The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal最新文献

{"title":"Circulating Leptin, Ghrelin, Glucose, Insulin, C-Peptide, GH, IGF-1, Cortisol, and Interleukin-6 Concentrations, and the Systemic Stress Response to Uncomplicated Surgical Injury","authors":"C. Chiesa, J. Osborn, L. Pacifico, G. Tellan, E. Poggiogalle, R. Pascone, G. Delogu","doi":"10.2174/1874241600902010024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600902010024","url":null,"abstract":"The mechanisms initiating, regulating and sustaining the systemic stress response to a surgical injury have not all been identified yet. Recent studies point to the adipose tissue as a major endocrine system, the hormones of which in- fluence energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, vascular homeostasis, and immune response. Essential ele- ments of this control system are leptin and ghrelin. The purpose of the present study was to compare the patterns of leptin and ghrelin secretion in different perioperative periods in patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy, and to relate the changes in circulating leptin or ghrelin to concomitantly occurring changes in glucose, insulin, C-peptide, growth hor- mone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, total cortisol, free cortisol index, and interleukin-6, and other clinical pa- rameters. Thirty patients were included in the study. Blood was sampled at seven time points between one hour prior to the induction of anesthesia (first observation) to approximately 24 hours later. Both leptin and ghrelin displayed a parallel decrease in concentrations from baseline in the intra-and postoperative periods, with a parallel return to baseline on the morning of the first postoperative day. However, at each perioperative period the leptin trend was not associated with that of other substances(including ghrelin).Likewise, the ghrelin time trend was independent of other study variables (includ- ing leptin). What triggers this response remains unknown but this study implies that it is unlikely to be the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenocortical, GH/IGF-1, or glucose homeostatic axis, or proinflammatory cytokines.","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123661613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sarcosine and Decreased Risk for Prostate Cancer in Schizophrenia","authors":"K. Hashimoto","doi":"10.2174/1874241600902010022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600902010022","url":null,"abstract":"Schizophrenia is a disabling major mental illness that affects approximately 1% of the world population, characterized by positive symptoms (e.g., unusual thoughts or perceptions, including hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, and disorders of movement) and negative symptoms (e.g., loss or a decrease in the ability to initiate plans, speak, express emotion, or find pleasure in everyday life), and cognitive deficits (e.g., problems with attention, certain types of memory, and the executive functions). For almost 100 years, there has been speculation that patients with schizophrenia have lower cancer risks than the general population. In recent years, population-based studies have become available, allowing an analysis of the data by specific types of cancer and schizophrenia. Mortensen [1] reported that the incidence of prostate cancer in the male patients with schizophrenia was significantly lower than that of the general Danish population. A recent population-based, nested, casecontrolled study demonstrated a 40.7% lower risk of prostate cancer in male patients with schizophrenia [2], consistent with that of previous studies [1,3], which have shown an approximately 50% lower risk. In contrast, patients with bipolar disorder had similar cancer risks as people without either mental health condition after adjustment for the potential confounding factors (e.g., socioeconomic status, smoking, obesity, comorbidity, and concurrent use of other medications) [2], indicating the specificity for schizophrenia. It has been suggested that genetic factors, antipsychotic medications, and lifestyle differences may be associated with the lower risk of prostate cancer [4,5] although the precise etiology underlying the lower risk of prostate cancer in schizophrenia were unclear. In the 2009 February issue of Nature, Sreekumar et al. [6] reported that sarcosine (N-methylglycine) was identified as a biomarker that was highly increased during prostate cancer progression to metastasis and can be detected non-invasively in urine. Sarcosine is generated by the enzymatic transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to glycine (Fig. 1), and this reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) (Fig. 1), which is expressed in prostate at high levels","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124689395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor on the extracellular D-alanine levels and the efficacy of D-alanine on dizocilpine-induced prepulse inhibition deficits in mice","authors":"Mao Horio, Yuko Fujita, T. Ishima, M. Iyo, D. Ferraris, T. Tsukamoto, K. Hashimoto","doi":"10.2174/1874241600902010016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600902010016","url":null,"abstract":"D-Alanine, one of D-amino acids present in the mammalian brain, is a selective and potent agonist at the N- methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Like D-serine, D-alanine is reported to be effective in the treatment of schizo- phrenia. However, orally given D-alanine is metabolized substantially by D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), diminishing its oral bioavailability. In this study, we studied the effects of oral D-alanine administration with or without the novel DAAO inhibitor, 5-chloro-benzo(d)isoxazol-3-ol (CBIO), on the extracellular D-alanine levels in the brain and on the prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits after administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine. Co-administration of CBIO (30 mg/kg) with D-alanine (100 mg/kg), but not D-alanine (100 mg/kg) alone, significantly attenuated dizocilpine (0.1 mg/kg)-induced PPI deficits in mice. The in vivo microdialysis study of the conscious and free moving mice revealed that co-administration of CBIO (30 mg/kg) significantly increased extracellular levels of D-alanine in the frontal cortex after oral administration of D-alanine (100 mg/kg). These findings suggest that co-administration of CBIO can increase the bioavailability of D-alanine after oral administration of D-alanine, and that co-administration of CBIO can enhance the ef- ficacy of D-alanine on dizocilpine-induced PPI deficits. Therefore, combination of D-alanine and a DAAO inhibitor such as CBIO offers new therapeutic potential for treatment of schizophrenia.","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124958019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pairs of Creatine Kinase Serum Activity","authors":"D. Mosshammer, R. Muche, D. Menzel, C. Ring, D. Wernet, C. Meisner, C. Gleiter, G. Lorenz, K. Mörike","doi":"10.2174/1874241600902010012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600902010012","url":null,"abstract":"Background: For patients with an increased risk of developing myopathy with statin treatment, guidelines rec- ommend to measure CK before and 6-12 weeks after initiating statin treatment. Further, in clinical trials of statins, the number of patients experiencing elevated creatine kinase (CK) serum activity is commonly reported as a safety parameter. Usually exceeding the upper limit of normal (ULN) is used as the basis of description to characterize muscular damage potentially caused by statins. Therefore, basic data on both, proportions of patients with specific CK increases, and abso- lute and relative CK increases, would be helpful to assess potential CK chances in patients. However, no such data are available so far. Methods: CK activity was measured in a group of blood donors (n=40) at two occasions 10 weeks apart. The 95 th percen- tile of absolute and relative CK increases was selected to separate true from irrelevant changes. A CK difference was de- fined to be true if a random measurement error of 10% was exceeded. The numbers of subjects with true CK differences were characterised by both measurements being under, crossing, or being above ULN, and twice ULN, respectively. Results: Five percent of subjects (95 th percentile) had an increase of CK more than 139% (men) or 120% (women), re- spectively, as compared with the first measurement. Five percent of subjects had an absolute difference of at least 94 U/l (men) and 16 U/l (women), respectively. Thirty-one percent of subjects had both CK activities below 2 times the ULN. Six percent of them had the first measurement under and the second above ULN. In three percent, the first measurement was under and the second above 2 times the ULN. In no subject, the first and the second measurement was above 2 times the ULN. Conclusion: It is concluded that CK serum activity substantially varies between two measurements. The present data pro- vide the basis for developing reference ranges of CK activity pairs by simple variables that can be useful for practitioners and trialists.","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"69 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113960026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of Phencyclidine-Induced Cognitive Deficits in Mice by Subsequent Subchronic Administration of Fluvoxamine, but not Sertraline","authors":"T. Ishima, Yuko Fujita, Mami Kohno, Shinsui Kunitachi, Mao Horio, Yuto Takatsu, Takahiko Minase, Y. Tanibuchi, Hiroko Hagiwar, M. Iyo, K. Hashimoto","doi":"10.2174/1874241600902010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600902010007","url":null,"abstract":"This study was undertaken to examine the effects of the two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs: flu- voxamine and sertraline) with a high affinity at sigma-1 receptors on cognitive deficits in mice after repeated administra- tion of the N-methyl-D-asparatte (NMDA) receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP). In the novel object recognition test (NORT), PCP (10 mg/kg/day, 10 days)-induced cognitive deficits in mice were significantly improved by subsequent subchronic (14 days) administration of fluvoxamine (20 mg/kg/day), but not sertraline (10 or 20 mg/kg/day). Western blot analysis revealed that repeated administration of PCP (10 mg/kg/day, 10 days) caused the reduction of sigma-1 receptors in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of mouse brain. These findings suggest that repeated administration of PCP caused the reduction of sigma-1 receptors in the mouse brain, and that sigma-1 receptor agonists such as fluvoxamine may be useful for treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125176813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Angiogenic Factors for Predicting Preeclampsia: sFlt-1, PlGF, and Soluble Endoglin~!2008-08-29~!2008-12-15~!2009-01-02~!","authors":"Yu Chen","doi":"10.2174/1874241600902010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600902010001","url":null,"abstract":"Preeclampsia is a devastating multisystem syndrome and is a major cause of maternal, fetal and neonatal mor- bidity and mortality. Angiogenic factors contribute to the molecular mechanisms of preeclampsia and its main phenotypes such as hypertension and proteinuria. Very recently, novel anti-angiogenic proteins including soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and soluble endoglin (sEng), and one pro-angiogenic protein placental growth factor (PlGF) have been found to be significantly abnormal several weeks preceding the onset of clinical signs and symptoms. Automatic immuno- assays are being developed for sFlt-1 and PlGF. This article will summarize our current knowledge of these markers and their roles on predicting preeclampsia.","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123533759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidative Damage and Antioxidant Status in Diabetes Mellitus and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comparative Study","authors":"A. Cimato, G. Facorro, L. Piehl, M. M. Sarrasague, D. Grinspon, H. Farach, E. R. Celis","doi":"10.2174/1874241600801010092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600801010092","url":null,"abstract":"The present work compares and correlates antioxidant defenses and oxidative stress markers in patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and in those with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) in order to find out if new evidences for a possible relationship between these pathologies can be found. Stress markers and antioxidant defenses were tested in blood sam- ples from RA, Type I and Type II DM patients. Erythrocytes (RBC) showed increased susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in both DM and RA, whereas basal oxidation was higher only in RA. Both pathologies showed elevated oxidized LDL concentration and decreased RBC membrane fluidity. In DM, plasma TRAP was decreased and showed an inverse corre- lation RBC oxidative damage. On the other hand, TRAP was normal in RA. In both pathologies, TRAP was not correlated with oxidized LDL. We can conclude that the peroxidative damage would occur through a complex mechanism, with dif- ferent factors involved in both illnesses. In this way, an association between these diseases could not be established.","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"258 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132055444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pancreatic Response to Hind Limb Suspension in Rats is Affected by Age","authors":"K. Nichols, P. Chowdhury, E. Dupont-Versteegden","doi":"10.2174/1874241600801010069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600801010069","url":null,"abstract":"Disuse and aging are associated with changes in glucose metabolism and insulin responsiveness of skeletal muscle. However, their combined effects on the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and serum insulin levels have not been studied. The goal of this study was to investigate the response of the pancreas to disuse, induced by hind limb sus- pension (HS), in young and old animals. Male Fisher 344 X Brown Norway rats at 6 (young) and 32 (old) months of age were subjected to 14 days HS. Serum insulin and pancreas morphology were examined. Serum insulin concentration was lower in old rats, and decreased significantly following HS in young, but not old rats. Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas showed a more diffuse appearance in the old rats independent of HS, but no statistically significant differences were ob- served in islet area, cells per islet, or area occupied by islets. However, in old animals, but not young, HS was associated with an increase in islet number. No differences were observed in the percentage or area of insulin positive cells in the pancreas. We conclude that the insulin secretion response to disuse is lost at old age, and this can not be explained by changes in islet size or insulin positive cell number. The implications of changed appearance and number of islets in old rats in response to HS remain to be investigated.","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129136291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biotinylated Microbubbles Targeted to Amyloid","authors":"A. Rand, G. Gilman, D. O'Kane, M. Belohlavek","doi":"10.2174/1874241600801010075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600801010075","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Ultrasonography uses microbubbles for enhanced imaging. We created microbubbles that have preferential adherence to amyloid protein by utilizing the affinity of serum amyloid component P (SAP) to amyloid along with avidin-biotin interactions. Methods: Biotin-labeled albumin was incorporated into the albumin shell of fluorocarbon gas-filled bubbles. The bubble was attached through a bridge with biotin incorporated into the shell of the bubble and incubated with avidin-labeled SAP which was pre-bound to SA (\"synthetic amyloid\"). This resulted in a bubble targeted to amyloid. The bubbles were evalu- ated using fluorescent microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Results: Microbubbles with a protein shell were bound to amyloid by utilizing the affinity of SAP for amyloid and biotin- avidin interactions. Conclusion: We introduce microbubbles specifically targeted to amyloid deposits and intended as future mediators of ul- trasound detection of amyloid deposits and amyloid-selective drug delivery.","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114650482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipoprotein(a) – Structure, Epidemiology, Function and Diagnostics of a Cardiovascular Risk Marker","authors":"R. Siekmeier, H. Scharnagl, G. Kostner, T. Grammer, T. Stojaković, W. März","doi":"10.2174/1874241600801010079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600801010079","url":null,"abstract":"Decades after its first description by Berg 1963 lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is an established risk marker of cardio- vascular diseases which is independent from other risk markers. The main difference of Lp(a) compared to LDL is the apo(a) residue which is covalently bound to apoB. Apo(a) is a glycoprotein which underlies a large genetic polymor- phism. The latter is caused by a variation of the kringle-IV-type-2 repeats of the protein which is characterized by a large structural homology to plasminogen. The Lp(a) plasma concentration in the population is highly skewed and determined to more than 90 % by genetic factors. In healthy subjects the Lp(a)-concentration is correlated to its synthesis and not to its metabolism. Plasma concentrations of Lp(a) are affected by different diseases (e.g. diseases of liver and kidney), hor- monal factors (e.g. sexual steroids, glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones), individual and environmental factors (e.g. age, cigarette smoking) as well as pharmaceuticals (e.g. derivatives of nicotinic acid) and therapeutic procedures (lipid aphere- sis). However, even though a large number of studies on Lp(a) were performed up to now many details of its physiologi- cal function and regulation of plasma concentration are not yet understood. In addition, studies showed contradictory re- sults because there were large differences of the included patients, use of not sufficiently validated tests as well as analysis of frozen samples. Aim of our review was to describe function and physiological regulation of Lp(a) as well as factors in- fluencing its plasma concentration.","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132517078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}