{"title":"The High-Availability Seamless redundancy protocol (HSR): Robust fault-tolerant networking and loop prevention through duplicate discard","authors":"H. Heine, Oliver Kleineberg","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2012.6242569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2012.6242569","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decade, Ethernet technology has paved its way from the use in office environments into the world of mission-critical networks, e.g. in industrial automation and control in production environments. Recent advancements in power utility automation place Ethernet at the communication infrastructure of electrical substations. To fulfill the requirement of drop-out free fault-tolerance in this application field, new Ethernet redundancy mechanisms have been developed: HSR and PRP. These methods are usually implemented in hardware, e.g. FPGAs. Thus, several key performance characteristics of the protocol are implementation-specific and can be altered. This paper gives an overview of PRP and HSR, outlines the implications of the protocol design in hardware to physical topologies and describes how design decisions can influence protocol performance.","PeriodicalId":110610,"journal":{"name":"2012 9th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116301284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Queue-MAC: A queue-length aware hybrid CSMA/TDMA MAC protocol for providing dynamic adaptation to traffic and duty-cycle variation in wireless sensor networks","authors":"Shuguo Zhuo, Yeqiong Song, Zhi Wang, Zhibo Wang","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2012.6242552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2012.6242552","url":null,"abstract":"Existing low-power MAC protocols only provide low throughput because of the fixed low duty-cycle. This often leads to poor performance when dealing with time-constrained burst traffic. In this paper, we propose a new hybrid CSMA/TDMA MAC protocol, called Queue-MAC, that dynamically adapts the duty-cycle according to the current network traffic. The queue length of nodes is used as the network traffic indicator. When the traffic increases, the active CSMA period is accordingly extended by adding dynamic TDMA slots, allowing thus to efficiently handle burst traffic under real-time constraints. This protocol is implemented on the STM32W108 SOC chips and compared with both a fixed duty-cycle reference protocol and an optimized IEEE802.15.4 MAC protocol. Through extensive experimental measurements, we showed that our queue-length aware hybrid CSMA/TDMA MAC protocol largely outperforms the compared protocols. The proposed protocol can be easily implemented through slight adaptation of the IEEE802.15.4 standard. It presents an optimal bandwidth and energy allocation scheme according to the traffic to be carried. In fact, low-duty cycle, so low power consumption is preserved during light traffic load period, while high throughput is obtained during heavy burst load period.","PeriodicalId":110610,"journal":{"name":"2012 9th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127138487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wireless machine vision systems based on COTS equipment","authors":"G. Cena, S. Scanzio, A. Valenzano, C. Zunino","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2012.6242535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2012.6242535","url":null,"abstract":"While wireless is slowly finding his way in industrial automation environments, the real advantages of using WLANs to exchange process data are still unclear. As a matter of fact, at present, solutions characterized by lower bit rates are being mostly considered to this extent. One field which can benefit from the high throughput of WLANs is machine vision: in this case, the need arises to exchange large amounts of information (images) in short times and with reasonable reliability. In this paper, the use of commercially available off-the-shelf (COTS) wireless equipment for setting up a machine vision system has been investigated. Sample systems were first deployed and operated. Then, a measurement campaign was carried out in order to characterize the performance one can expect from such kind of systems precisely.","PeriodicalId":110610,"journal":{"name":"2012 9th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125455926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Guaranteeing real-time message deadlines in the FlexRay static segment using a on-line scheduling approach","authors":"R. Lange, F. Vasques, P. Portugal, R. S. Oliveira","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2012.6242578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2012.6242578","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the FlexRay communication protocol been promoted as a de facto standard for in-vehicular communication. In the FlexRay protocol, the communication timeline is organized as a sequence of four segments, whereas the static segment defines a set of slots specifically designed for the transmission of synchronous messages. In this paper, we investigate the following problem: “how to allocate a minimum number of static slots to each FlexRay node, while guaranteeing that all synchronous messages will be transmitted before their deadlines.” Unlike previous studies that use linear programming based techniques, we evaluate the number of allocated slots using traditional response time analysis (RTA) techniques. The use of RTA techniques allow us to consider the timing requirements imposed by the set of synchronous message streams. Unlike other approaches, the RTA-based technique proposed in this paper is able to deal with a) message stream sets where periods are not multiple of the FlexRay cycle duration, b) generation of messages at the application layer that are not synchronized with the FlexRay cycle, and c) on-line scheduling of the traffic transferred during the static segment, according to its deadline requirements. The proposed technique is integrated as a RT-Middleware in each node, to take full advantage of the proposed allocation scheme.","PeriodicalId":110610,"journal":{"name":"2012 9th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126267220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}