Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology最新文献_第2页

Where eye meets body part 2: uniting allergy pathways in ocular and atopic disease - T cells take the lead. 眼睛与身体相遇的地方，第二部分：联合眼部和特应性疾病的过敏途径——T细胞起主导作用。

IF 2.6 4区医学

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000001097

Sebastian Borges, Victoria A Pereira, Christopher Chang, Anat Galor

{"title":"Where eye meets body part 2: uniting allergy pathways in ocular and atopic disease - T cells take the lead.","authors":"Sebastian Borges, Victoria A Pereira, Christopher Chang, Anat Galor","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001097","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001097","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: This review compares the T-cell-mediated pathways of atopic dermatitis and atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), as well as allergic asthma and vernal conjunctivitis (VKC).These chronic, T cell-mediated conditions frequently coexist and are unified by Th2-driven inflammation, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and tissue remodeling. By comparing their epidemiology, pathogenesis, genetic contributors, and therapeutic approaches, this review examines how skin, airway, and ocular allergic pathways intersect and diverge.Recent findings: Barrier dysfunction and Th2-driven inflammation contribute to disease persistence across atopic dermatitis, AKC, allergic asthma, and VKC, with structural remodeling evident in chronic stages. In atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma, genetic studies implicate type 2 immune pathways, while in VKC, unfolded protein response genes are implicated; epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation and histone regulation, are emerging as shared contributors. Topical calcineurin inhibitors improve symptoms in both atopic dermatitis and AKC, though biologics like dupilumab may induce conjunctivitis in atopic dermatitis patients. Inhaled corticosteroids and anti-type 2 biologics remain mainstays for allergic asthma, while mast cell stabilizers and topical corticosteroids are used in VKC. New therapies, including JAK inhibitors and novel anti-inflammatory agents, offer additional options across these interconnected allergic diseases.Summary: By highlighting immunologic convergence and divergence across these allergic conditions, this review underscores the importance of cross-specialty awareness and tailored treatments. Integrating ocular findings into broader allergy care may improve outcomes for patients with multicompartment involvement.","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"364-373"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144759381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Skin manifestations in perioperative hypersensitivity: state of the art. 围手术期过敏的皮肤表现：最新进展。

IF 2.6 4区医学

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-23 DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000001094

Xin-Rong Lim, Bernard Yu-Hor Thong

{"title":"Skin manifestations in perioperative hypersensitivity: state of the art.","authors":"Xin-Rong Lim, Bernard Yu-Hor Thong","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001094","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001094","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: Among the various manifestations of perioperative hypersensitivity (POH), skin reactions are often the first and most visible signs of an allergic or hypersensitivity response to drugs, antiseptics, or other agents in the perioperative setting. This review aims to examine the range and significance of skin manifestations associated with POH reactions, particularly their diagnostic value and clinical presentation in the perioperative setting.Recent findings: Cutaneous signs such as urticaria, angioedema, flushing, and erythema are common in POH and may present alone or alongside systemic symptoms. While these manifestations are frequently observed, they are not universally present, especially in life-threatening reactions like anaphylaxis. The timing, distribution, and morphology of these skin changes can provide diagnostic clues, although intraoperative factors like draping, lighting, and hypotension may hinder their identification. Cutaneous vasoconstriction signs such as pallor, piloerection, sweating, and cyanosis are strong indicators of life-threatening IgE-mediated allergic reactions compared to early vasodilation signs like erythema or urticaria.Summary: Skin manifestations play a crucial role in the early recognition and management of POH, but their absence should not lead to false reassurance. A thorough understanding of these signs is essential for accurate diagnosis and safe management in the perioperative environment.","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"404-410"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144689456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The many facets of anaphylaxis. 过敏反应的许多方面。

IF 2.6 4区医学

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000001107

Gianenrico Senna, Marco Caminati, Mariana Castells

引用次数: 0

Age-dependent differences in anaphylaxis: elderly population. 过敏反应的年龄依赖性差异：老年人群。

IF 2.6 4区医学

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-11 DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000001091

Alessandro Barone, Francesca Nicoletta, Martina Ottoni, Erminia Ridolo

{"title":"Age-dependent differences in anaphylaxis: elderly population.","authors":"Alessandro Barone, Francesca Nicoletta, Martina Ottoni, Erminia Ridolo","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001091","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001091","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: Anaphylaxis in elderly is a little-known topic, despite the worldwide growth of this part of the population. In this review, the main elicitors are discussed, with a particular regard for risk factors, clinical manifestation and management of anaphylaxis in people over 65 years of age.Recent findings: Available data report age-dependent differences regarding elicitors, cofactors and symptoms of anaphylaxis. In the last years, few studies have focused on anaphylaxis in the elderly, highlighting drugs and insect venom as main triggers.Summary: Drugs and insect venom represent the main triggers of anaphylaxis in individuals over 65 years of age. In addition, idiopathic anaphylaxis is seen more frequently in adults and older adults, and recent studies show an increasing rate of food-related anaphylaxis in this population.Elderly patients are at a greater risk of severe or fatal reactions because they often have multiple comorbidities requiring the concomitant use of several drugs. This may complicate anaphylaxis management, leading to poor outcomes, increased hospitalization and higher admission to intensive care unit.The clinical presentation of anaphylaxis in older adults is most often characterized by cardiovascular symptoms, with syncope as the most frequent one.The injection of adrenaline is the most important treatment of anaphylaxis at any age, and no absolute contraindications are reported. Despite this, its use still remains suboptimal.","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"343-348"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12404618/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144689422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Emerging concepts in atopic dermatitis and atopic keratoconjunctivitis. 特应性皮炎和特应性角膜结膜炎的新概念。

IF 2.6 4区医学

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-06 DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000001102

Keya Jafari, Virginia L Calder

{"title":"Emerging concepts in atopic dermatitis and atopic keratoconjunctivitis.","authors":"Keya Jafari, Virginia L Calder","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001102","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001102","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease involving Th2 cytokine-driven inflammation. AD patients are at risk of developing conjunctivitis, including atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), a sight-threatening chronic allergic eye disease involving both Th2 and Th1/17 cytokine-driven inflammation.In AD, dupilumab is highly effective by inhibiting interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. However, some AD patients develop dupilumab-associated ocular surface disease (DAOSD), an AKC-like disease. There are no biomarkers to predict who will develop DAOSD. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent findings in AD and AKC suggesting different immunopathogenic mechanisms are involved.Recent findings: A recent proteomics study of tear fluids identified raised inflammatory markers ( n = 31) in AD patients with DAOSD ( n = 22) and a shift towards a Th1/17 profile. Alternative biologics have been investigated for treating moderate-to-severe AD which have fewer ocular side-effects. The inhibitory effects of dupilumab cause an associated upregulation of IL-33 which could lead to an AKC-like disease. A recent therapeutic approach in AD via regulatory T cells suggests a novel treatment for those at risk of DAOSD.Summary: Ocular side-effects of dupilumab suggest that the immunopathogenic pathways in moderate-to-severe AD and AKC are not the same and, for DAOSD, might require different treatment approaches.","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"388-394"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12404623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144788512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bridging diagnostic gaps in anterior ocular inflammatory surface diseases. 弥合前眼炎性表面疾病的诊断差距。

IF 2.6 4区医学

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-11 DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000001105

Sabaa Alnsour, Benjamin Hsieh, Leonard Bielory

{"title":"Bridging diagnostic gaps in anterior ocular inflammatory surface diseases.","authors":"Sabaa Alnsour, Benjamin Hsieh, Leonard Bielory","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001105","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001105","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: Anterior ocular inflammatory surface diseases (AOISDs), including dry eye disease (DED), allergic conjunctivitis (AC), and infectious conjunctivitis (IC), are highly prevalent, but frequently underdiagnosed. This review examined the current landscape of AOISD diagnostics, emphasizing emerging technologies, diagnostic disparities, and implementation challenges across global health systems.Recent findings: While conventional diagnosis relies heavily on clinical judgment, newer approaches - such as tear-based biomarkers (e.g., tear IgE, MMP-9), artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted imaging, and telemedicine - offer improved diagnostic precision. Despite their promise, their clinical application faces barriers to adoption, including limited cost-effectiveness data, a lack of reimbursement, and insufficient integration into primary care. Diagnostic capacity remains particularly constrained in low-resource settings owing to workforce shortages and equipment limitations. Public awareness and patient education also affect care-seeking behaviors and appropriate treatment use.Summary: AOISD diagnostics are evolving, but many remain inaccessible due to systemic, economic, and infrastructural barriers. Future progress depends on policy integration, cross-sector collaboration, and the context-specific implementation of diagnostic innovations. Strengthening primary care engagement and aligning investments with the disease burden will be critical to advancing equitable AOISD detection and improving patient outcomes globally.","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"374-381"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144834483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Update on refractory anaphylaxis. 关于难治性过敏反应的最新进展。

IF 2.6 4区医学

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000001101

Paula Galvan-Blasco, Javier Pereira-Gonzalez, Victoria Cardona

{"title":"Update on refractory anaphylaxis.","authors":"Paula Galvan-Blasco, Javier Pereira-Gonzalez, Victoria Cardona","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001101","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001101","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: The rising incidence of anaphylaxis and reports of cases unresponsive to standard epinephrine treatment highlight the relevance of refractory anaphylaxis. There is a lack of standardized management protocols, and clinicians across specialties need guidance to handle this rare but life-threatening condition.Recent findings: There is a lack of a universally accepted definition, with most studies describing it as anaphylaxis unresponsive to several doses of intramuscular epinephrine. It emphasizes the pathophysiological complexity, including potential mechanisms like delayed epinephrine absorption, atypical mediator release, or underlying comorbidities. Management relies on recommendations ranging from intravenous epinephrine to adjunctive treatments. We call attention to gaps in clinical guidelines and research, advocating for more data on incidence, risk factors, and effective interventions, especially in emergency settings.Summary: There is a need for clear protocols to help recognize and manage cases of refractory anaphylaxis. This includes awareness of when to escalate care, use intravenous epinephrine or adjunctive agents. For research, the variability in definitions and treatment approaches points to the need for standardized diagnostic criteria and prospective studies to better understand risk factors, outcomes, and optimal management strategies. Additionally, there is a strong case for exploring biomarkers and therapies that may improve early identification and treatment of high-risk cases.","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"329-335"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144759424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Where eye meets body part 1: uniting allergy pathways in ocular and nasal disease - IgE on the offense. 眼睛与身体接触的地方，第一部分：将眼部和鼻腔疾病的过敏途径结合起来——IgE在进攻。

IF 2.6 4区医学

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000001096

Sebastian Borges, Victoria A Pereira, Christopher Chang, Anat Galor

{"title":"Where eye meets body part 1: uniting allergy pathways in ocular and nasal disease - IgE on the offense.","authors":"Sebastian Borges, Victoria A Pereira, Christopher Chang, Anat Galor","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001096","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001096","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: This review explores the shared immunologic mechanisms and clinical distinctions between seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis (SAR, PAR) and their ocular counterparts, seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis (SAC, PAC). These IgE-mediated diseases often coexist, reflecting overlapping triggers, mast cell activation, and mucosal immune responses. By comparing their epidemiology, pathophysiology, genetics, and treatments, this review highlights how nasal and ocular allergic pathways intersect and diverge.Recent findings: SAC and SAR frequently co-occur, with up to 71% of SAR patients reporting conjunctival symptoms and 75% of SAC patients experiencing rhinitis; in children, 42% with allergic rhinitis also have PAC. Recent studies suggest possible shared genetic and metabolic contributors across these conditions. Therapeutically, oral and intranasal antihistamines remain a mainstay for SAR, while combination intranasal corticosteroid-antihistamine regimens offer enhanced control in PAR. Topical dual-action antihistamine-mast cell stabilizers are commonly used in SAC and serve as first-line therapy for PAC. Novel ocular delivery systems, such as dexamethasone intracanalicular inserts, show promise for PAC.Summary: These findings emphasize the overlap in episodic and chronic nasal and ocular allergies, with shared mechanisms, genetics, and treatment approaches, yet with site-specific nuances. Ongoing research into genetic and therapeutic differentiation remains crucial to advancing personalized allergy care.","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"355-363"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144759425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From innovation to implementation: strengthening anterior ocular inflammatory surface diseases diagnostics through global health policy. 从创新到实施：通过全球卫生政策加强眼前炎性表面疾病的诊断。

IF 2.6 4区医学

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-06 DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000001106

Sabaa Alnsour, Leonard Bielory

{"title":"From innovation to implementation: strengthening anterior ocular inflammatory surface diseases diagnostics through global health policy.","authors":"Sabaa Alnsour, Leonard Bielory","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001106","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001106","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: Dry eye disease (DED), allergic conjunctivitis (AC), and infectious conjunctivitis (IC) are anterior ocular inflammatory surface diseases (AOISD) that remain overlooked, particularly in low-resource settings. This review explores the policy and health system factors driving inequities in AOISD diagnosis and highlights strategic pathways for scaling up access through global public health integration.Recent findings: While diagnostic innovations such as tear-based biomarkers, artificial intelligence (AI) tools, and teleophthalmology platforms offer promising solutions, implementation remains hindered by cost, workforce limitations, and fragmented infrastructure. Epidemiological data gaps persist, particularly in Africa and Europe. Emerging evidence supports the cost-effectiveness of integrated diagnostics, task-shifting strategies, and multisectoral partnerships, including national programs and non-governmental organization-led initiatives, to expand diagnostic capacity.Summary: Advancing AOISD diagnosis requires a coordinated approach that bridges innovation and policy. Integrating AOISDs into broader global eye health strategies, strengthening primary care systems, and aligning diagnostics with public health goals is essential to ensure equitable care. Public-private partnerships, investment in workforce training, and targeted education campaigns will be central to closing diagnostic gaps sustainably.","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"382-387"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144788513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Allergen immunotherapy: effective on lung function? 过敏原免疫治疗：对肺功能有效吗？

IF 2.6 4区医学

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000001113

Edoardo Cavaglià, Maurizio Marogna, Giovanni Paoletti, Giorgio Walter Canonica, Enrico Heffler

{"title":"Allergen immunotherapy: effective on lung function?","authors":"Edoardo Cavaglià, Maurizio Marogna, Giovanni Paoletti, Giorgio Walter Canonica, Enrico Heffler","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000001113","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: This review evaluates the evidence on the effects of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) on lung function in asthma, with a focus on long-term outcomes. The topic is timely given the increasing interest in disease-modifying strategies that may alter asthma's natural course, particularly through interventions targeting type 2 inflammation.Recent findings: Previous long-term observational and randomized studies suggest that sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) can sustain clinical benefits and may positively impact lung function. However, while improvements in asthma control and exacerbation reduction are consistent, recent and robust evidence for lung function preservation remains limited. Real-world prospective studies from European and Chinese cohorts, point to possible allergen-independent benefits on forced expiratory volume in one second.Summary: While AIT is a proven disease-modifying intervention for allergic diseases, its role in preventing or slowing lung function decline in asthma is underexplored. Future research should prioritize longitudinal spirometry data across diverse allergens and patient populations to clarify AIT's potential to alter asthma progression.","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145079856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0