Volume 10: Fluids Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Numerical Simulation of Electrified Liquid Jets Using a Geometrical VoF Method","authors":"S. Cândido, José C. Páscoa","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-69817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69817","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The stretch of interfacial flows due to the external application of an electric field has considerable importance in several applications. These range from engineering nanofibres to propulsion, the electrified jets bring us an outstanding technique to perform the emission of microdroplets. The present investigation concerns the resolution of interfacial electrohydrodynamic flows from a numerical standpoint using computational fluid dynamics. The reduced form of the Maxwell equations, for an electrostatic field, and a transport equation for the electric charges are coupled to the standard interFoam solvers on OpenFOAM, which resolves an immiscible two-phase flow. A laminar condition is assumed for the flow thus the laminar incompressible Navier-Stokes’s equations are used to compute the hydrodynamic behavior of the flow and, associated with them, electrically induced body forces are incorporated into the hydrodynamic momentum equation. The Maxwell Stress Tensor (MST) describes electrical surface forces acting on the liquid, making it possible to incorporate that effect on the momentum equation. A new efficient geometric Volume-of-Fluid (VoF) method for general meshes, called isoAdvector, was implemented in OpenFOAM, as a substitute for the Multidimensional Universal Limiter for Explicit Solution (MULES). The open literature on the subject presents quantitative benchmarks that demonstrated a significant improvement in the quality with which we can compute sharper interfaces on immiscible two-phase flows (Gamet, L. et al. 2020). Following this approach, we present here an application of that method to the simulation of the breakup of electrified liquids jets. To validate the implementation of the electric field equations, the order of the accuracy of the spatial and time discretization is herein computed. The validation of the discretization of the electric field equations is accomplished with a planar test case that is considered a benchmark test for this class of flows. The test case showed good accuracy on the resolution of the electric potential and electric field having lesser than 0.1% of difference against the theoretical solution. The code is then applied to a Taylor cone jet. This type of jets is at the base of the Electro-hydrodynamic sprays (EHDS) physics. These latter operate by a potential difference between a conductive liquid, usually on the tip of a needle, and an extractor electrode. The numerical model shows a remarkable accuracy on the prediction of the charged droplet size.","PeriodicalId":112698,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Fluids Engineering","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130649984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of Droplets in Core Gas Flow Superimposed With Acoustic Pressure Waves","authors":"M. Mortazavi, T. Pedley","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-72011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-72011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 During the operation of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, water is produced in the cathode electrode. Accumulation of produced water in the flow channel can block the transport of reactants, which ultimately lowers the performance of the cell. The water content in the flow channel can be efficiently removed from the channel with an external excitation. Previously, the author reported utilization of acoustic pressure waves in order to remove the water content from the flow channel [1]. However, the dynamics of liquid water droplets during this removal process were not investigated. The current study investigates dynamics of water droplets on the surface of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) when acoustic pressure waves are superimposed on the core gas flow. Two different modes of superimposition were implemented; (i) continuous, and (ii) on demand. Study of droplet dynamics was achieved by visualizing the droplet from the side-view with a high-speed camera. When the superimposition was done in the continuous mode at 20 Hz, the droplet went through the rocking motion on the surface of the GDL. For 60 and 80 Hz of superimposition, in addition to the rocking motion, droplets underwent the prolate mode of oscillation, which was characterized by vertical oscillations. For higher frequencies of acoustic pressure waves, in addition to rocking and prolate modes of oscillation, droplets underwent the oblate mode of oscillation, which featured horizontal oscillations. The on on demand experiments demonstrated that the liquid water droplet detached from the surface of the GDL only when the droplet size was large enough.","PeriodicalId":112698,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Fluids Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130678917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transient Two-Phase Flow Pressure Drop During Droplet Emergence and Growth in Gas Flow Channels","authors":"M. Mortazavi, Cade Watkins, Colin Murchie","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-71869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71869","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The water produced during the operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells can pass the electrode and emerge from the surface of the gas diffusion layer (GDL), forming liquid-gas two-phase flow in the channel. It is of great importance to be able to precisely quantify the water content in the channel. One method to do so is to measure the pressure drop in the channel and correlate the two-phase flow pressure drop to the accumulated water in the channel. The topic of two-phase flow pressure drop in PEM fuel cell flow channels is investigated in the literature. However, the main focus has been put on the pressure drop in the steady operating condition of the cell. The current study evaluates variation of the pressure drop in the channel while a droplet is emerged from the surface of the GDL. This corresponds to the early operation of the cell. The pressure drop data during droplet growth was acquired in a transparent ex-situ test section while images of droplets were taken in real time with a highspeed camera. The combination of pressure drop data and the size of the droplet obtained from images were used to obtain the drag force applied on the growing droplet. Experimental results showed that the droplet detachment height decreased from 1.54 mm to 1.14 when the superficial gas velocity increased from 4.17 m/s to 10.76 m/s. This decrease in the droplet detachment size reduced the drag force needed to detach the droplet by overcoming the pinning forces. For the same increase in the superficial gas velocity, the drag force decreased for around 50%. Moreover, evaluation of droplet profiles at 10.76 m/s superficial gas velocity indicated that contact line expanded in the downstream of the droplet and the advancing contact angle increased for around 40° from droplet emergence to its detachment.","PeriodicalId":112698,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Fluids Engineering","volume":"11 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133023174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unstart Phenomena Induced by Forced Excitation in a Dual-Mode Scramjet","authors":"Alvin Alex, V. Lijo","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-69420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69420","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Scramjet engine with no moving parts and extensive speed range is suitable for developing cheaper vehicles to outer space. The isolator, which isolates the inlet from the pressure buildup inside the combustor, is a critical component of the scramjet engine. In an actual scramjet, the combustor undergoes highly transient combustion giving rise to high amplitude fluctuating backpressure, which may cause the inlet to unstart. In general, combustion in a scramjet is a complex process that involves flows subjected to considerable pressure gradients, coexisting subsonic and supersonic flow regions in the presence of shock waves. Moreover, shock-induced boundary-layer separation patterns are different due to asymmetrical boundary layer development at the walls. Until now, no experimental study on the forced dynamic excitation in hypersonic flows is reported, mainly due to the limited available ground facilities that can reproduce such conditions. Such dynamic excitation can give to flow fields that are significantly different from that reported in other studies. The present study numerically addresses forced excitation inside the combustor generated by an elliptical-shaped rotor. During the unstart process, several stages were identified, such as separation and its growth in both the upper and lower walls of the combustor, isolator, inlet, and finally, shock excursion leading to unstart. The results provide ample insight into the upstream propagation of flow disturbances originating from the combustor, its interaction with the asymmetric boundary layers on top and bottom walls, and the dynamics of inlet unstart.","PeriodicalId":112698,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Fluids Engineering","volume":"11 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131436772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational Fluid Dynamics to Study the Origin of Secondary Flows in Square Ducts With Straightened Elbow Concept Governed by Artificial Body Force","authors":"O. Ayala, Thurston Humphries, Tyler Youells, Jahshawn Thomas, M. Ayala","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-71675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71675","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The 90° pipe bend is perhaps the most frequently used fitting in piping systems. The secondary flow and associated losses occurring in such bends are therefore of considerable engineering importance. However, although many investigators have studied the problem, it is still unclear how secondary flows develop, and get triggered. The curvature of the 90-degree elbow induces centrifugal force, causing the development of such secondary flow. The intensity of the secondary flow is dependent on the radius of the bend curvature (R) and Reynolds number (Re). The objective of this study is to gain an understanding of how of the triggering mechanism and development of this flow which should depend on R and Re. A commercial tool, COMSOL Multiphysics, is used to model the flow in a fully straight duct under the action of a “centrifugal” body force was studied. The domain of study was divided in three duct sections, the inlet duct, the “elbow” duct (where the “centrifugal” body force was applied), and the outlet duct. Special attention was paid to the secondary flows in the “elbow” duct near the elbow inlet. The study is conducted for different laminar Reynolds numbers (Re = 10 and 100), and different radius of curvatures (R/D = 2 and 5). It was found both the pressure gradient in the flow transversal direction and the flow “radial” advection appear to be responsible for the initiation of secondary flow phenomena and its propagation. When using slip wall conditions, the secondary flow gets weaker, or even its swirling motion disappears. It also appears to be that the full formation of the secondary flow of the vortex type occurs at the same “arc length” distance, regardless of the representative “radius of curvature.”","PeriodicalId":112698,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Fluids Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123252580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Pipe Flow With 90-Degree Elbow Using Wall y+ Approach","authors":"A. Abuhatira, S. Salim, J. Vorstius","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-69986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69986","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study presents the use of the wall y+ approach as a form of guidance for reliable selection of mesh and turbulence models in bent pipe flow investigations. The research builds on previous studies recommended by Salim et al.[1]–[3] for using the wall y+ approach to balance between the computational cost and time. This method is proposed as an effective tool for selecting an appropriate near wall treatment and corresponding turbulence model and remove the necessity of physical validation when experimental data is unavailable or difficult to obtain. Flow in a 90-degree pipe elbow is modelled using the ANSYS FLUENT CFD solver to evaluate the performance of different Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models. The RANS models tested are the standard k-ε, the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM), the k–ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) and the Spalart–Allmaras. A range of near wall spatial resolutions is used to determine the effectiveness of near wall modelling techniques when used in conjunction with each of the turbulence models. The near-wall treatments are investigated by solving the y+ values for the first layer of cells are in the viscous sublayer (y+ ≈ 3), buffer region (y+ ≈ 19) and log law region (y+ ≈ 39). The achieved results in this current study using the wall y+ approach are compared against experimental data published by Sudo et al.[4] and numerical simulations published by Kim et al.[5]. Qualitative analysis and quantitative assessment are carried out to identify which turbulence model agrees best with the published data. It is observed that the near wall models provide better results when the y+ values for the first layer of near wall cells are within viscous sublayer in comparison to simulations where it is in the buffer and log-low regions. The RSM predicts the flow field most accurately when compared against the reference data. This in turn will allow pipeline designers to assess the effectiveness of their design, and any potential problems with it, before the manufacturing stage.","PeriodicalId":112698,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Fluids Engineering","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121810269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wet Gas Hydrocarbon Centrifugal Compressor – Performance Test Results and Evaluation","authors":"Dagfinn Mæland, L. Bakken","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-71344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71344","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the oil and gas industry a large portion of the compressor feed streams are characterised as wet gas, with a liquid volume content of between zero and five percent. Typically, this liquid is separated upstream of the compressor and handled separately. Such compressor systems have a large footprint, high weight, and high cost. In addition, if the liquid separation is not sufficiently good, trace amounts of liquid will enter the compressor and eventually cause fouling and performance degradation and possibly mechanical damage. The promising technology of wet gas compression is attractive to the oil and gas producers as it attempts to simplify the compressor systems thus reducing the footprint, weight, and cost. Furthermore, if the liquid amount is always sufficient to allow for liquid at the compressor discharge, fouling will not occur as the machine is continuously washed. This can allow for wet gas compressors continuously operating for years without any interventions. Installing such a wet gas compressor near the well head will provide increased recovery from the reservoirs.\u0000 Wet gas compressors are designed and used in a variety of operating conditions. Dependent on reservoir depletion, well stream compressors experience a gradual shift in inlet pressure and fluid behaviour. A major challenge both to designers and operators of wet gas compressors, is related to the impact of changing fluid conditions, such as gas mass fraction and density ratio, on performance.\u0000 Several single stage, two stage and multistage wet gas compressor test campaigns have been conducted at K-Lab. A large range of inlet conditions has been tested, i.e. inlet pressure ranging from 12 to 110 bar, gas mass fraction between 0.7 and 1.0, and combinations of hydrocarbon gas, hydrocarbon liquid, and water have been used as test fluids.\u0000 Performance test results from one of these wet gas test campaigns are presented in order to expose the impact of variables such as the fluid density ratio. The reference full-scale tests were conducted in real conditions i.e. realistic hydrocarbon composition, pressures, and temperatures. A large range of suction pressures were investigated, with a gas mass fraction ranging from 0.7 to 1.0. The density ratio between gas and liquid is of great importance as it relates to the flow regime, phase segregation and phase slip. Special emphasis is made to relate the performance shift between dry and wet conditions to the density ratio and other wet gas parameters, and a model is proposed that will incorporate these parameters to this shift.","PeriodicalId":112698,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Fluids Engineering","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124024748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow Around Complex Natural Shapes Encountered in Food Processing","authors":"A. Giorges, Saikamal Srinivas, C. Haynes, S. Thomas","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-68101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-68101","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Flow around complex 3D geometries are of great importance to the processing industry. Particularly in the food processing industry, the shape of product is highly complex, therefore simple 3D geometry flow arrangements cannot fully represent the developing flow dynamics. Furthermore, in industry, processing systems such as washing, disinfecting, and chilling are closely compact in terms of footprint, and the flow dynamics is not only affected by the shape complexity of the product, but also the relative placement of the product. Study of flow around bluff bodies has been a long-standing field of interest for developing insights into various engineering and industrial applications such as heat exchanger design, aircraft design, and wind turbines. Furthermore, bluff body flow dynamics has also extended to a series arranged inline as a call to study the aerodynamics, wake formation, and vortex shedding differences from single cylinder configurations. However, few publications exist that involve the aforementioned situation encountered in food processing industry where complex geometries found in nature are closely placed in fluid stream, and the corresponding flow dynamics are studied. In this work, we numerically simulate the three-dimensional flow field encountered in food processing where a product with complex geometry is suspended in isolation and in series within a flow stream during transport, cleaning, disinfecting, and cooling or heating. Using the industry operating parameters and the complex natural shape of the product, the three-dimensional model of the system was created, and the flow parameters encountered during standard processing are applied. The actual product used in the study is marginally simplified without significantly losing practicality. Regarding the test domain, the channel width and height are 60.96 cm and 46.99 cm, respectively, and the total flow domain length is 6.78 m that includes the test region length of 31.56 cm, an inlet region of 2.12 m before the bluff body, and 4.25 m trailing region after the bluff body. Additionally, the open channel processing flow boundary condition is simplified by using a free-surface, slip boundary condition. In this work, we present our three-dimensional simulation of the complex-shaped product in addition to a mesh study of a simple bluff body and comparable published works detailing similarities and differences. When a bluff body experiences a crossflow, the key points of observation are the location of stagnation points and flow separation as well as wake formation and vortex shedding phenomena. Boundary layer development initiates at the stagnation point and continues along the body surface until an adverse pressure gradient leads to boundary layer or flow separation. Formation of a wake with high vortex incidence ensues and forms a lower pressure region in comparison to the high pressure distribution on the leading side of the body, leading to a net drag force on the bluff body","PeriodicalId":112698,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Fluids Engineering","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128080596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Risk Assessment of Pathogen Transport During an Indoor Orchestra Performance","authors":"V. Joshi, F. Battaglia","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-73290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73290","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that airborne pathogens and viruses have a detrimental impact on the health and well-being of an individual in an indoor space. Respiratory particles are released as droplets of varying velocities and diameters, where smaller droplets (aerosols) linger in air for prolonged periods, increasing the infection risk of individuals in an enclosed space. The pandemic has raised concerns regarding the safety of musicians due to respiratory particles released through woodwind and brass instruments. A collaboration with the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra was pursued to assess the risk of infection and develop strategies to mitigate the spread of respiratory particles using computational fluid dynamics. A coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian modeling approach was employed to examine the airflow patterns and airborne particle pathogen transport induced by the musicians in the music hall. The investigation considered three brass instruments (trumpet, tuba, trombone), without and with a bell covering. It was observed that the dispersion of particles for each instrument depended on the bell design and orientation of the instrument. For example, the trumpet produced a higher concentration of respiratory particles compared to a tuba, which has its tubing wrapped. Additionally, the effect of using bell covers (cloth covering on the opening of the brass instruments) showed that the covers reduced the number of pathogens escaping the instruments by capturing large respiratory particles and reducing the escaping velocity of small particles. Reduced particle velocities at the instrument opening meant that the particles traveled shorter distances, which helped mitigate the spread of virus in the music hall. Moreover, the efficacy of using Plexiglas partitions on the sides and in front of the musicians limited the transmission of pathogens from one musician to another. Overall, the findings of this study helped strategize the location of musicians based on the type of instruments being played and the operating conditions in the music hall to decrease the airborne transmission of the novel Coronavirus.","PeriodicalId":112698,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Fluids Engineering","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127987202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Investigation on Falling-Film Droplet Flow Behavior on Varied Horizontal Tube Spacing","authors":"K. Prudviraj, Sharief Deshmukh, S. K.","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-70409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70409","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The hydrodynamic behavior of the liquid film has a great significance in horizontal tube falling-film flow. Basic flow modes between inline horizontal tubes include droplet flow, column flow, sheet flow, and intermediate flow modes such as droplet-column and column-sheet mode. The flow patterns between the tubes can be adjusted by flow rate, fluid properties, distributor type, tube spacing, and spraying width. Droplet flow is one of the fundamental flow modes, which is commonly found in industrial heat exchangers. In the present study, the complete progression of droplet flow phenomena between the inline horizontal tubes for tube spacing of 10/20/30/40 mm is visualized with the aid of high-speed photography. The Sobel edge detection algorithm with gradient function is adopted in this analysis to detect the edges. The results indicated that the droplet flow phenomena between the tubes can be broadly classified into the following phases; wavy droplet formation, droplet evolution, droplet elongation, droplet impact, and distribution of a droplet over the tubes. The development of detached spherical droplet pattern, neck formation and retraction stages were observed with increased tube spacing. For the same Reynolds number and different tube spacing, the difference in droplet impacting modes were observed. It is found that the droplet velocity increases with the increases in inter tube distance. The findings are useful for modeling a heat transfer analysis in droplets.","PeriodicalId":112698,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Fluids Engineering","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130254185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}