Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Bisphenol-A and pentachlorophenol sodium levels in patients with rosacea.","authors":"Deniz Demircioglu, Nese Cinar, Suzan Demir Pektas, Tuba Edgunlu, Mustafa Unal, Duygu Yazgan Aksoy","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2024.2383242","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2024.2383242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/ objectives: </strong>Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder. Endocrinedisrupting chemicals (EDC) are toxic substances, that may gain entry through the skin and subsequently interfere with hormonal and immune functions. Bisphenol A (BPA) and pentachlorophenol sodium (PCS) are two of these EDCs, incriminated in the pathogenesis of certain inflammatory skin disorders. We aimed to test the hypothesis that exposure to BPA and PCS might be involved in the pathogenesis of rosacea.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective cross-sectional study involved 34 patients with rosacea (18F/16 M; mean age 48.5 ± 11 years) and 34 age and sex-matched healthy controls (20 F/14 M; mean age 48.2 ± 10.2 years). Main anthropometric measures, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin, HOMA-IR, lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP), BPA, and PCS levels were quantified and recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serum CRP (9.6 ± 3.4 vs. 3.7 ± 1.6 mg/L, respectively, p0.05 for all). Serum BPA levels were 55.8 ± 14.4 and 51.9 ± 19.2 ng/mL, and PCS levels were 63.3 ± 45.9 ng/mL and 68.6 ± 40.8 ng/mL for patients and healthy controls, respectively. There was no significant difference in BPA and PCS levels between the two groups (<i>p</i> > 0.05 for both). No significant association was found among HOMAIR, CRP, BPA, and PCS levels (<i>p</i> > 0.05 for all).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although the present study fails to provide presumptive evidence for the role of BPA and PCS in rosacea, the question as to other EDCs might be involved in its etiopathogenesis remains. This hypothesis requires confirmation in large-scale future prospective trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"232-236"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141901216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and tolerability of pooled human immune globulins after topical ophthalmic administration in New Zealand White rabbits.","authors":"Simon Kaja, Sana Iqbal, Berta Pons Lopez, Sergio Molina Zaragoza, Christine Mun, Michael T Flavin, Sandeep Jain","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2024.2381207","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2024.2381207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the safety and tolerability of pooled human immune globulins, Flebogamma^® 5% DIF and Flebogamma^® 10% DIF, administered by topical ophthalmic instillation to New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male NZW rabbits were used in this study. In the acute single dose tolerability study, rabbits (n = 12) received a single topical dose of Flebogamma^® 5% DIF. In the two-week repeated-dose tolerability study, rabbits (n = 5 for each group) were administered either Flebogamma^® 5% DIF or Flebogamma^® 10% DIF by topical bilateral administration four times daily (q.i.d.) between 8 am and 6 pm for a period of two weeks. Full ophthalmic examinations were conducted to evaluate ocular tolerability at baseline, Day 7, and Day 14.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the acute single dose study, mild hyperaemia was observed in 1 out of 4 eyes at each 4 h and 24 h post-instillation of Flebogamma^® 5% DIF. In the repeated dose study, no ocular signs were detected after q.i.d. topical instillation of Flebogamma^® 5% DIF, while Flebogamma^® 10% DIF resulted in mild hyperaemia in 8 out of 10 eyes on Day 7, and 5 out of 10 eyes on Day 14. No positive corneal fluorescein staining was detected. Schirmer tear test results were unremarkable. No other ocular signs were observed. Administration of immune globulins had no effect on intraocular pressure.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Flebogamma^® 5% DIF and Flebogamma^® 10% DIF were well-tolerated by NZW rabbits following single and repeat dose topical ophthalmic administration, supporting the future development of topical pooled human immune globulins for the treatment of ocular surface disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"227-231"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11383756/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141859263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of eye irritation potential of experimental cosmetic formulations containing glycolic acid, salicylic acid and ethanol using the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Assay.","authors":"R Labib, K Cantrell, G-E Costin, A L Milac, H Raabe, S Gettings","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2024.2361334","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2024.2361334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Prototype cosmetic formulations containing short-chain acids and alcohols intended to be applied in the proximity of the eyes are sometimes evaluated for ocular irritation potential using the validated Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Assay (OECD TG 437). We evaluated the eye irritation potential of nine experimental cosmetic formulations designed and prepared by Avon Global Reserach and Development to differ only in the concentrations of Ethanol, Glycolic Acid and Salicylic Acid.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analysed the data generated using the BCOP assay. The opacity and permeability values obtained following the exposure of bovine corneas to experimental cosmetic formulations were combined into a single <i>In Vitro</i> Irritancy Score used to rank eye irritation potential. Histopathological examination of treated corneas was used to provide additional information about the depth and degree of the injury and to support the prediction of eye irritation potential of each experimental cosmetic formulation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The <i>In Vitro</i> Irritancy Scores and histopathological analysis showed that experimental formulations containing only Ethanol, Glycolic Acid, or Salicylic Acid alone had, at most, a mild ocular irritation potential. The experimental formulations containing both Ethanol and Glycolic Acid had a mild ocular irritation potential, while the experimental formulations containing both Ethanol and Salicylic Acid had a moderate ocular irritation potential. Severe ocular irritation potential was induced by an experimental formulation containing a combination of Glycolic Acid and Salicylic Acid and it was further accentuated by the addition of Ethanol to the formulation. Our data indicate a possible synergistic effect on eye irritation potential of Ethanol, Glycolic Acid and Salicylic Acid in at least some experimental cosmetic formulations. Further, our results provide insight on an apparent concentration-dependent ocular irritation potential effect of combinations of Glycolic Acid, Salicylic Acid and Ethanol in at least one experimental cosmetic formulation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results presented herein emphasise the need to consider <i>in vitro</i> testing of prototype cosmetic formulations containing combinations of Ethanol, Glycolic Acid and Salicylic Acid rather than relying on any predicted additive effect on ocular irritation based solely on previously generated results of similar formulations containing Ethanol, Glycolic Acid or Salicylic Acid alone. Further work is required to understand the significance of these observations and to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the apparent synergistic effects of Glycolic Acid, Salicylic Acid and Ethanol and eye irritation potential suggested by our results.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"167-175"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141175096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking the role of herbal cosmeceutical in anti-ageing and skin ageing associated diseases.","authors":"Prashant Kumar, Anurag Verma, Sumel Ashique, Mithun Bhowmick, Sourav Mohanto, Anita Singh, Madhu Gupta, Abhishek Gupta, Tanweer Haider","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2024.2380326","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2024.2380326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The process of skin ageing is a natural biological phenomenon characterised by the emergence of wrinkles, age spots, sagging skin, and dryness over time. The increasing significance of skin in physical attractiveness has heightened skincare concerns. Anti-ageing cosmetics play a pivotal role in nurturing the skin, enhancing its quality, and promoting overall health. Today, cosmetics have evolved beyond mere aesthetics and are now integral to individual wellness. The contemporary quest for perpetual youth has intensified, prompting a deeper exploration into the skin ageing process. This comprehensive exploration delves into various elements involved in skin ageing, encompassing cells such as stem and endothelial cells, blood vessels, soft tissues, and signalling pathways. The molecular basis of skin ageing, including biochemical factors like reactive oxygen species, damaged DNA, free radicals, ions, and proteins (mRNA), is scrutinised alongside relevant animal models. The article critically analyzes the outcomes of utilising herbal components, emphasising their advantageous anti-ageing properties. The factors contributing to skin ageing, mechanistic perspectives, management approaches involving herbal cosmeceutical, and associated complications (especially cardiovascular diseases, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, etc.) are succinctly addressed. In addition, the manuscript further summarises the recent patented innovations and toxicity of the herbal cosmeceuticals for anti-ageing and ageing associated disorders. Despite progress, further research is imperative to unlock the full potential of herbal components as anti-ageing agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"211-226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141723278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochemical and histopathological evaluation of systemic and ocular toxicity of favipiravir in rats.","authors":"Delil Özcan, Fatih Özçelik, Renad Mammadov, Mehmet Aktaş, Fikret Altındağ, Abdurrahman Alpaslan Alkan, Murat Karapapak, Durdu Altuner, Halis Süleyman","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2023.2300788","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2023.2300788","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose:</b> Favipiravir (FAV) used against COVID-19 is an antiviral drug that causes adverse reactions, such as hyperuricaemia, liver damage, and hematopoetic toxicity. The aim of the study was to investigate the systemic and ocular side-effects of FAV in rats, for the first time.<b>Materials and methods:</b> A total of 18 albino male Wistar rats were used in the study. The rats were divided into 3 groups as the healthy group (HG), the group given 50 mg/kg/day favipiravir (FAV50), and the group given 200 mg/kg/d favipiravir (FAV200). These doses were given to the experimental groups for one week. At the end of the experiment histopathological examinations were performed on the conjunctiva and sclera of the eye. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (tGSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured in blood samples taken from rats. <b>Results:</b> Compared to HG, the MDA (1.37 ± 0.61 <i>vs.</i> 4.82 ± 1.40 µmol/mL), IL-1β (2.52 ± 1.14 <i>vs</i>. 6.67 ± 1.99 pg/mL), and TNF-α levels (3.28 ± 1.42 <i>vs</i>. 8.53 ± 3.06 pg/mL) of the FAV200 group were higher. The levels of tGSH (7.58 ± 1.98 <i>vs.</i> 2.50 ± 0.98 nmol/mL) and SOD (13.63 ± 3.43 <i>vs</i>. 3.81 ± 1.43 U/mL) the FAV200 group were lower than the HG (<i>p</i> < 0.05, for all). The degree of damage to the cornea and sclera of the FAV200 group was quite high according to HG (<i>p</i> < 0.001). <b>Conclusions:</b> FAV can cause damage to rat conjunctiva and sclera by increasing oxidant stress and inflammation at high dose.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"105-112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139086290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2024.2343978","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2024.2343978","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"148"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140854012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of corneal endothelial cell morphology off and on treatment by specular microscopy in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.","authors":"Hakan Koc, Bedia Sultan Önal, Esra Hoşoğlu","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2024.2303442","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2024.2303442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine the structure and properties of corneal endothelial cells in children and adolescents with ADHD who received methylphenidate treatment at least six months.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The prospective, observational study included 33 eyes of 33 patients diagnosed with ADHD who received methylphenidate treatment for at least six months, 33 eyes of 33 patients newly diagnosed with ADHD who did not start medication treatment, and 33 eyes of 33 healthy individuals. Average cell density, coefficient of variation, maximum cell area, normal cell area, minimum cell area, average cell area, and hexagonality ratio values were evaluated by non-contact specular microscopy. The parameters recorded in all three groups were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average age of children in the ADHD + MPH, ADHD, and control groups is 9 ± 1.7, 8.9 ± 2.3, and 8.9 ± 1.8 years, respectively. (<i>p</i> > 0.05) The average MPH treatment dose is 0.94 ± 0.19 mg/kg, the average daily MPH intake is 34.12 ± 14.04 mg, and the average duration of use of MPH is 24.03 ± 12.46 months. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured as an average of 540.45 ± 31.23 in the ADHD + MPH group, 540.61 ± 29.69 in the ADHD group, and 546.58 ± 27.72 in the control group. (<i>p</i> = 0.499) The average coefficient of variation (CV) values were measured as 25.48 ± 4.22 in the ADHD + MPH group, 26.12 ± 3.48 in the ADHD group, and 26.12 ± 3.64 in the control group. (<i>p</i> = 0.491) The average hexagonality ratio (%) (HEX) values were measured as 69.45 ± 8.41 in the ADHD + MPH group, 68.21 ± 6.82 in the ADHD group, and 68.91 ± 7.97 in the control group. (<i>p</i> = 0.892) No statistically significant difference was observed between all three groups in terms of all parameters.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Methylphenidate treatment administered for at least six months with a diagnosis of ADHD did not have a toxic effect on the corneal endothelium.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"120-123"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139486933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The efficacy of HDDPiW-jSB solution on docetaxel-induced alopecia of rats.","authors":"Bilgin Demir, Buket Demirci, Canten Tataroglu, Sabri Barutca, Duygu Barutca","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2023.2300790","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2023.2300790","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Chemotherapy induced alopecia (CIA) is one of the most common side effects in cancer patients, however; it doesn't have an effective pharmacological treatment yet. In this study we aimed to research the protective effect of newly developed HDDPiW-jSB solution on docetaxel (DTX) -induced rat alopecia model.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Docetaxel (10 mg/kg/week) was administered to the 6-8 months old rats for three weeks. HDDPiW-jSB solution was applied once or twice a week for 4 weeks beginning prior to one week before DTX. Rat hair follicles were evaluated with hematoxylin-eosin and immune-histochemical staining.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the first stage of this study, alopecia was successfully developed by DTX (10 mg/kg/three times) application. In the second stage of the study, application of HDDPiW-jSB solution, did not change the study parameters significantly on control group. The solution improved the anagen hair follicle count and Bcl-2 levels in the skin samples of DTX-induced alopecic rat groups, especially when applied twice weekly. Additionally, level of Caspase 3 was decreased. HDDPiW-jSB solution was safe when applied on the skin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Topical HDDPiW-jSB solution could be effective and safe for the protection of DTX-induced alopecia in rat models.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"113-119"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139097473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the impact of risankizumab on keratinocyte-derived IL-23A in a novel organotypic 3D skin model containing IL-23A responsive and IL-17A producing γδ-T-cells.","authors":"Laura Huth, Philipp M Amann, Yvonne Marquardt, Manuela Jansen, Jens Malte Baron, Sebastian Huth","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2024.2310243","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2024.2310243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To study the effects of the anti-IL-23A antibody risankizumab on the IL-36γ/IL-23A/IL-17A signalling cascade we used a newly developed 3D skin model consisting of primary human keratinocytes, fibroblasts and γδ-T-cells.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this <i>in vitro</i> study we developed new full-thickness 3D skin models containing normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK), normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and IL-23A responsive and IL-17A producing γδ-T-cells. The effects of IL-36γ stimulation with and without risankizumab treatment on IL-23A and IL-17A expression were examined at the RNA and protein levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In preliminary monolayer experiments stimulation of γδ-T-cells with IL-23A promoted the IL-17A expression that was inhibited after risankizumab treatment. Using 3D skin models containing γδ-T-cells, we found that stimulation with IL-36γ significantly increased not only IL-23A but also IL-17A expression. These effects were inhibited by concomitant treatment with risankizumab.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results showed that blockade of IL-23A has inhibitory effects on the IL-36γ/IL-23A feedforward loop. Our newly developed 3D skin model containing IL-23A responsive and IL-17A producing γδ-T-cells enables molecular analysis of targeted therapies aimed at the IL-36γ/IL-23A/IL-17A signalling cascade in psoriasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"124-128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139570103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Sun Protection Factor Of Octocrylene With Green Tea And Bhringraj Extracts","authors":"Pasupathi M., Natarajan B., Kumar T.","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2024.2340440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2024.2340440","url":null,"abstract":"The overexposure of human skin to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can trigger photodamage, UV burn, pigmentation, erythema, and enhance the chance of dermal carcinoma. UVR causes DNA damage, leading to...","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140590903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}