Prevention and Research最新文献

{"title":"Decreasing the gap between emerging nanotechnologies and citizen through ethical considerations and socially responsible research: the example of nano-drugs","authors":"J. André, C. Frochot, R. Manigat, F. Allix, F. Tomei","doi":"10.11138/PR/2013.2.3.083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11138/PR/2013.2.3.083","url":null,"abstract":"Decisions about the use of science are \"existential\" to the extent that they concern human well-being, that is, how people think, develop, act -- how they live. Scientists working within their own disciplines tend to depend on paradigms and these usually entail mandatory sets of rigid norms. These permit serious and deep pursuit of knowledge but by themselves don't respond to, let alone overcome, gaps that open between scientific research itself and demands or needs for public determination of the social applications of research. Researchers must often cope with heavy time pressures for the financing and the publication of their work. This tends to minimize interdisciplinary efforts and confirm the priorities of decision-makers who provide financing. The matter is complicated by increasing demands from the public that scientists factor into their efforts important ethical questions concerning social, economic and political matters. This makes the requisite tools interdisciplinary and there is a general absence of agreed-on rules for their development and use. Recent fascination with nanotechnologies as keys to scientific progress suggests the possibility of crafting appropriate priorities that are not always dependent on calculations of profit. A variety of risks -- ethical, health, environmental -- arise at the beginning of a project and they bring complexity and interdependence throughout the effort. Again: these entail social and not solely scientific issues and they cannot be glossed over. This paper aims to press scientists to consider and reflect on the possible future uses of their accomplishments (in terms of ethics and risks or hazards for Humans and the environment). It proposes certain humbleness on their part together with a principle of \"Socially Responsible Research\" when, for example, applying new nano-drugs in cancer therapy (including limits of perception of possible problems of researchers and few modest action proposals for a social progress).","PeriodicalId":109386,"journal":{"name":"Prevention and Research","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132063903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accidents at work in the period 2002-2011 in petrochemical sector workers: considerations on the phenomenon and preventive measures","authors":"A. Giacobbe","doi":"10.11138/PR/2013.2.4.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11138/PR/2013.2.4.126","url":null,"abstract":"Background: in recent years, Italy has shown a reduction in the number of accidents as a whole, including fatal accidents. However, there are many factors that determine the frequency and severity of accidents: general economic conditions, technological innovation, rhythms and shift work, productive sector, company size, age of the workers, the task being performed, and others. Objectives: the objective of this study is to examine the available data in the database INAIL on accidents that occurred in the period 2002-2011 in the petrochemical industry, to assess the possible risk factors for work-related injuries in this specific production sector, and any possible preventive measures. Materials and Methods: the present study analyses the trend of injuries in workers in the petrochemical industry from 2002 to 2011, taking into account the number of events reported and recognized, the defined consequences, the geographical distribution and the task. To identify areas of research, we selected 11 classifications used by INAIL to determine rates of insurance premiums attributable to activities in the petrochemical industry (items 2191, 2193, 2194, 2195, 2196, 2197, 2154, 2145, 2141, 2146, 3620). The risk of working in the petrochemical industry can be broadly divided into two categories: I) risk in refineries; II) risk in petrochemical complexes. The occupational hazards in refineries depend substantially on flammability of materials; occupational hazards in the petrochemical complexes are more numerous, because of processes and classes of products that are characterized not only for flammability, but also for toxicity. Results: the data from INAIL relating to the period 2002-2011 show a dramatic decline in the overall incidence of accidents, in cases defined as temporary and without permanent consequences. However, cases with permanent disability were up to 5%; cases with permanent disability were up to more than 5% and the fatal cases appear almost constant. Therefore, the preventive measures taken may have had some good results on the total number of accidents, but on the other hand, it is an almost constant trend of medium and serious injuries, and death. Discussion: the data show that risks persist and are perhaps hardly capable of reduction for events with serious injury or death, probably related to the specific production circumstances. However, this could result from an underestimation of more minor injuries, not reported to INAIL. Conclusions: the target remains an effective preventive action, in the context of a business inspired by the values of “social responsibility”, raising awareness among companies on the costs of lack of security and emphasizing the economic and social benefits linked to good policies of prevention.","PeriodicalId":109386,"journal":{"name":"Prevention and Research","volume":"207 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133872478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimated risk assessment of the exposed to asbestos","authors":"A. Sancini","doi":"10.11138/PR/2012.1.1.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11138/PR/2012.1.1.040","url":null,"abstract":"1Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopaedics, Unit of Occupational Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy 2Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy 3General Direction of Military Health 4Aesenal M.M. – La Spezia (CO.CE. R – Interforce) 5Second Istance Medical Commission MM, Bari, Italy 6Armed Force General Command CC – Health Department 7Respiratory Pathophysiology Service-Cardiorespiratory Disease Department Policlinico Militare Rome 8Sanitary Department Naval Base-Augusta 9Primary Nursing A.M.","PeriodicalId":109386,"journal":{"name":"Prevention and Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121199559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of Diabetes Mellitus on epidemiological, clinical, radiological features of tuberculosis. Seven years experience in a Mexican teaching hospital","authors":"E. Caraffa","doi":"10.11138/PER/2014.3.3.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11138/PER/2014.3.3.107","url":null,"abstract":"Background: studies from Asia revealed a threefold increase in the risk of active tuberculosis (TB) for patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Given the increasing incidence of metabolic syndrome and DM in developing countries with a high incidence of TB, there may be a convergence of the two diseases resulting in increased morbidity and mortality with a high impact for global health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of type 2 DM to TB rates in Mexican population. A comparison with TB/HIV coinfection was also done. Materials and Methods: we performed a retrospective study in the Civil Hospital “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara, Mexico. All TB patients hospitalized between 2005-2011 were studied. Demographic data, clinical and radiological findings and sputum microscopy were assessed in TB patients with and without DM and in a TB/HIV coinfected group. The data underwent statistical analysis. We used Pearson’s x2 test to compare the characteristics of the three groups, a P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. For continuous variables the non-parametric analysis of MannWhitney U test was used. Results: a total of 1225 patients with TB were analysed and DM type 2 was diagnosed in 16.8% of TB patients, whereas HIV infection was observed in 9.1%. Smoking/alcohol/drugs use and a history of prison were more common in TB/HIV patients (p≤0.001), while no significant differences were found between TB/DM and non-DM patients. TB/DM patients showed more symptoms like expectoration and haemoptysis, (p<0.05); cavitations were more often found in TB/DM (p<0.05). Also fibronodular forms were more common in TB/DM (p<0.05). By contrast in the TB/HIV group, the constitutional symptoms and miliar lesions were prevalent. Regarding sputum microscopy no differences were detected at the time of diagnosis, while at 2 months of follow-up TB/DM and TB/HIV patients were still positive (17.1% and 17.2,% versus 12.7% of only TB). At the end of treatment TB/HIV showed the higher % of positive sputum. Discussion: although HIV is considered to be the most important risk factor for TB development, we cannot ignore DM, which showed a significantly higher prevalence in active TB patients compared to HIV+ people. A global strategy to improve prevention, early detection and treatment of concomitant DM and TB should be implemented.","PeriodicalId":109386,"journal":{"name":"Prevention and Research","volume":"272 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114478445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aspetti legali del transessualismo: lo scenario italiano a confronto con altri paesi europei","authors":"Francesco Paolo Busardò, G. M. Vergallo, S. Zaami, C. Ciallella, P. Frati, Enrico Marinelli, G. Ciancolini","doi":"10.11138/PER/2013.2.4.155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11138/PER/2013.2.4.155","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":109386,"journal":{"name":"Prevention and Research","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121557615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decompressive hemicraniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: outcomes of 22 patients","authors":"C. Pizzoni","doi":"10.11138/PER/2016.5.4.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11138/PER/2016.5.4.109","url":null,"abstract":"Large middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarctions presenting as malignant cerebral edema account for 1-10% of all ischemic strokes. Mortality rates have been reported to be as high as 80%, and most of the survivors are left severely disabled. Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) can reduce mortality and severe disability. The objective of this work is to help better define the selection criteria for performing the surgery in case of large MCA infarctions. From August 2000 to March 2014, 22 patients with malignant MCA infarction were included in the study. During that period, all the patients underwent DHC due to transtentorial herniation despite the appropriate medical treatment. The mean age of the patients was 63 years old. Among them, 9 patients (41%) were expired. The outcomes of patients with malignant MCA infarction who underwent DHC were compared with the previously published data. In the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke, it has become clear that in a number of these cases a progressive and often fatal deterioration secondary to mass effect from the edematous, infarcted tissue occurs. Some of these patients may benefit from undergoing a DHC but the timing and indications for this potential lifesaving procedure are still debated. DHC may be an useful procedure in patients with malignant MCA infarction. Timing of surgery and appropriate patient selection based on age and other criteria requires further investi-","PeriodicalId":109386,"journal":{"name":"Prevention and Research","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124985668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INCIDENCE OF BIOLOGICAL FLUID-RELATED ACCIDENTS AMONG INTERNS OF A UNIVERSITY-HOSPITAL","authors":"A. Stefanati, Marco Nardini, P. Boschetto","doi":"10.11138/PR/2013.2.1.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11138/PR/2013.2.1.004","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The Hospital meant as a work environment differs from most of the work environments for the plurality of executed activities. One of the primary risks is the biological one for parenteral transmission diseases connected to occupational injuries during health-care activity. The exposure to biological risk is very common in health workers, and hepatitis B and C and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are the most frequent infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":109386,"journal":{"name":"Prevention and Research","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125667406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The bone collector: when reality overcomes fantasy","authors":"L. Cipolloni","doi":"10.11138/PER/2015.5.1.046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11138/PER/2015.5.1.046","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: the Authors present a case occurred in the suburbs of Rome, concerning the discovery of a skeleton by the fire fighters after a fire broke out in a grassy field. Beside it, a bag containing a bunch of keys and an identity card was found, fortunately not destroyed by the fire. These items belonged to an elderly man who disappeared in that same area four years before. Materials and Methods: genetic tests were performed on a left femoral bone sample in order to confirm the presumed identity of the skeleton and instead provided a genetic profile that was not compatible with the sons of the missing man. Thus other samples from different bones were examined, resulting in different genetic profiles and none of them compatible with the sons of the missing man. Results: the Prosecutor asked for an anthropological expertise, which confirmed morphologically that the skeleton was composed by bones belonged to different individuals and could provide an approximate age of these individuals at the time of death. The Prosecutor also asked for the time of death of these individuals and, to this purpose, specific investigations on the bone remains were carried out based on the measure of the isotopic ratio of 14C in lipids and collagen by AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry). Discussion: this case represents an interesting example of the application of a multidisciplinary approach in challenging cases of identification of human remains and demonstrates that a case that may apparently seem “simple” may instead reveal great methodological and interpretative challenges.","PeriodicalId":109386,"journal":{"name":"Prevention and Research","volume":"2007 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129435875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intestinal adenocarcinoma as unexpected content of Spigelian hernia: when CT-scan its not enough","authors":"Chiara Eberspacher","doi":"10.11138/PR/2013.2.4.151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11138/PR/2013.2.4.151","url":null,"abstract":"Spigelian hernias are only 1-2% of all types and are considered a very uncommon condition: it develops through a weaker area between the semilunar line and the lateral edge of rectal muscle. There is an association with female sex, obesity, prior surgery, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, abdominal trauma or coexistence of other wall defects. The content is intraperitoneal fat or omentum, sometimes small bowel or colon. Symptoms, like abdominal pain, lateral lump and altered bowel habits are linked to the most common complication: incarceration. The CT scan can be useful in confirming the abdominal wall defect and in discriminating the content and can help in the choice of the best surgical procedure, especially if there is an ischemia. In literature are described some case of atypical content, such as testicle in association with cryptorchidism in children or appendicular abscesses or abdominal wall tumor, especially in adults. We report a very unusual finding in a 81year-old patient: a well-differentiated intestinal adenocarcinoma of left colon as content of a left Spigelian hernia. The patient was admitted to our Department because of abdominal pain, left abdominal lump and altered bowel habits. The preoperative CT-scan showed a large defect in lateral left abdominal wall and a content of sigmoid colon with abscesses and diverticula, but there were not signs of ischemia. It was chosen an anterior direct approach, performed an adhesiolysis, isolated the left colon and identified the abdominal wall defect. Despite the absence of CT or clinical signs of ischemia, the colon was included in necrotic tissue and partially twisted. It was performed a left hemicolectomy through the hernia defect and side-toside colonic anastomosis reconstruction. After the bowel replacement, the abdomen wall was reconstructed without mesh or other devices in order to reduce the infection risk. The diagnosis of well differentiated (G1) intestinal adenocarcinoma, necrotic, infiltrating the bowel up the subserosa was performed only after histological examination. The CTscan was not able to differentiate the neoplasm from diverticular abscess, and even during the operation there was no a definite suspect, probably because the loss of normal anatomy due to the chronic inflammatory process. According to some studies the CT-scan has an importance in distinguishing the type of Spigelian hernia, but it is not so clear in discriminating the content, as it happened in our case, when the correct diagnosis of colon cancer concomitant with diverticula and abscess was possible only with the later microscopic examination.","PeriodicalId":109386,"journal":{"name":"Prevention and Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129553117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Well-being at work in a center for rehabilitation","authors":"L. Forcella, U. Battisti, Michela Cortini, P. Boscolo","doi":"10.11138/PR/2013.2.2.059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11138/PR/2013.2.2.059","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The quality of the work environment of nurses is a subject of increasing interest since there is a close link between the quality of care and patient satisfaction. Surveys on the characteristics of hospitals in Europe, United States and Asia demonstrated that the quality of organizational behaviour influenced emotional exhaustion and the intention to change jobs in nurses. With regard to this, we performed a survey on the health service staff, at risk of occupational stress, in a center for rehabilitation located in Abruzzo (Italy). Well-being at work in a center for rehabilitation www.preventionandresearch.com Apr-Jun 2013|P&R Scientific|Volume 3|N°2 61 Methods: The first step of the investigation was to identify homogenous groups of workers considering their duties in relation to job stress. We investigated all the health service staff, the office-workers and the blue collar workers (117 women and 58 men); 85% of them were in a stable job. We used anonymous questionnaires to evaluate the perception of anxiety, job stress and symptoms. State trait anxiety inventory (STAI) was used in scale 1, to measure state-anxiety as a temporary and varying condition, and in scale 2, to monitor trait-anxiety, as a relatively fixed tendency of the personality. Occupational stress was determined by the Italian version of the Karasek Job Content Questionnaire, composed of 49 items, determining decision latitude (DL), job demand (JD) job strain (JD/DL), social support and job insecurity. The perception of symptoms was also evaluated by a 10 item questionnaire. Results: The levels of anxiety and job insecurity of all the groups of workers were within the normal range. Physiotherapists and professional nurses showed rather higher anxiety, elevated job demand (JD), rather lower decision latitude and higher job strain (“job strain” = JD/DL). The health care assistants showed lower JD and DL similar to that of the professional nurses. The social assistants, teachers and logopedics showed rather low JD and rather elevated DL. Physicians had low values of anxiety, job demand and job strain, high DL and low perception of symptoms. The job stress of the blue collar workers of the hospital was similar to that of the professional nurses and physiotherapists. The perception of symptoms in all the sanitary staff was highly correlated with levels of anxiety and job strain. Conclusions: The low levels of anxiety and job insecurity of the health service staff show that, in this center, the work environment was of good quality. However, this study also indicates that in centers for rehabilitation and treatment of chronic diseases, the levels of occupational stress of physiotherapists and professional nurses are higher than those of the other groups of health service staff (social assistants, teachers and logopedics). This investigation thus demonstrates that it necessary to improve the work environment of physiotherapists and professional nurses (fewer than the number","PeriodicalId":109386,"journal":{"name":"Prevention and Research","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116353285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}