{"title":"Neuroimmune signalling pathways in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.","authors":"Guled M Jama, Harsha H Kariyawasam","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000001048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>To evaluate the role of neuroimmune signalling pathways in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP).</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The sinonasal mucosa is densely infiltrated by immune cells and neuronal structures that share an intimate spatial relationship within tissue compartments. Together, such neuroimmune units play a critical role in airway defence and homeostatic function. CRSwNP is primarily driven by a type 2 immune endotype in the majority of patients. So far, central and peripheral neuronal mechanisms that promote, regulate and enhance immune responses have not been investigated to any detail within this disease group. Neurogenic inflammation, mediated by neuropeptides such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), has been shown to modulate immune responses. Emerging evidence now suggests a bidirectional communication between immune cells and neurons, with inflammatory cytokines directly activating sensory neurons and influencing their function alongside the nervous system directly modulating immune cells.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>The complex interplay between epithelial cells, immune cells and neurons in CRSwNP presents both challenges and opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Understanding these neuroimmune interactions not only provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis of CRSwNP but also may open up new avenues for therapeutic strategies targeting both the inflammatory and neuronal components of the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":"25 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring the management of recurrent angioedema caused by different mechanisms.","authors":"Ilaria Mormile, Chiara Suffritti, Maria Bova","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001047","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>We aim to explore the most recent insights into the pathogenesis of recurrent angioedema caused by different mechanisms and then focus on the management and treatment approaches available.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The recently developed DANCE consensus classification identifies five types of angioedema: mast cell-mediated (AE-MC), bradykinin-mediated, because of intrinsic vascular endothelium dysfunction (AE-VE), drug-induced (AE-DI), and due to unknown mechanisms (AE-UNK). These subtypes require different management with treatment choices targeting the main pathogenetic pathways involved in each form. For AE-MC and AE-BK, the therapeutic landscape has been significantly widened in recent years. Conversely, there is a lack of consensus for the hereditary forms because of newly discovered mutations ( factor 12 , plasminogen, kininogen-1 , myoferlin, angiopoietin-1 , heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase 6 ) and AE-UNK.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Recurrent angioedema can present with or without wheals. Angioedema without wheals may be driven by bradykinin and/or mast cell mediators. The different forms respond to specific drugs and require a different management. For its potentially life-threatening and disfiguring features, angioedema should be promptly recognized and effectively treated. For this reason, enhancing awareness about various angioedema subtypes and their management provide a useful tool for the clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"47-57"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142750185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The role of type 2 diabetes in the severity of adult asthma.","authors":"Alisa Pham, Rose Corcoran, Dinah Foer","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001045","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>This review summarizes recent basic, translational, and clinical research on type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its relationship with asthma severity in the context of T2D mechanisms and asthma outcomes.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Several clinical asthma outcomes, such as lung function and exacerbations, demonstrate a strong association between T2D and asthma and support that T2D contributes to worse asthma outcomes. Multiple mechanisms underlying those observed associations, and their representative biomarkers, have been proposed. However, prospective, controlled human studies in the context of both T2D and asthma are limited.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>T2D is associated with worse asthma outcomes and more severe asthma. Yet patients with more severe or uncontrolled asthma are also at a higher risk for systemic steroid exposure, which worsens glycemic control and metabolic dysregulation. Preclinical and translational studies point to metabolic dysregulation as a driver of airway inflammation. Addressing these metabolic pathways through T2D treatment may, in turn, directly or indirectly improve clinical asthma outcomes. While additional research is needed to identify biomarkers of risk and treatment response in metabolic asthma, this review highlights the importance of considering T2D as a clinically relevant asthma comorbidity.</p>","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"34-40"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11695166/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142738572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advances in asthma and allergic disease genetics.","authors":"Nathan Schoettler","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001056","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Asthma and allergic disease are common chronic conditions affecting individuals of all ages. The contribution of genetics to the risk of asthma and allergic diseases is well established, yet the mechanisms through which genetic variation contribute to risk continues to be investigated. This review focuses on recent advances made in genetic studies of asthma and allergic disease phenotypes.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Progress has been made at expanding genetic studies of asthma and allergic diseases in more diverse and non-European populations, and genetic associations have been made with loci and more refined phenotypes associated with these conditions. Among the 11 large genome-wide association studies or admixture mapping studies published recently, 52 novel associations were identified for asthma and allergic disease phenotypes. As in previous studies, variant- and genome-based heritability remains relatively low. The use of polygenic risk scores in asthma and allergic diseases has increased and reinforces the remarkable overlap of the genetic risk of these conditions. Whole genome and exome sequencing has led to associations of specific genes with these conditions, including rare STAT6 gain-of-function mutations that were identified in individuals with multiple, severe and early life allergic diseases and asthma.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Overall, we have learned that asthma and allergic diseases phenotypes are highly polygenic and have considerable overlap in their genetic landscapes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"58-65"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142784432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Occupational allergy and climate change.","authors":"Monika Raulf, Isabella Annesi-Maesano","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000001060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Climate change influences working conditions in various ways, affecting employee health and safety across different sectors. Climatic factors like rising temperatures, increased UV radiation, and more frequent extreme weather events pose risks to in both indoor and outdoor workers. Allergic diseases of the respiratory tract and the skin may emerge due to climate change. This review summarizes current aspects of both direct and indirect consequences of climate change and associated exposures in diverse work environments, focusing on occupational allergies.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Outdoor workers, in particular, are increasing susceptible to ubiquitous pollen allergens. Additionally, they may experience climate-related increases in allergens typically associated with specific workplaces, such as Cryptostroma corticale. Changes in production processes, along with altered workplaces exposures, can lead to new sensitizations and trigger allergies, representing indirect consequences of climate change. Furthermore, lifestyle changes aimed to promoting climate protection and sustainability (e.g. the introduction of insects as a protein source or using enzymes), may also contribute to the emergence of new allergens.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>The emergence of new occupational sensitization sources from novel or modified allergen exposures must be addressed within the framework of workplace safety and health, necessitating proactive measures to safeguard workers and mitigate risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143051918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New approaches in childhood IgE-mediated food allergy treatment.","authors":"Deniz Ilgun Gurel, Aikaterini Anagnostou, Alessandro Fiocchi, Chinthrajah Sharon, Umit Sahiner, Sayantani Sindher, Stefania Arasi","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000001058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>This review aims to provide an overview of the current and future treatment options for children with food allergies (FAs), highlighting the latest research findings and the potential impact of these new approaches on improving patients' and caregivers' quality of life.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>In the last decade, many promising approaches have emerged as an alternative to the standard avoidance of the culprit food with the risk of severe accidental reactions. Desensitization through oral immunotherapy has been introduced in clinical settings as a therapeutic approach, and more recently also omalizumab. In addition, alternative routes of administration for immunotherapy, other biologics, small molecules, probiotics or prebiotics, microbiota transplantation therapy, IGNX001, and PVX108 are being investigated.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>The portfolio of available treatment options for food allergies is increasing but several relevant unmet needs remain. This review aims to provide a brief overview of the existing and future treatment options for IgE-mediated food allergies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143045878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francesco Giombi, Giuseppe Mercante, Emanuele Nappi, Valentina Marzio, Luca Malvezzi
{"title":"Tailoring the treatment of type-2 related chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps: a comparative analysis of medical and surgical approaches.","authors":"Francesco Giombi, Giuseppe Mercante, Emanuele Nappi, Valentina Marzio, Luca Malvezzi","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001057","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Advances in understanding the molecular pathways underlying nasal epithelial inflammation have ushered in the era of personalized medicine for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Research progress has led to the approval of several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for severe CRSwNP, demonstrating promising outcomes in both clinical trials and real-world settings. Similarly, evolution in surgical techniques has enhanced progression-free survival due to the development of novel approaches. This narrative review summarizes current evidence comparing medical and surgical options for CRSwNP.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>There is general consensus that surgery is most effective in reducing nasal polyp size (NPS), while mAbs appears to provide greater benefits in terms of quality-of-life measures and olfactory function. Overall, surgery has shown higher long-term cost-effectiveness, although this could change with the upcoming patent expirations of mAbs. Additionally, head-to-head trials will allow for a direct comparison of the effectiveness of different mAbs in disease-specific outcomes.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>The high heterogeneity among studies has limited the ability to draw definitive conclusions through meta-analyses. To date, endoscopic sinus surgery remains the preferred option for surgery-naive patients, while individuals with recalcitrant CRSwNP and confirmed type-2 inflammation should be considered for mAb treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What rationale for treatment of occupational interstitial lung diseases with the drugs approved for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?","authors":"Serena Bellani, Paolo Spagnolo","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001055","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>To critically discuss the rationale for the use of drugs approved for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) to treat occupational interstitial lung diseases (OILDs).</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Although IPF and OILDs share several clinical, radiological and probably pathogenetic features, currently, OILDs do not have a standard of care. In recent years, our knowledge and understanding of ILDs has improved substantially. Recently, the progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) phenotype, which refers to non-IPF fibrotic ILDs that progress despite appropriate treatment, has been defined. OILDs may also be progressive. Nintedanib, initially approved for treatment of IPF, is also approved in patients with PPF. On the other hand, pirfenidone is approved in IPF but not in PPF, due to the lack of robust evidence of efficacy in this patient subset.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>OILDs are a large and highly heterogeneous group of conditions without a proper standard of care. Nintedanib may slow functional decline and disease progression in progressive OILDs, and new clinical trials are ongoing.</p>","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Patrick Bez, Martina Ceraudo, Fabrizio Vianello, Marcello Rattazzi, Riccardo Scarpa
{"title":"Where AIRE we now? Where AIRE we going?","authors":"Patrick Bez, Martina Ceraudo, Fabrizio Vianello, Marcello Rattazzi, Riccardo Scarpa","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001041","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>The purpose of the review is to describe the most recent advancement in understanding of the pivotal role of autoimmune regulator ( AIRE ) gene expression in central and peripheral tolerance, and the implications of its impairment in the genetic and pathogenesis of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) manifestations with insight into possible treatment options.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>AIRE gene expression has an important role of central and peripheral tolerance. Different AIRE gene mutations cause APECED, whereas polymorphisms and some variants may be implicated in development of other more frequently autoimmune diseases. Impaired negative T cell selection, reduction of T regulatory function, altered germinal center response, activated B cells and production of autoantibodies explain the development of autoimmunity in APECED. Recent data suggest that an excessive interferon-γ response may be the primer driver of the associated organ damage. Therefore, Janus kinase (JAK)-inhibitors may be promising therapies for treatment of broad spectrum of manifestations.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>AIRE has a pivotal role in immune tolerance. Disruption of this delicate equilibrium results in complex immune perturbation, ranging from severe autoimmunity, like APECED, to more common organ-specific disorders. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the correlation between AIRE function and clinical phenotype is warranted given the potential translational implication in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"448-456"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11537476/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142496681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Liver disease in primary antibody deficiencies.","authors":"Patrick Bez, Klaus Warnatz","doi":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001035","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ACI.0000000000001035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Liver disease has emerged as a major risk factor for increased mortality in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). This is mostly due to presinusoidal portal hypertension (PHTN) frequently secondary to nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH). Its pathogenesis is still poorly understood and treatment strategies for its various stages are often guided by trial and error. This review summarizes the most recent findings in the light of previous literature.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>In the last 2 years, different groups have addressed pathology, diagnostics, treatment, and liver transplantation. Histological examinations seem to support the pathogenetic sequence of T-cell mediated infiltration and damage of the sinusoidal space with secondary development of NRH, pericellular fibrosis, and the manifestation of PHTN. While markers of the early phase - beyond slight elevation of cholestatic enzymes - are still missing, elevated liver stiffness and splenomegaly above 16 cm longitudinal diameter have been suggested as warning signs for PHTN in CVID patients. Data on immunosuppressive treatment of this manifestation is still very heterogeneous, but a recent report on liver transplantation was encouraging for end stage liver disease.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Liver disease deserves higher attention in the management of CVID. More studies are needed to understand its pathogenesis and optimal treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":10956,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"434-439"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}