Disease and Diagnosis最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Intravenous Anesthesia on the Plasma Glucose Level During Cataract Surgery Among Patients With Type II Diabetes","authors":"Kobra Nasrollahi, K. Naghibi, L. Rezaei","doi":"10.34172/ddj.2023.408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ddj.2023.408","url":null,"abstract":"Background: High blood sugar is a typical reaction to stress. In the diabetic population, hyperglycemia can be a serious issue and has been linked to higher mortality rates. Recent studies have shown that anesthetics reduced glucose tolerance; however, it is still unclear how propofol, ketamine, and thiopental of Na affect glucose metabolism. The present study compared the blood glucose levels of thiopental of Na, ketamine, and propofol among patients with cataract surgery. Materials and Methods: The study included 135 ASA II and III adult patients of both genders who were older than 65, known to have type II diabetes, receiving intravenous (IV) sedation, and scheduled for cataract surgery. The three groups were comparable with regard to patients, age, gender, weight, duration of the operation time, duration of recovery time, duration of diabetes, and anesthesiologist’s physical status (based on the American Society of Anesthesiology). Patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups, including receiving IV thiopental of Na 5 mg/kg/h (group T), ketamine 2 mg/kg/h (group K), or propofol 2 mg/kg/h (group P) after the induction of IV sedation with 1-2 mic/kg fentanyl and 0.03 mg/kg midazolam. Changes in blood glucose levels were examined as dependent variables in patients with cataract surgeries while under the influence of these medications up to 6 hours after. Results: The results showed that blood glucose concentrations increased significantly over time in all groups. Moreover, blood glucose concentrations did not differ significantly between the groups receiving the thiopental of Na ketamine or propofol at any measurement time. During the first post-administrative hour, the thiopental of Na, ketamine, and propofol groups demonstrated blood glucose levels of 114.2±16.24 mg/dL, 136.2±12.28 mg/dL, and 122.2±13.84 mg/dL, which were not statistically significant (P=0.72). Regarding the frequency and severity of blood glucose level changes during or after surgery, the groups did not significantly differ at any point in time. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that the thiopental of Na, ketamine, and propofol have equal effects on glucose metabolism.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79256058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Aerobic Exercise and Ginkgo biloba Herbal Supplementation on Lipocalin 2 Levels and Insulin Resistance in Obese Men","authors":"Seyed Ali Hosaini, Morvarid Vafaee, B. Abedi","doi":"10.34172/ddj.2022.426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ddj.2022.426","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Performing sports activities along with nutritional interventions is recommended as an effective way to reduce inflammatory cytokines and improve insulin resistance in obese people. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise and Ginkgo biloba herbal supplementation on lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) levels and insulin resistance in obese men. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 40 obese men in Kashan were selected in an accessible and purposeful manner. Subjects were randomly divided into 4 groups, including aerobic exercise (n=10), aerobic exercise and ginkgo biloba supplementation (n=10), ginkgo biloba supplementation (n=10), and control group (n=10). Subjects performed aerobic exercise and supplementation for 6 weeks. Accordingly, the subjects started aerobic exercise for 25 minutes with an intensity of 65% of the maximum heart rate in the first and second weeks. In the third and fourth weeks, they practiced for 35 minutes with an intensity of 65%-75% of the maximum heart rate, and finally for 40 minutes with 75%-85% of maximum heart rate in the fifth and sixth weeks. Ginkgo biloba extract was prepared in the form of gelatin capsules, two of which were daily consumed by subjects after breakfast for 6 weeks. The subjects performed their usual daily activities in the control group. The obtained data were analyzed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS software (version 22) at the level of 0.05. Results: The results of the study showed that 6 weeks of aerobic exercise and Ginkgo biloba herbal supplementation significantly reduced Lcn2 levels (P<0.001 and η²=0.61) and insulin resistance (P<0.001 and η²=0.74) in obese men. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, it seems that aerobic exercise and Ginkgo biloba herbal supplementation can significantly contribute to regulating body weight in obese men through a reduction in insulin resistance and Lcn2.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91266763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Silico and In Vitro Analyses of PNPLA3 rs738409 C>G Polymorphism in Patients With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","authors":"Fatemeh Safari, Zeinab Imani-Saber, S. Mozafari, S. Lotfi, N. Einollahi","doi":"10.34172/ddj.2022.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ddj.2022.30","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The polymorphism associated with liver fat content, which is well-known as PNPLA3 rs738409 (Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3), is one of the critical subjects widely investigated in the literature regarding the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) worldwide. The present research aimed to study the bioinformatics investigations of this polymorphism together with the in vitro analyses among patients with NAFLD. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, after performing bioinformatics analysis, the laboratory examination was performed in several steps. Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood of 53 NAFLD patients and 107 subjects with normal liver ultrasounds. PNPLA3 rs738409 was genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The laboratory test results, including fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were collected from medical records. Finally, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 18.0. Results: The frequency of the G allele was 56% and 36% among patients and in the control group, respectively. The frequency of genotypes was 35.8% and 47.7% (CC), 17% and 31.8% (CG), 47.2% and 20.6% (GG) in patients and control groups, respectively. The adjusted odds ratios for PNPLA3 rs738409 C>G were 3.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28-6.98, P=.011) and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.25- 1.83, P = .44) for GG and CG genotypes, respectively. Conclusion: The findings showed the association between the GG genotype and the presence of NAFLD. Furthermore, the bioinformatics findings suggested the probable risk of the disease incidence regarding the change of hydropathic characteristics resulting from the amino acid substitution.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75111933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Comparative Effect of Definitive Chemoradiotherapy and Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Plus Surgery on One-Year Survival Rate of Esophageal Cancer Patients","authors":"Fatemeh Khanaki, Zhaleh Karimi Moghaddam, H. Chehre, K. Kamali, F. Saghatchi, H. Rezaeejam","doi":"10.34172/ddj.2022.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ddj.2022.28","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Esophageal cancer is a malignancy with a poor survival rate, and the optimal management of esophageal cancer patients is still controversial. This study aimed to compare the one-year survival of patients who had received definitive chemoradiotherapy (DCRT) or neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery (NCRT+S). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the medical records of esophageal cancer were extracted from 2018 to 2019; the last survival status of patients was obtained one year after the end of the treatment course. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 16), and survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant for all the performed tests. Results: Among 43 eligible patients, 39.5% were males and 60.5% were females. The mean age of the patients was 68.16±12.03 years. In this population, 81.4% of cases had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and the rest had adenocarcinoma (ADC). In addition, 58.1% and 41.9% of cases were treated by DCRT and NCRT+S, respectively. The one-year survival rate was 68% and 66.67% in the DCRT and NCRT+S groups, respectively (P>0.05). The one-year survival rate did not have significant relevance to the age of patients and histologic subtype. In terms of gender, there was no significant difference between males and females regarding the one-year survival rate. Conclusion: There were no statistically significant differences in the one-year survival rate of the patients in the two treatment groups; thus, further studies are recommended to confirm the results.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80518644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Analyses in an Endemic Focus in Southwest Iran (2016-2020)","authors":"Kobra Chenani-Rahimi, M. Maleki, A. Behbahani","doi":"10.34172/ddj.2022.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ddj.2022.26","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The cutaneous type of leishmaniasis (CL) has widespread growth. This research was conducted to explore the epidemiological characteristics of CL in the county of Shush in the Khuzestan Province located in the southwestern region of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was retrospectively conducted from 2016 to 2020. Patients’ demographics and medical history were acquired to some extent. The recorded data of patients with CL referred to Shush health centers were analyzed using the SPSS software (Chicago, IL). Results: Overall, 2020 patients were recorded from 2016 to 2020. Among Shush residents, the incidence of CL ranged from 126.2 to 285.8 cases per 100000 people. The results demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the number of people who got CL in Shush county (P<0.05). Based on the results, a statistically significant correlation was found between CL and gender (including 54.7% males against 45.3% females, P<0.05). CL was found in more significant numbers in the age groups under ten years old (42.6%) compared to the other age groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Shush seems to be a CL endemic hotspot based on the results of this research and other epidemiological parameters. The intensity of CL reports from this study and other epidemiological studies suggests that CL is more prevalent in Shush than in previous. The situation is extremely alarming; thus, it is highly recommended that adequate measures be taken to control and prevent the spread of illness.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87145971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel WDR62 and MTR Variants in a Patient With Autosomal Recessive Primary Microcephaly-2 With Polymicrogyria and Homocystinuria-Megaloblastic Anemia","authors":"Tahere Dianat, D. K. Kordi Tamandani, Maryam Najafi, A. Khajeh","doi":"10.34172/ddj.2022.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ddj.2022.27","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly-2 (MCPH2) is a rare genetic disorder with clinical and genetic heterogeneity. This study aimed to perform high-throughput whole-exome sequencing (WES) to facilitate the diagnosis of the genetic variants responsible for MCPH2 and the comorbidities. Materials and Methods: The WES was performed for a 3-year-old boy with primary microcephaly-2 and homocystinuria-megaloblastic anemia in a consanguineous family. Sequencing and variant calling was conducted by standard bioinformatics tools. Filtering was performed to prioritize novel variants. Finally, the effect of variants on the protein structure and function was assessed using web prediction tools. Results: Using WES, two novel homozygous variants and three novel homozygous variants were identified in the WDR62 and MTR genes as the causes of MCPH2 and homocystinuria-megaloblastic anemia in the affected child, respectively. These frameshift insertion variants are classified as pathogenic and affect the structure and feature of the WDR62 and MTR proteins by changing amino acid sequence and causing nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD). Conclusion: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) supported polymicrogyria and impaired cerebral cortical development in the affected child. WDR62 as a causative gene plays an essential role in cerebral cortical development, and its pathogenic disease-causing variants are considered as causing factors for MCPH2. Homocystinuria-megaloblastic anemia was a comorbidity associated with microcephaly in this patient, and its variants were confirmed by WES. Overall, performing WES is a necessary and accurate way to rapidly identify the exact causative genetic variants in MCPH2 and the homocystinuria-megaloblastic anemia and manage the disease.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82932120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Prevalence of Influenza and COVID-19: A Report From Hormozgan Province-Iran, 2019-2021","authors":"K. Ahmadi, Masoumeh Mosazadeh, Ladan Mafakher, P. Davoodian, E. Eftekhar, Mehdi Hassaniazad, Hamed Gouklani","doi":"10.34172/ddj.2022.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ddj.2022.25","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza viruses produce a wide range of clinical disease severity, which varies from asymptomatic infection to death. The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China, followed a seasonal influenza pandemic. The prevalence of influenza has changed since the outbreak of COVID-19. In this study, we have compared the prevalence of influenza and COVID-19 since the onset of the pandemic. Clinical symptoms were also assessed among patients. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in a single center on 229456 patients with the SARS in Hormozgan province, Iran, during 2019-2021 before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical features including age, sex, fever, cough, shortness of breath, nausea, dizziness, headache, body aches, and diarrhea were also analyzed. Results: The results indicated that out of a total of 229456 samples of patients, 71142 (31.00%) and 527 (.22%) cases were diagnosed with positive COVID-19 and positive influenza, respectively. Influenza activity decreased in March 2020 and remained low until September 2021, but it increased to near pre-pandemic seasonal levels since October 2021. The outbreak of influenza decreased by starting the restrictions and health protocols. Furthermore, the analysis of patients’ symptoms indicated that the most prevalent symptoms in influenza patients were fever, cough, and body pain, while the symptoms in COVID-19 patients were cough and headache. Conclusion: Social restrictions and adherence to health protocols could significantly reduce the incidence of seasonal influenza even after controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. Influenza and COVID-19 have similar symptoms in patients, so diagnostic tests are necessary for proper diagnosis and management.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81719915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19, Aging, and Progress Toward Hematological Malignancies or Cardiovascular Diseases","authors":"Majid Teremmahi Ardestani, M. Norouzian","doi":"10.34172/ddj.2022.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ddj.2022.32","url":null,"abstract":"Pneumonia infection due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) appeared in Wuhan in December 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) officially named it coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 binds to host cells via the angiotensin receptor (ACE) 2 (ACE2R). The expression of ACE2R is particularly high in the lungs, heart, veins and arteries, and hematopoietic stem cells (1). A range of clinical manifestations is accompanied with COVID-19, including fever, dry cough, pulmonary involvement, and coagulopathy. One of the most important clinical manifestations of COVID-19 disease is cytokine storm, which can lead to systemic inflammation and multiple organ failure. Accordingly, it is clear that the prognosis of the disease has been influenced by multiple organ dysfunctions. Older age and comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been the most common risk factors for the severity and mortality of the COVID-19 infection (2). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the probability of hospitalization increases with age so that adults over 65 years old have a 3to 15fold increased chance of being hospitalized due to this infection. In addition, the chance of death in COVID-19 patients over 65 years old is 90-630 times higher (3). The effect of COVID-19 on the hematopoietic system can be deduced from hematologic manifestations such as lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia, which are highly common in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. It was shown that COVID-19 affects the hematopoietic system and inhibits hematopoiesis through the induction of apoptosis in hematopoietic stem cells or the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways (4, 5). In recent data, the COVID-19 infection has been reported to be involved in the damage of hematopoietic stem cells through activating nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat protein-3 inflammasome (5). The hematopoietic system in the elderly is extremely vulnerable due to many genetic and epigenetic changes and damages during life. The clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) refers to the existence of hematopoietic cell clones with driver mutations (DNMT3a, TET2, ASXL1, and the like) without the evidence of blood malignancies (6). The acquisition of these mutations has an age-related pattern and is prevalent in the elderly so that the incidence of CHIP in people over 80 years is approximately 30% (7). The increasing body of evidence has confirmed the role of CH-driver mutations in the polarization of immune cells toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype that is involved in CH-associated disease development and poor outcomes (8). Inflammation is considered an important risk factor in the progression of CH to blood malignancies or nonblood diseases such as CVD (9). CH-related genes such as DNMT3A, TET2, ASXL1, and JAK2 have been strongly linked to CVD (10). Jaiswal et al and Fuster et al first described the contribution of CHIP-related mutations t","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74521346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy Success Rate and Prognostic Factors","authors":"E. Saburi, Fatemeh Arab, A. Razi","doi":"10.34172/ddj.2022.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ddj.2022.29","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Urinary tract stones are common urological problems with a considerable burden worldwide. Management strategies mostly rely on the stone’s characteristics and the patient’s clinical conditions. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a method of choice for managing small calculus. However, the success rate of ESWL and the prognostic factor of success widely vary among different studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate these prognostic factors in an Iranian population undergoing ESWL. Methods: The present retrospective study was conducted in Imam Ali Hospital of Bojnurd, Iran. Every patient who was referred for the ESWL of distal urethral calculus (5-20 mm) and failed to respond to medical treatment enrolled in this study. The prevalence and relationship between various individual factors and ESWL outcomes were evaluated among the study patients. Results: Among 49 patients (24 males and 25 females) who had urinary tract stones, the mean (±standard deviation) of age was 42.7 (14.04) years. ESWL could successfully treat urinary tract stones in 43 patients (85%). The kidney stone diameter was not related to having a successful procedure (P=0.447). Moreover, the stroke number and receiving tamsulosin were not significantly associated with favorable ESWL outcomes (P=0.909 and P=0.590, respectively). Twenty-seven patients (45.1%) received pethidine during the procedure. There was a significant relationship between receiving analgesics and favorable ESWL outcomes (P=0.033). Conclusion: The results demonstrated that 85% of the distal urinary tract stones that are smaller than 20 mm can be successfully managed by ESWL, and providing analgesics was significantly related to better outcomes.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81515637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Virus Infection on the Endocrine System: A Review Study","authors":"Fariba Azarkish, I. Halvaei, Haniyeh kazemi, A. Dehghani, Masoumeh Kheirandish, Shahla Sohrabipour","doi":"10.34172/ddj.2022.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ddj.2022.31","url":null,"abstract":"The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is rapidly growing, and high mortality rates are reported in this regard. Coronaviruses are known to cause multi-organ system damage. Few data are available on the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on different endocrine glands. As angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor is extensively expressed in the endocrine organs, and thus several important questions have arisen regarding whether the function of the endocrine organ changes in COVID-19 disease and patients with the SARS-CoV-2 infection develop endocrine disorders. Databases including PubMed, Web of Sciences, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for studies published from 1996 to February 15, 2021. New-onset diabetes mellitus has been reported by different studies at rates ranging from 5.8% to 35%. Hypercortisolism in admission time could predict disease severity. Tissues from the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland in animals are rich in ACE2, and some endocrinopathy may be secondary. Thyroiditis and thyrotoxicosis have also been recognized in the COVID-19 infection. Hypocalcemia and vitamin D deficiency may be correlated with disproportionate parathormone levels. Patients with decreased serum calcium levels had worse clinical variables and higher incidences of complications such as septic shock. Men are more susceptible to hypogonadism, and differences in the COVID-19 infection and mortality rates between males and females are due to the differential effects of estradiol and testosterone on the immune system. Considering that different glands have the ACE2 receptor, the coronavirus may be able to alter their function. Hence, this review mainly focused on COVID-19-associated endocrinopathy.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88439183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}