Current Nanomaterials最新文献

{"title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Gel Containing Nigella sativa Seed Extract\u0000Loaded Transferosomes for Effective Treatment of Psoriasis","authors":"Ravish Sahu, Neeraj Kumar Sharma, Ashok Kumar, S. Sahu","doi":"10.2174/0124054615251738231211080244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615251738231211080244","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Psoriasis vulgaris is an autoimmune associated skin disease causing\u0000plaques or scales formation where the skin cells form quicker than in their typical life cycle. The\u0000phenolic phytoconstituents reported in Nigella sativa are effective for the treatment of skin disorders. Transfersomes is an emerging nanoencapsulation drug delivery approach which can squeeze\u0000themselves due to its elastic nature as an intact vesicle across narrow pores. It improves the potency\u0000of topical formulations with higher permeation efficiencies compared to other vesicular drug delivery systems.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This research work focused to prepare Nigella sativa or black seed extract loaded transfersomes as nanoformulation and further incorporating them in the gel system to give improved\u0000therapeutic efficacy due to their self-regulating and self-optimizing capabilities.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The phenolic content of Nigella sativa or black seed was extracted in ethanol and the\u0000solvent was removed using a vacuum with suitable storage conditions at 22ºC. Transfersomes of\u0000ethanol extract were prepared by thin layer hydration method and further incorporated into gel formulations. The ant-psoriasis activity of prepared gel formulation was performed with histopathology\u0000study in the Imiquimod induced albino rat model.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A nanoformulation prepared with 0.85 mg lecithin and 0.10 mg tween 80 has the highest\u0000entrapment efficiency. The entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential of optimized transferosomes batch were found to be 69.3 ± 2.6%, 178 ± 11 nm, 1.1 ± 0.2, -29.4\u0000mV, respectively. Anti-psoriatic activity of N. sativa seed extract loaded transfersomes showed a\u0000more significant reduction in thickness of the epidermis and less elongation of rete ridges with capillary loop dilation as compared to conventional gel formulation.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000We concluded that the Nigella sativa seed ethanolic extract loaded transfersomes gel\u0000formulation showed significant ant-psoriasis activity in an albino rat model.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10924,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"80 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139001231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial Drug Development Using Starch Nanoparticles","authors":"Smritilekha Bera","doi":"10.2174/0124054615271640231122034023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615271640231122034023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The naturally available carbohydrate polymer, starch, is biodegradable and biocompatible,\u0000making it suitable for drug encapsulation due to the presence of various hydroxy functionalities.\u0000Multidrug resistance in antibacterial agents can sometimes limit their use and pose toxicity issues\u0000due to dose-related problems resulting from the low bioavailability or solubility of hydrophobic\u0000drugs. To address this issue, antibiotics are delivered using nanocarriers that protect therapeutic\u0000agents from degradation and enhance the delivery of hydrophobic drugs. This review article discusses\u0000the utilization of starch nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles or carriers for antibacterial\u0000agents.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10924,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"21 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138598001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) Extract Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles using Central Composite Design and its Characterization- Its In-vitro Anti-cancer Activity","authors":"Neha Minocha, P. Pandey, Nidhi Sharma, Sangita Saini","doi":"10.2174/0124054615266447231107070012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615266447231107070012","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of cancer around the world is identified as a multifactorial ailment. One of the most common causes of cancer in the world is oxidative stress, and this can be overcome by taking the herbal plant wheatgrass in any form. As colloidal carriers with particle sizes of 50- 1,000nm, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) combine the benefits of liposomes, emulsions, and other colloidal systems to deliver drugs to their targets. Using the hot homogenization method, the present work aimed to formulate wheatgrass-loaded chitosan solid lipid nanoparticles using a central composite design. This study investigated the effect of three formulation variables on particle size, namely the sodium alginate concentration, the calcium carbonate concentration, and the homogenization time. Extraction of wheatgrass was done in a soxhlet extractor, using methanolic extract. The hot homogenization technique was used to prepare Triticum aestivum extract loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). For CCD, all formulations were analyzed for particle size, which ranged from 362.5 to 933.8 nm, and for polydispersity index, which ranged from 0.137 to 5.799. Batch code SLN-6 was found to be the finest suitable because of a maximum loading capacity of 67.76 ±0.17 % (w/w), maximum entrapment efficiency of 65.81±0.11 % (w/w), and minimum particle size of 362.5nm by using sodium alginate as a surface stabilizer at homogenization time ~ 5 min and having maximum percentage yield of 43.66%. During characterization studies and MCF-6 cell line studies, it was found that wheatgrass has anti-oxidant potential, and is potent against breast cancer.","PeriodicalId":10924,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"1 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139267429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication and Physiochemical Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles via Citric Assisted Auto Combustion Synthesis","authors":"Anuj Kumar Gond, Atendra Kumar, Himanshu Shekher, Anees A. Ansari, Hye-Won Seo, KD Mandal, Youngil Lee, Laxman Singh","doi":"10.2174/0124054615255537230920051037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615255537230920051037","url":null,"abstract":"Background:: There are various synthetic routes to synthesize the ZnO particle. However, none of the routes is best suited for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. Moreover, ZnO nanoparticles have potential industrial applications. Aims:: In this research article, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by auto combustion route using the low-cost reagents zinc nitrate hexahydrate and citric acid as a precursor at 90-120° C. Objective:: Herein, we have synthesized ZnO nanoparticles via auto combustion route using the low-cost reagents zinc nitrate hexahydrate and citric acid. The current route is very simple as well as energy-saving with the requirement of using low-cost precursor as compared to the traditional solid-state method and multi-step sol-gel route. Method:: Citric-assisted auto-combustion synthesis was employed to fabricate the ZnO nanoparticles. Result:: The formed precursor powder was calcinated at 500°C for 5 hours in an electrical furnace. It was found that these particles were in a single phase, and the crystallite size of the nanoparticles was found to be in the range of 10 to 15 nm. Conclusion:: We synthesized ZnO nanoparticles at a lower temperature via the citric acid-assisted combustion method. The thermal properties of ZnO nanoparticles were studied by TGA spectra, representing the total weight loss of around 47.71% and their thermal stability after 900 °C.","PeriodicalId":10924,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"8 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135684928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on Innovative Nanomaterials for Enhancing Energy Performance of the Building Envelope","authors":"Nouran Ashraf Ali, Samir Sadek, Ahmed Abdin","doi":"10.2174/0124054615248038231020054831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615248038231020054831","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The greatest threat of the 21st century is global warming. The building sector is a major contributor to energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. About 60% of the total energy consumed in the buildings is caused by HVAC systems. Nanotechnology is an emerging technology that can introduce innovative materials in the building sector which offers great potential for development of innovative building products to enhance performance and energy efficiency of the building. Nanomaterials are a promising candidate for building thermal insulation. This paper presents a theoretical overview of twenty case-based scenarios on the application of nanomaterials to reduce energy consumption in buildings. A comprehensive list of different nanomaterials is reviewed from the literature, as non-structural, insulation, and thermal energy storage materials to improve the insulation performance of the building. Extensive testing and simulation modelling have turned out to be the most popular in this area of research methods for experimental and theoretical studies. The combination of these methods can yield a reliable technique for studying nanomaterials. Finally, embedding nanomaterials into building walls, floors, and roofs can reduce energy consumption and enhance thermal performance of a building’s envelope.","PeriodicalId":10924,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135564961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolutionizing Medicine: The Promise of Camouflage Nanoparticles - A Review","authors":"Vajagathali Mohammed, Nikitha Shalom Richard","doi":"10.2174/0124054615273067231011110436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615273067231011110436","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Camouflage nanoparticles (CNPs) have emerged as a promising paradigm in the realm of disease therapy, offering a distinctive set of properties and versatile applications. These nanoparticles, characterized by their size, typically falling within the range of 1 to 100 nm, hold significant promise for the realms of targeted drug delivery, diagnostics, and imaging. Diverse categories of camouflage nanoparticles, encompassing liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and dendrimers, have been under intensive scrutiny for their potential to combat a spectrum of diseases, including neurological disorders, cardiovascular ailments, genetic anomalies, and cancer. These nanoparticles exhibit the remarkable ability to surmount biological barriers, including the formidable blood-brain barrier, thereby facilitating the precise delivery of therapeutic agents to specific cells or tissues. This precision augments drug efficacy while simultaneously mitigating systemic side effects. Nevertheless, challenges persist in the refinement of nanoparticle design, the assurance of long-term safety, and the pursuit of scalability and cost-effectiveness. Looking ahead, future prospects encompass expanding the purview of disease-specific applications, advancing cutting-edge imaging modalities, crafting multifunctional nanoparticles, and seamlessly integrating nascent technologies. With relentless dedication to research and innovation, CNPs hold the potential to metamorphose the landscape of disease therapy, ushering in a new era marked by heightened drug efficacy, diminished side effects, and the realization of personalized medicine paradigms. This review aims to illuminate the burgeoning arena of CNPs in disease therapy, casting a spotlight on their latent potential as a conduit for targeted drug delivery. Through an exploration of their unique attributes, applications, and extant challenges, this review seeks to galvanize further research and development within this propitious domain, ultimately striving to revolutionize disease therapy by aligning it with the tenets of enhanced efficacy, attenuated side effects, and the realization of personalized medicine aspirations.","PeriodicalId":10924,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"15 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135167627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-friendly Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Bignay (Antidesma bunius) Leaves for Antibacterial Application","authors":"Khent Ivan Duerme, Cathleen Montano, Eliezer Diamante, Noreen Grace Fundador","doi":"10.2174/0124054615269442231016073205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615269442231016073205","url":null,"abstract":"Background:: Foodborne pathogenic bacteria continue to become a global concern despite the advancements in food packaging technology. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely studied in the field as they exhibit desirable inhibitory properties against foodborne pathogens. AgNPs are conventionally synthesized by toxic chemical and physical means; hence, there is a need to seek environmentally safe alternative routes for producing AgNPs. Objective:: The study aimed to synthesize AgNPs using bignay (Antidesma bunius) leaf extract and assess its antimicrobial activity against the common foodborne pathogens S. aureus and E. coli. Methods:: Bignay leaf extract was characterized using total phenolic content (TPC) assay and 2,2- Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. AgNPs were produced under optimized pH, temperature, and incubation time and were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs was evaluated against S. aureus and E. coli using the Resazurin Microtiter Assay (REMA). Results:: Bignay leaf extract exhibited a total phenolic content of 0.315 ± 0.015 mg GAE/mg extract and an IC50 of 36.36 ± 0.003 μg/mL, which suggests its good reducing properties. The AgNPs synthesized under reaction conditions of pH 7, 45 ºC, and 30 min showed SPR peaks in the range of 412- 426 nm. Particles were spherical with an average size of 23.72 ± 7.30 nm. FTIR analysis revealed that the phenolic compounds in the extract capped the resulting nanoparticles. AgNPs demonstrated superior inhibitory activity against S. aureus and E. coli with MIC90 values of 2.90 ± 0.03 and 3.08 ± 0.004 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion:: The study was able to develop a green approach for the synthesis of AgNPs with antibacterial properties using bignay leaf extract.","PeriodicalId":10924,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"61 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135322991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on Carbon Nanotubes and its Biomedical Applications","authors":"Sonia Singh, Vandana Chauhan, Piyali Barik","doi":"10.2174/0124054615255751231009041021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615255751231009041021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Carbon nanotubes, as their name implies, are nanotubes made of carbon. Carbon nanotubes, liposomes, dendrimers, quantum dots, nanogels, and others are carbon nanoparticles. CNTs are synthesized using a variety of processes, including laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition, and arc discharge. Each method affects the nanotubes' final structure, diameter, and chirality, which affects their qualities and future applications. Furthermore, CNT functionalization and doping allow for changes in surface characteristics, compatibility with various materials, and improving performance in multiple applications. Carbon nanotubes are used in drug delivery systems to transport drugs from one place to another to achieve therapeutic effects. Carbon nanotubes have a wide variety of applications like those used in gene therapy, the treatment of cancer, diagnosis, tissue regeneration or engineering, etc. Moreover, CNTs (carbon nanotubes) have been recently revealed as promising antioxidants. They have great results in medicine and pharmacy. Its simple structure, high thermal and electronic conductivity, and nanometer size attract. Carbon nanotubes can deliver proteins, bioactive peptides, drugs, and nucleic acids to organs and cells. CNTs have a thin graphene sheet, which classifies them and changes their functions. This manuscript covers carbon nanotube history, classification, and applications","PeriodicalId":10924,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136142204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking the Microbial Potential of Intercalated Calcium-aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide-palmitic Acid","authors":"SHEIKH AHMAD IZADDIN SHEIKH MOHD GHAZALI, Nur Adlina Johari1, Nurul Huda Ismail, Suhaidi Ariffin, Sandeep Poddar, Hari Shankar Biswas","doi":"10.2174/0124054615252951230922102007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615252951230922102007","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction:: An efficient and coherent drug delivery system is imperative in detouring a repetitive administration of high doses of the drug to achieve an effective therapeutic effect. This study, therefore, aims to synthesize the nanocomposite (CAPA) utilizing the layered double hydroxide as a drug carrier that can safeguard the medicine and improve its bioavailability while minimizing the adverse impact on the biological process. Method:: The Calcium-aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide (CAL) was synthesized via the coprecipitation method followed by integrating palmitic acid (PA) drug into that host employing a similar approach. The successful intercalation was assessed utilizing X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The characterization of the material was evaluated by using a thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG) and accelerated surface area and porosity (ASAP) analyzer. Result:: The increment of basal spacing of CAPA (15.21Å) synthesized in this study implies the retainment of PA in the interlayer space of CAL. The FTIR spectra of CAPA, with the elimination of the nitrate ion peak at 1359.87 cm-1 and the appearance of carboxylate ion at 1643.17 cm-1, hint at the existence of PA in the host layer. The surface area of CAPA exhibited a value of 19.8 m2g-1, bigger than that of hosts, while its pore size is within the micropores range. Conclusion:: The TGA analysis revealed that the thermal stability of PA was improved following the intercalation process due to the decomposition of the PA core that occurs at 260°C. The antimicrobial activity proposes that the synthesized CAPA can retain the drug's activity against S. aureus, emphasizing the ability of CAL as a potential drug delivery vehicle for PA. other: this result can be used as a potential drug delivery for PA","PeriodicalId":10924,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136360713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study Of Structural And Optical Properties Of Copper, Manganese, And Mixed Metal (Cu And Mn) Oxide Nanoparticles","authors":"Vaishali yadav, Rimpy Shukla, K.S. Sharma, Sunil Ohjha","doi":"10.2174/2405461508666230627144618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2405461508666230627144618","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Unique optical and electronic properties are exhibited by semiconductors in nanoparticle state as compared to their bulk form. Copper and manganese are transition metals which show various oxidation states and all the oxides have different characteristics as nanomaterials. These metal oxides have various applications in biosensing, photocatalysis, etc. Methods: For this work, pure copper and manganese oxide nanoparticles were synthesized via the Sol-Gel method. The same method was used to obtain mixed metal (Cu and Mn) oxide nanoparticles for three values of doping (5%, 10%, and 15%) of metallic Cu in manganese oxide and Mn in copper oxide. Results: X-Ray diffraction (XRD) patterns reveal that the monoclinic structure of pure CuO changes to tetragonal on doping it with Mn, whereas the cubic phase of manganese oxide is found to change to tetragonal and then to monoclinic as the doping level of Cu in it is increased. The surface texture of pure and mixed metal Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has been used to study nanoparticles, and it has shown that as the doping level is raised, the nanoparticles' size and form vary noticeably. Additionally, the optical characteristics investigated by UV-Visible spectroscopy show that the energy band gap in the two cases strongly depends on the doping percentage. Conclusion: The crystallite size decreased from 30nm to 15nm after doping of Mn in CuO, whereas it increased from 17nm to 20nm after doping of Cu in MnO. The energy gap value changed from 1.34 eV to 1.77 eV for CuO and from 3.86 eV to 2.14 eV for MnO nanoparticles after doping.","PeriodicalId":10924,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136026986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}