2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)最新文献

{"title":"Applicability of UL 4600 to Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) and Urban Air Mobility (UAM)","authors":"U. Ferrell, Alfred Anderegg","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256608","url":null,"abstract":"Aviation is a conservative field with a focus on deterministic systems that continuously builds on known risks. Currently, available aviation design assurance methods using safety assurance standards are not suited for regulatory assurance of autonomous systems Aviation is facing enormous growth in Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) and Urban Air Mobility (UAM) technology. The challenge for applicants and regulators is to assure system safety of autonomous systems. The automobile industry, which is similarly challenged by autonomous systems, is finding some possible solutions. This paper explores whether the aviation industry can apply those solutions to UAS and UAM assurance. ANSI/UL 4600, Standard for Safety for the Evaluation of Autonomous Products, is the first and only publicly available autonomous safety standard. This standard is backed by a certified non-profit standards organization, Underwriters Laboratories. This standard has been recognized as an international American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approved standard. The goal-based, technology neutral features of ANSI/UL 4600 make it adaptable to other industries and applications. It assures safety through monitoring safety performance, which enables the desired aviation regulatory approach. It reflects stakeholder views from Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) who have contemplated the product liability for the design and manufacturing challenges associated with these new technologies. The applicability to the aviation industry can be understood in terms of these features: • Goal-Based and Technology Neutral: ANSI/UL 4600 does not require a specific design approach or specific technology. The applicant company must present an auditable and defensible evidence-based safety case. Those central features of safety and auditability follow the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) compliance philosophy and could be adapted to aviation. • Continued Airworthiness with Monitored Safety Metrics: The FAA's desire to move to performance-based standards with risk-based strategy is supported by ANSI/UL 4600. Further, ANSI/UL 4600 recognizes that continued safety is even more important than one-time initial approval/acceptance, especially for learning systems used in problem-solving Artificial Intelligence (AI). Functional transformations of learning systems are continuously monitored by OEMs. Continued airworthiness could be assessed using this method even though the system is presumably fielded with unknown risks due to new and novel technology. • Modernization of Regulatory Approaches: This methodology supports performance-based regulations with compliance required to enforce system-of-systems interoperability. Applicants could design and test appropriate to their technology while regulators can audit and check for safety case completeness. Over time, industry can standardize some portions of testing as the technology matures. Different standards and codified standard approaches could als","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130176561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis and Modeling of Air Traffic Trajectories Uncertainty in Chinese Airspace","authors":"Keyao Yu, Nan Kang, Kaiquan Cai, Wei Li, Jiatong Chen","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256603","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing pressure on air traffic management (ATM) system has become a key issue that impedes the development of air transportation. Therefore, a transformation is underway to increase ATM safety, capacity, efficiency and environmental friendliness. As a fundamental element of the transformation, trajectory-based operation (TBO) considers the trajectory during all phases of flight and supports strategic planning to maximize the ATM system capacity. However, it is hard to guarantee the accuracy of trajectory due to the effects of meteorological conditions, airspace adjustments, airport capacity limitations and etc.. Thus, the analysis and modeling of trajectories uncertainty based on real data is proposed to quantify those effects. Firstly, the flight and trajectory data for Chinese airspace within three months are analyzed and the characteristic factors which have great influence on trajectories uncertainty are selected. Then, setting the key characteristic factors as input and the arrival time at the waypoint as output, the supervised learning model is established by SVM and RNN respectively. Finally, the predicted results of the two methods and the real data have been compared, and the accuracy of the core factors and the model have been verified.","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127728776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wireless Avionics Intra-Communication (WAIC) QoS Measurements of an Ultra Wideband (UWB) Device for Low-Data Rate Transmissions","authors":"Ankit Dwivedi, Samuele Zoppi, W. Kellerer, F. Neubauer, D. Schupke","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256542","url":null,"abstract":"The intra-aircraft communication systems have been largely dependent on wired connectivity in the past decades. This dependency leads to increased aircraft weight, inflexibility in cabin design, and higher maintenance costs. Hence, the increase in reliability and resilience of wireless communication systems in the past decade provides a lucrative opportunity for the aircraft industry. This led to the formation of the Wireless Avionics Intra-Communication (WAIC) initiative. WAIC specifies a frequency band and the QoS requirements for the wireless systems in the next generation of aircraft. So, in this paper, a study is performed to measure the QoS performance of an Ultra-Wideband (UWB) based WAIC system for low-data rate communications inside an aircraft. The measurements were performed with different setups inside and outside an aircraft cabin. The impact of realtime propagation conditions like passenger induced shadowing and interference from a Radio Altimeter (RA) is also studied. The measurements demonstrate that a UWB-based WAIC system has QoS that satisfies the WAIC requirements in Line-of-Sight (LOS) conditions and the presence of passenger shadowing. In the presence of interference, the performance can be improved using scheduling to meet the requirements.","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127832130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive Stress Testing of Trajectory Predictions in Flight Management Systems","authors":"Robert J. Moss, Ritchie Lee, Nicholas Visser, J. Hochwarth, J. Lopez, Mykel J. Kochenderfer","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256730","url":null,"abstract":"To find failure events and their likelihoods in flight-critical systems, we investigate the use of an advanced black-box stress testing approach called adaptive stress testing. We analyze a trajectory predictor from a developmental commercial flight management system which takes as input a collection of lateral waypoints and en-route environmental conditions. Our aim is to search for failure events relating to inconsistencies in the predicted lateral trajectories. The intention of this work is to find likely failures and report them back to the developers so they can address and potentially resolve shortcomings of the system before deployment. To improve search performance, this work extends the adaptive stress testing formulation to be applied more generally to sequential decision-making problems with episodic reward by collecting the state transitions during the search and evaluating at the end of the simulated rollout. We use a modified Monte Carlo tree search algorithm with progressive widening as our adversarial reinforcement learner. The performance is compared to direct Monte Carlo simulations and to the cross-entropy method as an alternative importance sampling baseline. The goal is to find potential problems otherwise not found by traditional requirements-based testing. Results indicate that our adaptive stress testing approach finds more failures and finds failures with higher likelihood relative to the baseline approaches.","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129420293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accessibility Analysis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Near Airports with a Four-Dimensional Airspace Management Concept","authors":"Wei Dai, Bizhao Pang, K. Low","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256427","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for UAS operations is increasing in recent years, as well as the traffic volume of civil aviation. The operations of both traffic modules are based on the utilization of airspace resources. Currently Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) are not allowed to operate close to airports, where potential conflicts between UAS and manned aircraft may happen. This rule is constraining the application of UAS. Therefore, it is necessary to study the current airspace utilization pattern near airports, before the boundary determination of UAS operation to allow the UAS accessing airspace safely without conflicts. In this paper, a data-driven analysis on historical trajectories at Changi Airport in Singapore was carried out. Trajectory data have been clustered to recognize the utilization patterns of airspace. Discussions on the boundary of UAS operation were presented based on both current airspace utilization patterns and the estimated capacity. The airspace utilization was further modeled in an urban airspace management framework, and quantifiable area for potential UAS operation was analyzed. As this is the first research study to present the initial concept, more operational and other factors should be considered in the future study for the generation of potential boundary of UAS operations.","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129840669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Engineering for Aerospace Applications","authors":"C. Insaurralde","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256770","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made its first steps very long time ago. Aerospace has also made its moves toward the implementation of AI-based solutions. However, it faces a huge challenge because safety issues, ultimately are related to aviation certification. The review is focused on natural intelligence to inspire the development of aerospace engineering systems. The study presented in this paper allows for a better understanding of the current situation as to AI solutions in the aviation sector, and for insights into the potential use of diverse natural intelligence to be applied to aircraft and spacecraft and their enabling systems. Concluding remarks and the way forward to widen aerospace engineering applications inspired by biological life systems are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124475867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lost C2 Link Contingency Procedures for Seoul TMA and Assessment on Safety and Controller Workload","authors":"Hyeonwoong Lee, S. Park, Hak-Tae Lee, Bomi Park, Jaehyun Han","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256467","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the process of establishing lost C2 link contingency procedures in a busy terminal area and the assessment of the proposed procedures through Human-in-The-Loop simulations. Two contingency procedures, one for departure and the other for arrival, were developed based on existing procedures and historic traffic data analyses. A total of six 30-minute simulation sessions were performed with three controllers. By analyzing the safety using Detect and Avoid Well Clear metrics that are being developed for terminal areas, combined with two controller workload surveys, it was discovered that the lost C2 link situations with a single Remotely Piloted Aircraft were manageable without any noticeable safety or workload issues. The methodology of developing and assessing contingency procedures presented in this study will be useful for establishing such procedures in different areas to reflect their own traffic characteristics.","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"1053 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123337375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formal Verification Tool Evaluation For Unmanned Aircraft Containing Complex Functions","authors":"H. Herencia-Zapana, J. Lopez, Glen Gallagher, B. Meng, C. Patterson, Lakshman Maalolan","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256529","url":null,"abstract":"The expected proliferation of UAS in the NAS requires technologies that ensure safe operation. There is significant interest from industry and civil aviation authorities to have a standard practice to enable flight operations for UAS containing flight safety critical functions which are too costly to certify. Developing a certification path for these UAS technologies could advance safety of UAS operating in the NAS. In response to this need ASTM released standard F3269-17 in 2018. This standard proposes a run-time assurance architecture whereby an untrusted or non-pedigreed and therefore non-certified flight safety critical function (complex function) can be included in a UAS avionics system that can be certified. GE Aviation is developing an avionics solution intended for safe operation of UAS. As part of ensuring safe operation of UAS GE Aviation's avionics implements a runtime safety assurance (RTA) system that follows the guidelines laid out in the ASTM F3269-17 standard. Formal methods-based verification and validation (V&V) tools hold great promise for addressing the exploding cost of performing V&V on flight safety critical systems that include software. However, there are very few examples demonstrating a side-by-side comparison of the traditional V&V approach and a V&V approach where formal methods-based tools are used at appropriate steps in the process. This paper presents a side-by-side comparison of a complete V&V process for the RTA using both traditional and formal methods-based V&V and shows the benefits of formal tools applied at various early stages of the V&V process. More specifically this paper shows a comparison for the generation of the following evidence for the RTA: Requirements analysis, test case generation, and prof that requirements are fully implemented by the select sub-systems and/or components architecture.","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115768765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital Interference Mitigation Technique for the Interoperability of two Airborne two SatCom Systems for Small Aircraft","authors":"J. Zambrano, Toan Bui, R. Landry","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256737","url":null,"abstract":"The Inmarsat and Iridium systems and signals share the same upper and lower frequency limit on the 1626.5 MHz frequency, affecting its interoperability and simultaneous full dual usage. For this reason, the two systems cannot be used simultaneously, especially in small/medium aircraft, since the Inmarsat transmitter power density affects the Iridium receiver in certain circumstances and configurations. This paper proposes the modeling and development, based on Software Defined Radio, of a digital interference mitigation technique in order to make possible the integration and deployment of the two systems in a reduced space without degrading the global performance of both systems under their operation. For this, we use a digital notch filter in order to reject the Inmarsat interference signal in the reception RF path of the Iridium system. Results in laboratory show the feasibility of the technique as a possible solution for Inmarsat/Iridium interoperability for dual onboard SatCom in small aircrafts opening the door for its usage on drones, in the near future.","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"179 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131515565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing Different Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange Flavors for LDACS","authors":"Nils Mäurer, T. Gräupl, Christoph Gentsch, C. Schmitt","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256746","url":null,"abstract":"Growth of civil air traffic worldwide poses a great challenge for the supporting Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) infrastructure. Analogue systems have to be replaced by digital means to optimize spectrum efficiency and automation is becoming much more important to be able to handle the amount of participants in the air traffic system. As safety and security are strongly intertwined in aviation, cybersecurity is one key enabler for digitalization in civil aviation. As such we investigate mutual authentication and key agreement methods for the digital aeronautical ground-based communications system L-band Digital Aeronautical Communication System (LDACS). Thereby, we compare the suitability of three different Diffie-Hellmann (DH) key exchange flavors used in a modified version of the Station-To-Station (STS) protocol, for digital aeronautical communication in terms of latency and security data overhead. We conclude, the STS protocol based on a central Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) trust solution with Supersingular Isogeny Diffie–Hellman (SIDH) for post-quantum security to be best suited for long term security. However, due to the smaller key sizes, Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) is the more resource efficient candidate and may play a role in low resource authentication scenarios for LDACS.","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130716551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}