The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal最新文献

{"title":"Improvement of the Lipid Profile with Zofenopril in Hypertensive Patients with the Metabolic Syndrome","authors":"E. Rizos, S. Tsouli, M. Doumas, M. Kostapanos, K. Lagos, A. Tselepis, M. Elisaf","doi":"10.2174/1874241600801010064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600801010064","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of the anti-hypertensive drug zofenopril on metabolic parameters in patients with the metabolic syn- drome (MetS) is currently unknown. The present study was conducted in order to evaluate whether zofenopril affects pa- rameters involved in the atherosclerotic process. This open-label intervention study included 60 adult patients with essen- tial hypertension that additionally had 2 or more of the following MetS criteria: waist circumference > 102 cm in men and > 88 cm in women, triglycerides > 150 mg/dl, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) < 40 mg/dl in men and < 50 mg/dl in women, and fasting glucose � 100 mg/dl. Zofenopril reduced systolic blood pressure by 11% (p<0.001) and dia- stolic blood pressure by 7% (p=0.004). Zofenopril also decreased triglycerides by 24% (p=0.05) and apolipoprotein B lev- els by 7% (p=0.04). In addition, the drug improved the lipid profile by decreasing both small dense low density lipopro- tein (LDL) cholesterol by 22% (p=0.04), as well as the proportion of the cholesterol of small dense LDL subfraction by 8% (p=0.04), whereas it significantly increased the large LDL cholesterol by 6% (p=0.05) and the proportion of the cho- lesterol of large LDL subfraction by 7% (p=0.05). Accordingly, mean LDL particle size was increased by 0.04% (p=0.05) with zofenopril. The reduction of small dense LDL subfractions was significantly correlated with the reduction of ApoB levels, even after correction for baseline values (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.8, p=0.03), and with the reduction of triglycerides (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.77, p=0.02). An additional effect of zofenopril was the reduction of the enzymatic activity of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) by 9% (p=0.05). On the other hand, zofenopril did not influence glucose homeostasis and fibrinogen levels. In conclusion, zofenopril is an effective anti-hypertensive agent with additional favourable effects on the atherogenic dyslipidemia of MetS.","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124781396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Band 3 Profile as a Marker of Erythrocyte Changes in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients","authors":"E. Costa, S. Rocha, P. Rocha-Pereira, Elisabeth Castro, V. Miranda, M. Faria, A. Loureiro, A. Quintanilha, L. Belo, A. Santos-Silva","doi":"10.2174/1874241600801010057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600801010057","url":null,"abstract":"Our aim was to study changes in red blood cell (RBC) membrane band 3 profile, as a cumulative marker of RBC changes, in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients under haemodialysis and recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) therapy and its linkage with resistance to this therapy. We studied 63 CKD patients, 32 responders and 31 non-responders to rhEPO therapy, and 26 healthy individuals. We evaluated the band 3 profile (% of band 3 monomer, high molecular weight aggregates (HMWAg), and proteolytic frag- ments (Pfrag)), membrane-bound haemoglobin (MBH), haematological data, total serum bilirubin, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase activities, total antioxidant status (TAS) and plasma lipid peroxidation (TBA). Compared to controls, band 3 profile presented by CKD patients showed statistically significant lower HMWAg and Pfrag values and a significant higher value in band 3 monomer. GPx, TBA and TAS activities, and TBA/TAS ratio were also signifi- cantly higher in CKD patients. Comparing responders to non-responders CKD patients, significantly lower value in Pfrag and a trend for a higher value in MBH were found in non-responders. Our data suggest that CKD patients present younger RBC population, which could be related to the rhEPO therapy. The adverse plasma environment associated to CKD patients under hemodialysis imposes changes in band 3 profile, particu- larly in non-responders, suggesting that resistance to rhEPO therapy in CKD patients seems to be associated to an increase in RBC damage.","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116838914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidant/Anti-Oxidant Status in Rats Exposed to Simulated Weightlessness by Hind-Limb Unloading and Reloading","authors":"P. Chowdhury, M. Soulsby","doi":"10.2174/1874241600801010047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600801010047","url":null,"abstract":"Hindlimb suspension or better known as hind-limb unloading (HLU) of rats is a validated model representing weightlessness, simulating microgravity. This is accomplished by removal of weight-bearing loads from hindquarters pro- ducing a cephalic fluid shift. The current study examines whether exposure to microgravity by hind-limb unloading will activate oxidant/antioxidant defense system. Tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (GSH+GS-SG) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in harvested tissues following HLU and reloading. To rule out any vari- ability in normal dietary oxidant intake, all animals received in their diet Purina rat chow containing 9.6% soy meal (4.8% soy protein). Results show that tissues harvested from rats following 2 weeks of unloading had significantly elevated MDA levels ranging from 0.3 - 0.8� M/mg protein when compared to paired loaded controls (0.2 - 0.4μM/mg protein, p < 0.5). Tissues from rats reloaded for 2 weeks following unloading decreased MDA levels from their peak values (p<0.05). GSH levels increased up to 350 � M depending on tissues as a result of unloading, and two weeks of reloading decreased GSH levels to 250 � M from their peak levels. SOD levels increased in all harvested organs in unloaded group ranging from 0.8 - 4.0� M with continued increase after two weeks of reloading, p < 0.05). Our data indicate that oxidative stress is induced during unloading as evidenced by increased tissue MDA levels. The response involves an increase in GSH and SOD levels, but two weeks of reloading decreased MDA and GSH levels, while further increasing SOD levels, implying the tissue adaptation to induced oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126314661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid FSAP Genotyping of the E393Q (Marburg II) and G534E (Marburg I) Polymorphisms on the LightCycler in a Multiplex PCR Using Two Fluorescently Labeled Probe Sets","authors":"C. Tag, A. Gressner, R. Weiskirchen","doi":"10.2174/1874241600801010042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600801010042","url":null,"abstract":"The Factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) is a plasma serine protease that acts as an activator of factor VII, in- dependently of tissue factor, promoting the coagulation cascade and it activates pro-urokinase in the fibrinolytic pathway. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region of the FSAP gene that lead to amino acid substitutions within the serine protease domain are presently discussed to be involved in the formation of atherosclerosis leading to ca- rotid stenosis, cardiovascular diseases, and thromboembolic disorders. The G534E polymorphism, also known as Marburg I, is a guanine to adenine substitution that is found in about 5% of the population and impairs the in vitro capacity to acti- vate pro-urokinase while the biological effect of the second variant (E393Q), also known as the Marburg II, has not yet been identified. Based on the properties to impair the pro-urokinase activity and their association with the incidence and progression of carotid stenosis it is conceivable that genotyping of this allelic variants is potentially interesting for routine genotyping of risk patients. We here describe the development of a novel LightCycler-based methodology allowing simul- taneous genotyping of both allelic variants. The different genotypes could be identified easily and clearly by the genera- tion of characteristic fluorescence melting peaks. The outlined methodology will be helpful for routine genotyping of these FSAP variants.","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121107257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alterations in Plasma Levels of Amino Acids after Intracerebroventricular Administration of L-Serine or D-Serine in Conscious and Freely Moving Rats","authors":"Yuko Fujita, T. Ishima, Mao Horio, H. Hagiwara, M. Iyo, K. Hashimoto","doi":"10.2174/1874241600801010022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600801010022","url":null,"abstract":"L-Serine has a role in cellular proliferation, being a precursor for protein synthesis, and is also important for brain development. D-Serine plays a role as the endogenous co-agonist at the glycine site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the brain. Accumulating evidence suggests that abnormality of D-serine levels might be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Using the automated blood sampling system, we examined whether or not intrac- erebroventricular (icv) infusion of L- and D-isomers of serine could affect plasma levels of amino acids in conscious and freely moving rats. The icv infusion of L-serine significantly decreased the plasma levels of glycine, glutamate, and D- serine, but not glutamine and L-serine. Furthermore, the icv infusion of D-serine significantly decreased the plasma levels of glycine, glutamate, and L-serine, but not glutamine. Expectedly, a marked increase of plasma D-serine was detected af- ter icv infusion of D-serine. These findings suggest that the metabolic pathway for L- and D-serine may be markedly dif- ferent in the rat brain. L-Serine has been shown to play a role in cellular prolif- eration, as it is a precursor for nucleotide synthesis (15-17). In addition, after the first reports of serine deficiency disor- ders (3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3-PGDH) defi- ciency and 3-phosphoserine phosphatase (3-PSP) defi- ciency)), it also became clear that L-serine and L-serine- derived metabolites are important for brain development and function (17-25). In contrast, D-serine, an isomer of L- serine, plays a role as a key co-agonist for NMDA receptors (26-32). D-Serine is produced by serine racemase (SRR) from L-serine, and D-serine has been shown to be metabo- lized by D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) in the brain. Several","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117342504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prolactin Immunoreactivity in Rheumatoid Factor-Containing Specimens: Is it Prolactin, Macroprolactin or Assay Interference?","authors":"M. Ellis, J. Livesey, S. Soule","doi":"10.2174/1874241600801010038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600801010038","url":null,"abstract":"Specimens containing Rheumatoid factor (RF) were examined for possible interference in Prolactin (PRL) measurement. PRL levels following polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment were significantly lower than in untreated RF- positive samples (p<0.001; n=43) and spurious hyperprolactinemia was indicated in 7 percent. Gel filtration chromatogra- phy suggested that the PRL-like immunoreactivity was from assay interference rather than a macroPRL complex and that PEG treatment successfully removed the interference. It is important that laboratories consider explanations other than macroPRL when interpreting PRL results following PEG treatment.","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127898578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative Analysis of Acid-Base Disorders in Patients with Acute on Chronic Respiratory Failure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. A Prospective, One Center Study","authors":"C. Guérin, F. Bayle, B. Poggi, M. Germain-Pastene, P. Nesme, G. Bourdin, J. Richard","doi":"10.2174/1874241600801010027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600801010027","url":null,"abstract":"Background: With Stewart approach, pH depends on strong ion difference (SIDe), PaCO2 and non volatile weak acids (Atot). This approach might detect complex acid-base disorders undetected by conventional approach. We de- signed this study to describe acid-base disorders with both Stewart and conventional approaches and to compare the diagnostic performance in patients with chronic respiratory failure (CRF) in acute respiratory failure (ARF) or with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) because they are expected to have complex acid-base disorders. Conventional ap- proach was based on standardized base excess (SBE), bicarbonate (HCO3 - ) and anion gap (AG). Working hypotheses were that in CRF, metabolic alkalosis was associated with respiratory acidosis and in ARDS, Stewart approach was able to identify metabolic acidosis not detected with the conventional approach. Methods: Observational study in a medical ICU of a University hospital on 36 patients with obstructive CRF (CRFo), 36 with non obstructive CRF (CRFno) and 28 with ARDS prospectively included over 8 months. Measurements were per- formed on ICU admission, day 1 and day 2 after admission. Results: Metabolic alkalosis occurred in less than 5% of samples in CRF patients and in 0 ARDS patient. As compared to CRF patients, ARDS patients exhibited lower SBE, higher AG, lower SIDe and lower Atot. In ARDS, low SIDe was pri- marily due to elevated unidentified anions. Hypoalbuminemia was present in more than 75% of patients without dif- ference between groups. Normal values of SBE, HCO3 - and AG were very common. Stewart approach detected low SIDe in 13% of samples with normal SBE, in 13.8% of samples with normal HCO3 - , and in 11% of samples with normal AG corrected for abnormal albumin concentration, without difference between CRF and ARDS. Conclusions: In these selected critically ill patients, Stewart approach exceeded the diagnostic performance of the conven- tional approach even when AG corrected was taken into account. Further studies in CRF patients with chronic hypercap- nia and elevated bicarbonatemia are required to assess the incidence of associated metabolic alkalosis.","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126150849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Quetiapine: Effect of Coadministration with Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients with Psychiatric Disorders","authors":"Vincenza Santoro, Concetta D'Arrigo, G. Migliardi, M. Muscatello, U. Micò, R. Cambria, E. Spina","doi":"10.2174/1874241600801010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600801010017","url":null,"abstract":"Antiepileptic agents, particularly those with mood-stabilizing properties, are increasingly used in the manage- ment of psychiatric disorders and may be prescribed in combination with antipsychotics. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction between various antiepileptics and quetiapine, a second-generation antipsychotic, in psychiatric patients, by using data from a therapeutic drug monitoring service. Steady-state plasma concentrations of quetiapine were compared in patients treated with quetiapine alone (controls, n=35) and in patients comedicated with val- proic acid (n=19), lamotrigine (n=16), carbamazepine (n=6), topiramate (n=6) and oxcarbazepine (n=5). The six groups were matched for sex, age and daily dose of quetiapine. Dose-normalized plasma concentrations of quetiapine were sig- nificantly lower in the carbamazepine group than in the control group (p<0.001), while there were no differences in plasma quetiapine concentrations between the valproic acid, lamotrigine, topiramate or oxcarbazepine groups and the con- trol group. In 5 patients assessed on and off carbamazepine comedication, dose-normalized plasma concentrations of quetiapine were significantly lower during combination therapy than on quetiapine alone (p<0.01). By contrast, no appre- ciable changes in plasma levels of quetiapine were found in the 8 and 6 patients assessed on and off valproic acid or lamo- trigine comedication, respectively. These findings confirm that carbamazepine decreases markedly steady-state plasma concentrations of quetiapine, presumably by inducing its CYP3A4-mediated biotransformation. Conversely, concomitant administration of therapeutic doses of valproic acid, lamotrigine, topiramate or oxcarbazepine does not appear to affect significantly plasma levels of quetiapine.","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124365239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Effects of Physical Training and Metformin in Diabetic Rats","authors":"R. F. Silveira, J. A. D. A. Leme, Cirval Correa de Almeida, R. J. Gomes, C. Sibuya, M. A. R. Mello, E. Luciano","doi":"10.2174/1874241600801010013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600801010013","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease associated with multiple organ damage, dysfunction and failure. Met- formin is widely used to treat diabetes, but regular exercise also improves metabolic control in diabetic individuals and has an important role in the management of this disease. In this work, we compared the effects of metformin and physical training in diabetic male Wistar rats. Four groups of rats were used: (n=6 per group): sedentary control (SC), sedentary diabetic (SD), trained diabetic (DT) and metformin diabetic (MD). Diabetes was induced with alloxan (30 mg/kg, b.w.). The physical training protocol consisted of a 1 h swimming session/day, five days/week for eight weeks with a load corre- sponding to 5% of the body weight. Metformin treatment consisted in 1.4 mg/ml per day, administered in the drinking wa- ter. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were sacrificed and blood was collected to measure serum glucose, in- sulin and albumin. Glycogen was quantified in gastrocnemius muscle, liver and heart, the protein/DNA ratio was men- sured in liver and heart triglycerides was also measured in the heart. Diabetes reduced the serum insulin and liver glyco- gen levels and the protein/DNA ratio, but increased the serum glucose and heart glycogen levels; there were no significant variations in serum albumin levels. Physical training increased the muscle glycogen level. Physical training and met- formin were equally effective in reducing the serum glucose concentration and in restoring the hepatic and cardiac glyco- gen stores and the hepatic protein/DNA ratio in diabetic rats. These results show that chronic exercise was as effective as metformin in improving the metabolic profile of diabetic rats and in preventing diabetes-induced alterations.","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124796326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasma Transthyretin Indicates the Direction of both Nitrogen Balance and Retinoid Status in Health and Disease","authors":"Ingenbleek Yves, B. Jacques","doi":"10.2174/1874241600801010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600801010001","url":null,"abstract":"Whatever the nutritional status and the disease condition, the actual transthyretin (TTR) plasma level is deter- mined by opposing influences between anabolic and catabolic alterations. Rising TTR values indicate that synthetic proc- esses prevail over tissue breakdown with a nitrogen balance (NB) turning positive as a result of efficient nutritional sup- port and / or anti-inflammatory therapy. Declining TTR values point to the failure of sustaining NB as an effect of malad- justed dietetic management and / or further worsening of the morbid condition. Serial measurement of TTR thus appears as a dynamic index defining the direction of NB in acute and chronic disorders, serving as a guide to alert the physician on the validity of his therapeutic strategy. The level of TTR production by the liver also works as a limiting factor for the cel- lular bioavailability of retinol and retinoid derivatives which play major roles in the brain ageing process. Optimal protein nutritional status, as assessed by TTR values within the normal range, prevents the occurrence of vascular and cerebral damages while maintaining the retinoid-mediated memory, cognitive and behavioral activities of elderly persons.","PeriodicalId":112973,"journal":{"name":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128243447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}