozzles, the highest degree of dispersion was obtained for the TF 6 FCN sample, whose average Sauter mean diameter (SMD) reached a value of 217.3 μm. In comparison, for the NF15 nozzle this parameter was 945 μm. The spray spectra indicate a high homogeneity of water dispersion in the stream produced by the nozzles TF 6 FCN and CW 50. From the distribution of mass sprinkling density, the CW 50 nozzle shows the greatest uniformity of spraying. At the same time, however, it reports a small amount of water, since the value of the spray density for this product did not exceed 100 g/( m2 · s), while for the NF 15 nozzle it was more than 2,700 g/( m2 · s). The obtained spray angles were close to those declared by the nozzle manufacturer. In the tests of all samples, a slight effect of supply pressure on the values of this parameter was observed. Conclusions: Among other things, the tests made it possible to conclude that in the range of supply pressures of 0.2÷0.6 MPa, the values of disperse angle and spray area of the analysed nozzles were constant or the recorded differences were insignificant. In addition, it was determined that in the case of nozzles with full spray cones, an increase in supply pressure (within the range of declared operating values) has little effect on changing the parameters of the micro- and macro-structure of the stream. The conducted tests showed the potential use of two nozzles (TF6 FCN, CW 50) in low-pressure fog extinguishing systems producing fog with SMD droplet diameters > 200 μm. For th","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114268606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motor Boats in the Technology of HDPE with RIB Type Construction","authors":"Oksana Telak, Jerzy Telak, Tomasz Niemczewski","doi":"10.12845/sft.61.1.2023.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.61.1.2023.10","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: In 2022, on the lakes Zegrzynskie and the Orzysz, there were carried out tests of a motor boat with a hull made in HDPE technology and a construction similar to a hybrid boat (rigid-inflatable boat, RIB). The aim of the tests was to examine the operational capabilities of the SRB53 motor boats and obtain preliminary information on the configuration of the equipment. Introduction: High performance motor boats should constitute standard equipment of lifeguards. There are motor boats on the market using high density polyethylene (HDPE) for the construction of their hulls. Methodology: The survey involved 57 people, experts, representatives of public administration, NATO soldiers, police, and rescue services, as well as enterprises and non-governmental entities operating in the field of water rescue. The working hypothesis was assumed that probably motor boats as a combination of HDPE technology with a hybrid boat design could match the operational rib boats and have an advantage in terms of durability and resistance to hull damage. A diagnostic survey was used on a small sample with research techniques, i.e., observation, interview, and test, as well as research tools in the form of an observation sheet. The research was prepared, carried out and closed in the following order: development of the research procedure, collection of research material, development of results, theoretical analysis of the obtained material and derivation of conclusions. The scope of the boat study included going away and nailing to the quay, the boat’s behaviours when making turns and abrupt turns in both directions at different speeds, and the hull durability test. Results: The test results and opinions were positive, many advantages of the hull of the tested boat were indicated, with one negative parameter – a higher weight compared to traditional rescue boats. The working hypothesis was proved: motor boats in HDPE technology with a hybrid boat design are equal in terms of operation to RIB boats and are more durable and resistant to impacts. Innovative HDPE technology is useful for boat production. Due to the purpose, different configuration and equipment of the boat should be assumed. Keywords: motor boats, water rescue, polyethylene, technology, innovation","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"210 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124723298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formal and Legal Requirements for Rescue Entities for the Identification of Chemical Hazards in Poland","authors":"Bogdan Kołcz","doi":"10.12845/sft.61.1.2023.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.61.1.2023.6","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The article presents issues related to selected aspects of chemical and environmental rescue, their location in the legal norms in relation to the performed tasks and taking into account the needs of the society. In this respect, the legal acts relating to the operation of the system of identifying chemical and environmental rescue hazard, its transformation, and its impact on the safety and execution of tasks by the rescue entities were reviewed. Moreover the meaning of records relating to the identification of chemical hazards was analysed and clarified. The topics were based on new legal regulations on the detailed organization of the national rescue and firefighting system and guidelines covering the organization of chemical and ecological rescue in Poland. The reviewed area in this analysis relates to the identification of hazardous materials, the designation of danger zones, the ability of emergency responders to identify hazards in formal and legal conditions, and their identification by the functioning cooperating entities. The dependencies that exist in the identification system and the future directions of its development are indicated. Introduction: In today’s world, the expectations of the society for emergency services focus on the quick and efficient execution of an organized rescue operation. In chemical rescue, the primary factor affecting the course and success of the operation is the identification of the chemical threat. Conducting reconnaissance activities under conditions of changing threats requires skills and the fulfilment of a number of conditions that will affect the functioning of the rescue entities in the reconnaissance system. Experience from ongoing rescue operations shows that reconnaissance tasks are carried out to varying degrees. On the one hand, they depend on regulations, and on the other, on the capabilities of emergency responders and the difficulties arising from the resulting disasters and chemical accidents. Therefore, it is reasonable to review selected legal elements relating to the identification of hazardous materials – in particular, those that condition the efficient and effective operation of the rescue entities in terms of the existing risks. Methodology: The article was developed using analyses of legal acts and literature on improving the system of threat identification. Consideration was given to the existing threats, the current international situation, the possibility of uncontrolled action and the release of hazardous substances with chemical, biological or radiological properties, especially in the border area. In analysing the conducted research, publications on rescue law, legal norms of the national rescue and firefighting system, emergency management, guidelines from chemical and ecological rescue, articles from the area of reconnaissance and conference materials were used. Conclusions: The emergence of new regulations in the Principles of Chemical and Environmental Rescue has led ","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129225961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selected Aspects of Transformation of Textile Elements of Firemen's Personal Protection","authors":"Robert Marcin Wolański, Anna Rabajczyk","doi":"10.12845/sft.61.1.2023.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.61.1.2023.5","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The purpose of the article is to present selected problems related to the directions of changes in the clothing that is the equipment of the rescuer firefighter and that is part of standard personal protective equipment. Introduction: Development in technology and the economy is resulting in products with increasingly complex structures in our environment. In the event of a fire, substances can be emitted that threaten the health and life of the firefighter. Therefore, personal protective equipment used by firefighters (including clothing) must be constantly adapted to the changing environment. Both the fibres and the structure or layering of the garment are modified. Increasingly, users of these products expect adequate resistance to biological and chemical agents. This is a result of the increasing number of factors that pose a risk when firefighters are working. Despite the clothing modifications used to date, it is still not possible to exclude the risk of toxic substanc- es, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, which are products of combustion in a fire environment, and acid gases penetrating the firefighter’s skin. The simultaneous exposure to radiant heat in the fire environment and the physical work performed by the firefighter significantly intensify the heat and mass exchange in the personal protection. Therefore, the interaction of protective structures with the rescuer’s body is playing an increasingly important role. Modifications based on nanotechnology are being used to make garments more resistant while maintaining or even reducing their weight. However, it should be pointed out that sometimes the changes concern one aspect, such as humidity, to the exclusion of other hazards arising from the physical and chemical characteristics of the substances emitted during the event. Methodology: The article is based on a review of selected literature on the topic covered. Conclusions: Modifications made to the fibres or to the structure and composition of the garment make it possible to obtain a product with improved performance in terms of protecting the firefighter. It is important to note, however, that they should consider all possible exposure pathways and not focus on one selected parameter. Therefore, further work is needed to adapt clothing to the emerging risks. Keywords: innovations, firefighter’s personal protective equipment, firefighter’s special clothing","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131261134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Logistic Protection of Volunteer Firefighting Units of the National Rescue and Firefighting System during Long-Term Rescue Operations on the Example of Floods","authors":"Karolina Chmiel, Michał Chmiel, Stanisław Smyk","doi":"10.12845/sft.61.1.2023.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.61.1.2023.9","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of the article is to present the method of dispatching the units of the Volunteer Fire Service of the national rescue and firefighting system (OSP KSRG) to long-term rescue operations and to characterize the logistic protection of the units during such operations. The example of the 2010 floods in the Świętokrzyskie region was used as the basis for the analysis. Methodology: During the preparation of the article, the method of analysis was used to explore in more depth the issue of logistic protection of units in long-term rescue operations. A critical analysis of the literature on the subject proved important. Also used was a case study of the logistic protection of OSP KSRG units during the 2010 floods in the Świętokrzyskie region. Conclusions: OSP KSRG units involved in a long-term rescue operation do not have their own logistical facilities, additional equipment or stocks of propellants and grease in sufficient quantities. Therefore, there is a need to implement new solutions aimed at modifying the procedures for logistical security of OSP units participating in long-term rescue operations. The analysis of the case study showed that the autonomy of OSP KSRG units in long-term rescue operations should include securing basic supplies: water, food, liquid fuels and grease, as well as the ability to create their own welfare facilities, including their own sleeping bags, as and tents, field beds, blankets, which will allow firefighters to rest on an ad hoc basis during the action. The use by OSP units of logistic protection capabilities based on local field resources requires the development of guidelines and procedures for the use of the resources in question, as well as an indication of the type of services needed. During the development of rescue plans, entities providing specific logistic services to OSP units should be listed. Keywords: Volunteer Fire Service, State Fire Service, national rescue and firefighting system, logistic protection, action logistics, long-term rescue operations","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130235971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the Issue of Special Clothing in the Operation of Fire Protection Units","authors":"Anna Rabajczyk, Robert Wolański","doi":"10.12845/sft.61.1.2023.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.61.1.2023.4","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The paper is aimed at presenting selected problems of the impact of the incident environment on the body of a firefighter-rescuer who is protected with standard personal protective equipment (PPE). The article is an overview and presents the hazards associated with working in harsh environmental conditions, followed by the characteristics of firefighters’ PPE (in particular, special clothing) that play a key role in such conditions. Introduction: The safety of those involved in a fire incident is a very important issue – both in terms of proper management of human resources and the organization of activities in the situation of the incident and after it. The article presents content related to the impact of selected environments on firefighter-rescuers and the importance of firefighters’ “special clothing” during operations. The information on the influence of hot and cold microclimate environments and chemical activity as a consequence of processes occurring during a fire is presented. The issue of the operation of the complex environment of the tactical field and its impact on those involved in incidents was addressed. Methodology: The article is based on a review of selected literature on the addressed subject. Conclusions: During an incident involving not only operations during a fire, but also after the fire is extinguished, a firefighter-rescuer is simultaneously exposed to many factors. In addition to the stress that accompanies such activities, physical and chemical factors that occur side by side should also be considered, often broadening and intensifying the negative impact. The analysis should cover the fullest possible range of factors to which a person is subjected and allow him/her to be equipped with the appropriate protective tools, which are the firefighter’s PPE. The introduced innovations should be multidirectional and include minimizing the risk of high or low temperatures, inhalation poisoning, or skin contact with toxins. In doing so, it should be kept in mind that changes in the structure and properties of clothing must correspond to both the trends observed in the market, the economy and the dynamics of the course of fire. Therefore, it is necessary to work in parallel in many areas, taking into account the properties of the used materials, the spread and nature of incidents, and the tools at the disposal of the firefighter-rescuer. Keywords: hazard factors, firefighter’s personal protective equipment, firefighter’s special clothing, innovations","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127971400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing the Multi-Sensor Smoke Detectors Susceptibility to False Triggering","authors":"Kalina Szafarczyk","doi":"10.12845/sft.60.2.2022.9;","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.60.2.2022.9;","url":null,"abstract":"Cel: An assessment of the possibility of reducing the susceptibility of fire detectors to false alarms was carried out by: 1) analysing the impact of changing the operating modes of a multi-sensor detector on minimizing false alarms, and 2) verifying, using ANOVA tests, two hypotheses: either the settings or the sensitivity of the sensor affect the susceptibility of the detectors to false alarms. Projekt i metody: In order to assess the impact of false alarms on the operation of facilities equipped with a Fire Alarm System, a survey was conducted, directed at their administrators. A study of the fire detectors susceptibility to false alarms included placing the DTC-6046 multi-sensor detector in a closed test chamber and initiating the detector’s triggering by a deceptive agent. It was then observed whether the detector would initiate a fire alarm depending on different operating mode settings. The operation of the sensors was changed to interdependent, independent or coincidence work. Sensitivity settings of the sensors were changed from normal to increased by 20%, decreased by 20% or by 40%. An analysis using ANOVA test was conducted to verify which settings have a significant impact on minimising false alarms. Based on the results, example configuration guidelines were developed. Wyniki: Based on the study, the following main results were formulated. The configuration least prone to false triggering is the one in which the sensors operate interdependently and the sensitivity is reduced by 40%. The highest number of false alarms was observed when sensitivity was increased by 20% with independent sensors and in coincidence, as well as for independent sensors working at normal sensitivity. Performing verification using ANOVA analysis of variance, the hypothesis that sensor settings have a statistically significant effect on minimising false alarms was rejected. Wnioski: There is a need to search for and implement ways to minimise false alarms of Fire Alarm Systems. The most common reason for false triggering of fire detectors are external factors that are not fire hazards (e.g. dust, dirt). The way of minimising false alarms is a proper setting of the detector operating modes (not often used in practice). The operating modes are based on changing the settings of sensor cooperation and detector sensitivity, where changing only the settings of the sensors does not result in such significant changes as changing the sensitivity of the detectors to increased or decreased compared to normal (result of ANOVA analysis). Słowa kluczowe: fire detector, false alarms, detector operating modes, reduction of false triggering of fire detectors","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121699782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}