Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity最新文献

{"title":"Measuring implicit associations between food and body stimuli in anorexia nervosa: a Go/No-Go Association Task.","authors":"Clara Lakritz, Sylvain Iceta, Philibert Duriez, Maxime Makdassi, Vincent Masetti, Olga Davidenko, Jérémie Lafraire","doi":"10.1007/s40519-023-01621-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40519-023-01621-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The present study aimed to explore the implicit associations between food and bodily stimuli in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and control subjects (HC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A Go/No-Go Association Task was administrated to 55 participants (28 AN and 27 HC), using food stimuli (low-calorie food vs. high-calorie food) and body stimuli (underweight vs. overweight bodies).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We evidenced an implicit association between food and body stimuli in the AN group, whereas the HC group only showed a tendency. AN and HC groups also exhibited different categorization strategies: the AN group tended to categorize stimuli as low-calorie foods and underweight bodies less than the HC group, and they tended to categorize stimuli as high-calorie foods and overweight bodies more than the HC group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study revealed for the first time specificities of the AN population's implicit association between food and body stimuli in terms of association strength and categorization strategy. Furthermore, the results suggest that combining implicit methodologies with other methods could contribute to a better characterization of the physiopathology of AN.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level I, experimental study.</p>","PeriodicalId":11391,"journal":{"name":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity","volume":"28 1","pages":"93"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10622378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71421732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Nepean Belief Scale (NBS) as a tool to investigate the intensity of beliefs in anorexia nervosa: psychometric properties of the Italian version.","authors":"Arianna Sciarrillo,&nbsp;Francesco Bevione,&nbsp;Marta Lepora,&nbsp;Federica Toppino,&nbsp;Maria Carla Lacidogna,&nbsp;Nadia Delsedime,&nbsp;Matteo Panero,&nbsp;Matteo Martini,&nbsp;Giovanni Abbate Daga,&nbsp;Antonio Preti","doi":"10.1007/s40519-023-01620-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-023-01620-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>People with anorexia nervosa (AN) show a peculiar impairment of insight regarding their condition, often manifesting a denial of extreme emaciation and sometimes hiding or underreporting socially undesirable abnormal eating patterns. Sometimes the intensity of the beliefs held by patients with AN reach a delusional intensity.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In this study, the Italian version of the Nepean Belief Scale was applied to a sample of patients diagnosed with AN to investigate the intensity of their beliefs and convictions and its clinical correlates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Nepean Belief Scale (NBS) was translated and adapted to Italian and applied to a sample of patients diagnosed with AN based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Italian version of the 5-item NBS showed excellent reliability. Convergent validity was proved by negative association with levels of insight measured with the Schedule for the Assessment of Insight in Eating Disorders. Beliefs of delusional intensity were reported by 10% of participants. Those with a greater intensity of beliefs, either overvalued or delusional ideas, were more likely to report poorer general cognitive performances on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. No association was observed between NBS score and age, body mass index, symptoms of eating disorders, body dissatisfaction, or levels of depression. Fear of weight gain and control seeking were the most often reported themes at the NBS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Italian version of the NBS is a reasonably reliable, valid, and usable tool for the multidimensional assessment of insight in AN. Level of evidence Level III, Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11391,"journal":{"name":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity","volume":"28 1","pages":"92"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10618389/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71421738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering neural pathways underlying bulimia nervosa: resting-state neural connectivity disruptions correlate with maladaptive eating behaviors.","authors":"Jia-Ni Wang,&nbsp;Miao Wang,&nbsp;Guo-Wei Wu,&nbsp;Wei-Hua Li,&nbsp;Zi-Ling Lv,&nbsp;Qian Chen,&nbsp;Zheng-Han Yang,&nbsp;Xiao-Hong Li,&nbsp;Zhen-Chang Wang,&nbsp;Zhan-Jiang Li,&nbsp;Peng Zhang,&nbsp;Li-Rong Tang","doi":"10.1007/s40519-023-01617-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40519-023-01617-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Bulimia nervosa (BN) is characterized by recurrent binge-eating episodes and inappropriate compensatory behaviors. This study investigated alterations in resting-state surface-based neural activity in BN patients and explored correlations between brain activity and eating behavior.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 26 BN patients and 28 healthy controls were enrolled. Indirect measurement of cerebral cortical activity and functional connectivity (FC) analyses were performed in Surfstat. A principal component analysis (PCA) model was used to capture the commonalities within the behavioral questionnaires from the BN group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared with the healthy control group, the BN group showed decreased surface-based two-dimensional regional homogeneity in the right superior parietal lobule (SPL). Additionally, the BN group showed decreased FC between the right SPL and the bilateral lingual gyrus and increased FC between the right SPL and the left caudate nucleus and right putamen. In the FC-behavior association analysis, the second principal component (PC2) was negatively correlated with FC between the right SPL and the left caudate nucleus. The third principal component (PC3) was negatively correlated with FC between the right SPL and the left lingual gyrus and positively correlated with FC between the right SPL and the right lingual gyrus.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We revealed that the right SPL undergoes reorganization with respect to specific brain regions at the whole-brain level in BN. In addition, our results suggest a correlation between brain reorganization and maladaptive eating behavior. These findings may provide useful information to better understand the neural mechanisms of BN.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>V, descriptive study.</p>","PeriodicalId":11391,"journal":{"name":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity","volume":"28 1","pages":"91"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10613592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71411146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The validation of the Barcelona Orthorexia Scale-Spanish version: evidence from the general population.","authors":"Anna Navarro,&nbsp;Carmen Varela,&nbsp;Adela Fusté,&nbsp;Ana Andrés,&nbsp;Carmina Saldaña","doi":"10.1007/s40519-023-01616-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40519-023-01616-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To validate the Spanish version of Barcelona Orthorexia Scale (BOS) in general population, analyzing its items and both its internal structure and psychometric properties (internal consistency and temporal stability). In addition, the relationship between ON and external measures of attitudes towards food was assessed.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The general population sample consisted of 446 women and 104 men, aged between 18.31 and 69.44 years (M = 36.03; SD = 12.46). Of these, 39 participants answered again the questionnaires after one month from the first application. The assessment instruments were a sociodemographic questionnaire, the BOS, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The final version of the BOS is composed of 35 items. Exploratory factor analysis extracted an internal structure of 5 factors (Behavioral, Concern for healthy food, Attitudes and beliefs about food, Vital achievement and Emotional discomfort). The BOS-35 and the factors presented good internal consistency (α = .80-.90), and an adequate temporal stability (r = .62-.88). The highest association was observed between the Emotional Distress (BOS) and the Diet subscale (EAT-26; r = .51).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This first validation of the BOS has shown adequate psychometric properties, being a valid and reliable instrument to assess ON in the general population. Level of evidence Level II: Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization.</p>","PeriodicalId":11391,"journal":{"name":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity","volume":"28 1","pages":"90"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10611628/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61561577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is binge eating associated with poor weight loss outcomes in people with a high body weight? A systematic review with meta-analyses.","authors":"Isabella Lobo,&nbsp;Felipe Q da Luz,&nbsp;Phillipa Hay,&nbsp;Tamiris L Gaeta,&nbsp;Paula Costa Teixeira,&nbsp;Táki Athanássios Cordás,&nbsp;Amanda Sainsbury,&nbsp;Zubeyir Salis","doi":"10.1007/s40519-023-01613-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40519-023-01613-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This systematic review aimed to compare the weight change in people with or without binge eating who underwent various weight loss treatments.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched for studies in PubMed, American Psychological Association, and Embase from inception to January 2022. The studies selected included assessment of binge eating and body weight before and after weight loss treatment in people of any age. The meta-analyses were conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA). We used Egger's regression test, the funnel plot, and the Trim and Fill test to assess the risk of publication bias.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-four studies were included in the systematic review, with a total of 10.184 participants. The included studies were divided into three categories according to types of weight loss treatments, namely, (1) bariatric surgery; (2) pharmacotherapy isolated or combined with behavioral interventions; and (3) behavioral and/or nutritional interventions. The meta-analyses showed no significant difference in weight loss between people with or without binge eating engaged in weight loss treatments, with an overall effect size of - 0.117 (95% CI - 0.405 to 0.171; P = 0.426).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings showed no difference in weight loss in people with or without pre-treatment binge eating who received various weight loss treatments. Weight loss treatments should not be withheld on the basis that they will not be effective in people with pre-treatment binge eating, albeit their safety and longer term impacts are unclear.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level I, at least one properly designed randomized controlled trials; systematic reviews and meta-analyses; experimental studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11391,"journal":{"name":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity","volume":"28 1","pages":"89"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10611631/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54228239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Italian Society of Obesity XI National Congress : Abano Terme, Italy. 8-10 June 2023.","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s40519-023-01596-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40519-023-01596-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11391,"journal":{"name":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity","volume":"28 Suppl 1","pages":"83"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50157336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and initial validation of the trait and state Mindful Eating Behaviour Scales.","authors":"Michail Mantzios","doi":"10.1007/s40519-023-01614-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40519-023-01614-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The quantitative assessment of mindful eating has been challenging, even with the latest additions to the field of multifactorial mindful eating psychometric tools. This manuscript presents the development, validity and reliability assessment of a trait and state Mindful Eating Behaviour Scale across four studies driven by recent theory (Mantzios in Nutr Health 27: 1-5, 2021).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Study 1 assessed the content validity of the scale through ratings of clinical and research experts in the field. Study 2 inspected the scale through exploratory and confirmatory factor, parallel, correlation, and reliability analyses. Study 3 assessed the temporal stability through a test-retest in a 2-week interval. Study 4 assessed the scale in a randomized control experimental design, where a mindful eating (vs. control group) received the trait scale before consuming chocolate, and an equivalent state scale was modified to assess state changes during the 10-min eating session.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Study 1 yielded items to be reflective and concise of the definition of mindful eating behaviour. Study 2 indicated 2 potential factors through exploratory factor analyses, which were further verified through a parallel analysis, while subscales correlation indicated one-dimensionality, which was further verified through confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, the internal consistency of the scale and subscales was good. Study 3 certified the reliability of the scale over time, while Study 4 indicated that both the trait and state scales were significant indicators of eating mindfully.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Together, all studies signal the utility of theoretically sound and empirically validated measurements for the replicable assessment of mindful eating behaviour.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>No level of evidence: basic science.</p>","PeriodicalId":11391,"journal":{"name":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity","volume":"28 1","pages":"88"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10600279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50157335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The inverted U-shaped relationship between weight loss percentage and cardiovascular health scores.","authors":"Feng Chen, Yu Zhang, Shaohe Chen","doi":"10.1007/s40519-023-01619-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40519-023-01619-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Obesity is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however, the impact of weight loss on cardiovascular health (CVH) in individuals with specific obesity patterns remains incompletely understood. The objective of our study was to investigate the relationship weight loss percentage and CVH scores across individuals with various obesity patterns.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2007 and 2018, involving a total of 12,835 participants aged 16 years or older, to conduct a cross-sectional analysis. Multiple linear regression and multinomial logistic regression methods were used to assess the correlation between the weight loss percentage and the CVH scores. Additionally, restricted cubic spline analysis was employed to examine the nonlinear relationship between the two variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to individuals with a weight loss percentage < 0%, participants with weight loss percentages of 0-5% and 5.1-10% showed improved CVH scores, with β values of 2.85 (95% CI 2.32-3.38) and 2.55 (95% CI 1.69-3.4), respectively. Regarding different obesity patterns, compared to participants with a weight loss percentage < 0%, participants with a weight loss percentage of 0-5% showed an increase in CVH scores in the normal weight and overweight/general obesity (OGO) groups, with β values of 1.45 (95% CI 0.7-2.19) and 1.22 (95% CI 0.46-1.97), respectively. Restricted cubic spline analysis revealed a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between the weight loss percentage and the CVH scores (with optimal CVH scores at 3%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There was an inverted U-shaped relationship between weight loss percentage and CVH scores, with moderate weight loss (0-10%, optimal value of 3%) being associated with improved CVH scores, especially among individuals with OGO.</p><p><strong>Level v: </strong>Opinions of respected authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees.</p>","PeriodicalId":11391,"journal":{"name":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity","volume":"28 1","pages":"87"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10598164/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49689297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mindful eating and eating behaviours in Greece: exploring the validity and reliability of two mindful eating scales and other eating behaviours for Greek-speaking populations.","authors":"Michail Mantzios, Konstantinos Zervos, Marsha Koletsi, Kyriaki Giannou","doi":"10.1007/s40519-023-01615-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40519-023-01615-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mindful eating has seen an increase in clinical and non-clinical practices of changing health outcomes. Meanwhile, the restriction of not having validated scales in other languages proposes a barrier to exploring the impact of mindful eating cross-culturally, and specific to the present project, across Greek-speaking populations, limiting the potential of exploring the association with Mediterranean dieting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the present research, volunteers (n = 706) completed online the Mindful Eating Behaviour Scale and the Mindful Eating Scale. A forward-backwards translation, leading to face validity, and was assessed for internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha) and followed up by an assessment of the factorial structure of the scales. Divergent and convergent validity was explored using motivations to eat palatable foods, grazing, craving, Dusseldorf orthorexia, Salzburg emotional eating, and the Salzburg stress eating scales.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicated that both scales displayed good internal consistency, and the assessment of the factorial structure of the scales was equally good and semi-consistent with the English versions, with parallel analyses and item loadings proposing problems that have been shown in critical review literature. Associations of mindful eating scales to other eating behaviours were replicated to previously established findings with English-speaking populations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings that deviated from the expected outcomes are central to the discussion on the measurement of mindful eating, and further direction highlights the way forward for researchers and clinicians.</p><p><strong>Level v: </strong>Descriptive studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11391,"journal":{"name":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity","volume":"28 1","pages":"85"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10590293/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49675554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive performance in hospitalized patients with severe or extreme anorexia nervosa.","authors":"Simone Daugaard Hemmingsen, Mia Beck Lichtenstein, Magnus Sjögren, Claire Gudex, Pia Veldt Larsen, René Klinkby Støving","doi":"10.1007/s40519-023-01585-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40519-023-01585-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Severe malnourishment may reduce cognitive performance in anorexia nervosa (AN). We studied cognitive functioning during intensive nutritional and medical stabilization in patients with severe or extreme AN and investigated associations between weight gain and cognitive improvement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A few days after admission to a specialized hospital unit, 33 patients with severe or extreme AN, aged 16-42 years, completed assessments of memory, cognitive flexibility, processing speed, and attention. Mean hospitalization was 6 weeks. Patients completed the same assessments at discharge (n = 22) following somatic stabilization and follow-up up to 6 months after discharge (n = 18).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The patients displayed normal cognitive performance at admission compared to normative data. During nutritional stabilization, body weight increased (mean: 11.3%; range 2.6-22.2%) and memory, attention, and processing speed improved (p values: ≤ 0.0002). No relationship between weight gain and cognitive improvement was observed at discharge or follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cognitive performance at hospital admission was normal in patients with severe or extreme AN and improved during treatment although without association to weight gain. Based on these results, which are in line with previous studies, patients with severe or extreme AN need not be excluded from cognitively demanding tasks, possibly including psychotherapy. As patients may have other symptoms that interfere with psychotherapy, future research could investigate cognitive functioning in everyday life in patients with severe AN.</p><p><strong>Trial registration number: </strong>The study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02502617).</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level III, cohort study.</p>","PeriodicalId":11391,"journal":{"name":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity","volume":"28 1","pages":"86"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10590307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49675552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}