2018 Integrated Communications, Navigation, Surveillance Conference (ICNS)最新文献

{"title":"Paving the way for an it security architecture for LDACS: A datalink security threat and risk analysis","authors":"Nils Mäurer, A. Bilzhause","doi":"10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384828","url":null,"abstract":"With air transportation growing and current civil aeronautical communication systems reaching their capacity limit in high density areas, the need for new aeronautical communication technologies becomes apparent. This implies the transition from analogue voice to digital data communication. A promising candidate for terrestrial air-ground communication is the L-band Digital Aeronautical Communications System (LDACS). LDACS is currently in the process of being standardized in ICAO. Being integrated in the aeronautical telecommunication network and providing a digital communication link for safety critical applications, each and every installation of LDACS requires protection against cyber-attacks. A rigorous threat and risk analysis is the fundamental basis to derive an IT security architecture for LDACS. The objective of this paper is to identify safety relevant air traffic management services, perform a threat and risk analysis, and define attacker types. Having created a threat catalog, we introduce a threat rating system allowing us to set our findings in a qualitative context and pave the way for a future LDACS IT security architecture.","PeriodicalId":112779,"journal":{"name":"2018 Integrated Communications, Navigation, Surveillance Conference (ICNS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124403295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the security of aeronautical datalink communications: Problems and solutions","authors":"Corentin Bresteau, Simon Guigui, Paul Berthier, José M. Fernandez","doi":"10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384830","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous protocols allow modern aircraft to communicate with ground entities over wireless networks, including the so-called Datalink digital communications protocols such as ACARS and FANS-1/A. Among other benefits, they greatly enhance automation and allow communication between embedded avionics and aircraft components with ground infrastructure. Unfortunately, none of these protocols incorporate any form of message authentication or confidentiality. To date, no security counter-measures have been proposed to address this with the exception of the ARINC 823 ACARS Message Security (AMS) standard currently employed by the US Air Force to communicate with the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) air traffic controllers. In this paper, we present a threat analysis of the security flaws in the context of modern usage Datalink communications in aviation. To do so, we first describe how Software Defined Radios (SDR) have made easy to mount impersonation and message spoofing attack on both ACARS and FANS1/A datalink protocols. We then evaluate the potential impact of such attacks on both aircraft safety and air traffic management. To lend credence to our analysis, we describe a proof-of-concept implementation of this attack with a Universal Software Radio Project (USRP) SDR. Finally, we studied the viability of widely adopting AMS as an authentication solution by analyzing its real-world impact in terms of frequency congestion. We show that the widespread adoption of AMS, or an equivalent solution, by all commercial aircrafts would be sustainable.","PeriodicalId":112779,"journal":{"name":"2018 Integrated Communications, Navigation, Surveillance Conference (ICNS)","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115397208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Narrowband propagation statistics of aeronautical mobile-ground links in the L- and C-bands","authors":"A. Smith, D. Matolak, R. Kerczewski","doi":"10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384842","url":null,"abstract":"To provide for the safe integration of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS), command and control (C2) links must be highly reliable. Hence, protected aviation spectrum is required to support such links for UAS that are integrated into controlled non-segregated airspace. For air-ground (i.e., non-satellite) links, protected aviation spectrum to support C2 links is available in the 960–1164 MHz (L) and 5030–5091 MHz (C) bands. The performance of any C2 system is critically dependent upon the characteristics of the air-ground (AG) channel. Therefore, as part of its UAS Integration in the NAS (UAS in the NAS) project, the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) performed a series of air-ground propagation flight tests to collect AG channel data for model development and analysis of potential C2 communications links capable of providing the required reliability. NASA's Glenn Research Center (GRC) conducted an extensive air-ground channel propagation measurement campaign (at altitude) for frequencies in the 960–977 MHz and 5030–5091 MHz ranges, for seven different terrain environments. The measurements were conducted in 2013, and produced the largest set of AG channel data ever gathered to date. This data was subsequently processed to develop models for the AG channel. The statistics collected enabled the derivation of channel model parameters for both narrowband and wideband channels. In order to make the propagation data widely available, the resulting narrowband statistics were processed and submitted to the International Telecommunications Union-Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) Study Group 3 Data Banks. Formats for data tables were developed, and tables of the aggregate narrowband propagation statistics for the seven ground site terrain environments were prepared, submitted to, and approved by, the ITU-R Study Group 3. This paper provides brief background on the measurement campaign, collection and processing of data, and development of the narrowband data tables. It further provides examples of the data and its use.","PeriodicalId":112779,"journal":{"name":"2018 Integrated Communications, Navigation, Surveillance Conference (ICNS)","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116408928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and implement of global flight tracking system based on satellite-based ADS-B","authors":"Min Chen, Peng Wang, Fang Rui Pei, Zhe Zhang, Xin Jin","doi":"10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384896","url":null,"abstract":"The Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) starts to focus on building and enhance the global flight tracking capabilities after MH370 flight disappeared event happened. But the existing surveillance system such as PSR, SSR and Land-based ADS-B cannot cover the ocean area, and the data density of ACARS is too low to tracking flight real time. Satellite-based ADS-B has the advantage of larger cover range, higher data update rate and can be used for global flight tracking. A global flight display and tracking system which is based on satellite-based ADS-B are designed and implemented in this paper; include system functional design, system architecture design and databases design. Experimental result shows that the software is working stable and effectively in global flight tracking.","PeriodicalId":112779,"journal":{"name":"2018 Integrated Communications, Navigation, Surveillance Conference (ICNS)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124066709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating emerging markets into NAS collaborative planning","authors":"Alicia Borgman Fernandes, Timothy Bagnali, Corey Snipes, C. Wargo","doi":"10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384846","url":null,"abstract":"Aviation evolution points to new entrants such as Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), urban air taxi and other on-demand mobility (ODM) vehicles, and commercial space vehicles, operated by individuals and different kinds of organizations [1, 2], To date, there has not been significant research focused on the planning needs of the various stakeholders involved in these operations and on envisioning a NAS that supports collaborative operations planning for a wide variety of vehicles and operations [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], The future NAS must be shared equitably among all classes of vehicles used for various missions that present different safety and planning challenges. In a preliminary effort to advance research in this area, Mosaic ATM developed a software prototype, named the NAS Integrated Collaborative Planning System (NICoPS), to support all NAS users in planning their operations in collaboration with traffic managers and licensing personnel. NICoPS supports a variety of airspace users, including emerging markets with different operation and vehicle types. It considers the information requirements of both traffic management and operations licensing personnel in carrying out negotiation across different time scales. It supports airspace users in developing, proposing, and negotiating safe and efficient routes; FAA traffic management personnel in maintaining safe and efficient NAS operations; and licensing personnel responsible for evaluating individual operations to manage risk to the general public. This paper summarizes a research effort performed by Mosaic ATM for the NASA Ames Research Center and provides an overview of NICoPS, beginning with a section that explores documenting planning needs of various NAS stakeholders, continuing with a section on the design of the software prototype that meets those needs, and finishing with a brief section that covers ideas for future research to advance the concept.","PeriodicalId":112779,"journal":{"name":"2018 Integrated Communications, Navigation, Surveillance Conference (ICNS)","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124909614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UAS ground-based detect and avoid capability","authors":"Ray Young","doi":"10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384837","url":null,"abstract":"The New York Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Test Site is developing a next-generation capability for supporting extended UAS beyond line-of-sight (BLOS) operations in airport terminal areas and in transition airspace. The Test Site has set up an instrumented test range to provide air traffic surveillance. This test range currently extends from the Griffiss International Airport, in Rome, New York, and its Class D airspace to about 40 NM to the north. To safely integrate UAS into civil airspace, a robust detect and avoid (DAA) capability is required. RTCA Special Committee (SC) 228 is incorporating ground-based detect and avoid (GBDAA) into minimum operating performance standards (MOPS) for UAS DAA in the current SC-228 Phase Two. SC-228 is also developing GB primary radar MOPS for detecting noncooperating air traffic. SC-228 Phase Two MOPS development scope supports civil UAS equipped to operate under IFR rules in extended UAS operations in Class D, E, and G, airspace, down to but not including ground operations. The guiding RTCA SC-228 Terms of Reference (TORs) focus on both airborne DAA systems (with sensors onboard the unmanned aircraft) and GBDAA sensors. While the SC-228 DAA MOPS scope is limited to large UAS operating under IFR, this paper makes a case that SC-228 MOPS-compliant GBDAA systems can also support small UAS operations in Very Low Level (VLL) airspace. The New York UAS Test Site Griffiss test range system employs multi-sensor fusion, using a combination of primary radar, wide area multilateration, and ADS-B, to track both cooperative and noncooperative air traffic. The system operates in combination with other dedicated air traffic surveillance sensors, including airborne DAA sensors. The system incorporates data collection, storage, and analysis capabilities supporting UAS integration into terminal and transition airspace, with live, virtual and constructive (LVC) simulation capabilities. By repurposing and leveraging mature systems such as ASDE-X and ASSC, the New York UAS Test Site not only avoids development of completely new prototype systems but also secures the advantage of built-in system health and performance monitoring. This paper supports the argument that dedicated capabilities such as those under development at the New York UAS Test Site are necessary to support development of concepts of operation (ConOps) and performance standards for future certification of UAS DAA systems. An instrumented test range will assist in validation of DAA system performance standards. The paper concludes with an example of how multi-sensor fusion in a range instrumentation system can be employed to make the safety case for beyond line-of-sight (BLOS) UAS operation.","PeriodicalId":112779,"journal":{"name":"2018 Integrated Communications, Navigation, Surveillance Conference (ICNS)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121106207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bird strike risk mitigation using avian radar and ADS-B","authors":"Chris G. Barione, C. Drummond, Anthony Milluzzi","doi":"10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384894","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigates taking avian radar target detections from an avian radar system and producing target reports that are suitable for distribution within the National Airspace System (NAS) to mitigate bird strike risk on aircraft. Radar target detections are obtained in the All-purpose STructured Eurocontrol suRveillance Information eXchange (ASTERIX) air traffic control (ATC) standard data format developed by Eurocontrol. This data, which is often sent as User Datagram Protocol (UDP) traffic over a network, contains information about both the radar targets and the radar system itself, and the format is flexible with more than 60 different categories of messages. Once decoded, the radar data and information from other sources, including received ADS-B position reports of aircraft in the area and geographic information about the airport, are fed into an Avian Target Processor which intelligently filters the data using a custom designed algorithm. The Avian Target Processor aims to reduce the total number of reports by removing target detections which do not meet a threshold of risk to the aircraft based on multiple factors. Once the reports are filtered, they can be transmitted through the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) standard (i.e., universal access transceiver (UAT), 1090ES) as traffic targets. These avian target reports may be transmitted to the airport Air Traffic Control (ATC) tower and aircraft users within the operational range of the airport. Details for formatting the bird detections as avian target reports using an ADS-B message structure within the UAT frame structure are presented. The overall design of using avian radar and ADS-B as well as the avian message formatting the ADS-B Segment of the UAT Frame are included in this paper. The authors also believe this type of architecture and detection system can be applied to detect other low radar cross section (RCS) targets (e.g., UASs) that may operate in and around the airport property and present a potential risk to airborne aircraft.","PeriodicalId":112779,"journal":{"name":"2018 Integrated Communications, Navigation, Surveillance Conference (ICNS)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116882432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Total system error performance of drones for an unmanned PBN concept","authors":"R. Geister, L. Limmer, M. Rippl, T. Dautermann","doi":"10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384845","url":null,"abstract":"The German Aerospace Center (DLR) operates small drones i.e., octocopters for research purposes at different institutions at different locations. In addition, the DLR is working on the integration of drones into unsegregated airspace in several national and international projects. One of the key elements for a safe integration of drones is the positioning capability of the air vehicle. On the one hand it is required for geofencing applications in order to create no-fly zones and on the other hand it is required to generate an airspace management for unmanned traffic. In recent years, the Performance Based Navigation (PBN) concept was introduced for manned aviation to exploit the navigation performance of modern satellite navigation and to manage the available airspace. One approach for Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) is obviously to transfer the PBN concept for drone applications. However, as drones usually use commercial off the shelf equipment that is usually not certified for aviation applications, the question is how the basic principle can be transferred. In this work, we used a commercial octocopter (MikroKopter MK Okto XL 6S12 ARF) to assess the horizontal Navigation System Error (NSE) as well as the lateral Total System Error (TSE) while using different GNSS receivers. The horizontal navigation is based on GNSS in stand-alone mode or using SBAS augmentation and a compass for directional information aid. No additional sensors like inertial measurements are used here. We are going to present the results from flight trials with two different GNSS receivers and will draw conclusions for a PBN concept for drones.","PeriodicalId":112779,"journal":{"name":"2018 Integrated Communications, Navigation, Surveillance Conference (ICNS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115459065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-flight performance of a multi-mode software defined radio architecture for universal avionic radios","authors":"A. Nguyen, A. Amrhar, R. Landry","doi":"10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384884","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, a lot of effort has gone into responding to the increasing demands of a new generation of RF avionics, which must not only meet the Size, Weight, Power, and Cost (SWaP-C) constraints but also be compatible with the current and future standards. Among the solutions in studied, the implementation of Software Defined Radio (SDR) into avionics has been proven as one of the most promising. Previously presented as the Multi-Mode Software Defined Avionics Radio (MM-SDAR) architecture, the SDR avionics prototype of the AVIO-505 project at LASSENA has shown its potentials in laboratory tests using certified equipment. Results obtained in controlled environments experimentation show that the MM-SDAR can meet the Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for the Signal-Of-Interest (SOI), naming just a few, Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B In/Out), Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) and Transponder Mode S (TMS). Over the past three years, flight tests have been completed in order to evaluate the potential and performances of the MM-SDAR, with promising results. This article aims mainly to examine the details of selected flight tests (scenarios, installation, configuration, etc.), and most importantly, the associated performance analysis. On the one hand, the results described herein confirm the operation of the MM-SDAR in flight condition, which is crucial for avionics architecture. On the other hand, they illustrate the benefits as compared to the corresponding avionics system, and the current limits of the MM-SDAR, which will become valuable data for further future development.","PeriodicalId":112779,"journal":{"name":"2018 Integrated Communications, Navigation, Surveillance Conference (ICNS)","volume":"205 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130425451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ADS-B mixed SUAS and NAS system capacity analysis and DAA performance","authors":"Konstantin J. Matheou, R. Apaza, A. Downey, R. Kerczewski, John Wang","doi":"10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384838","url":null,"abstract":"Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) technology was introduced more than twenty years ago to improve surveillance within the US National Airspace Space (NAS) as well as in many other countries. Via the NextGen initiative, implementation of ADS-B technology across the US is planned in stages between 2012 and 2025. ADS-B's automatic one second epoch packet transmission exploits on-board GPS-derived navigational information to provide position information, as well as other information including vehicle identification, ground speed, vertical rate and track angle. The purpose of this technology is to improve surveillance data accuracy and provide access to better situational awareness to enable operational benefits such as shorter routes, reduced flight time and fuel burn, and reduced traffic delays, and to allow air traffic controllers to manage aircraft with greater safety margins. Other than the limited amount of information bits per packet that can be sent, ADS-B's other hard-limit limitation is capacity. Small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) can utilize limited ADS-B transmission power, in general, thus allowing this technology to be considered for use within a combined NAS and sUAS environment, but the potential number and density of sUAS predicted for future deployment calls into question the ability of ADS-B systems to meet the resulting capacity requirement. Hence, studies to understand potential limitations of ADS-B to fulfill capacity requirements in various sUAS scenarios are of great interest. In this paper we, validate/improve on, previous work performed by the MITRE Corporation concerning sUAS power and capacity in a sUAS and General Aviation (GA) mixed environment. In addition, we implement its inherent media access control layer capacity limitations which was not shown in the MITRE paper. Finally, a simple detect and avoid (DAA) algorithm is implemented to display that ADS-B technology is a viable technology for a mixed NAS/sUAS environment even in proposed larger mixed density environments.","PeriodicalId":112779,"journal":{"name":"2018 Integrated Communications, Navigation, Surveillance Conference (ICNS)","volume":"115 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133651975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}