Jeeyeon Kim, Jayeong Kim, Heather Cuevas, Anna Kratz
{"title":"Applications of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Cognitive Research in Diabetes: a Scoping Review.","authors":"Jeeyeon Kim, Jayeong Kim, Heather Cuevas, Anna Kratz","doi":"10.1007/s11892-026-01638-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11892-026-01638-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has increasingly been incorporated into studies examining cognitive function in people with diabetes. This scoping review systematically maps how CGM has been applied in cognitive research among individuals with diabetes to characterize current methodological approaches, identify key knowledge gaps, and inform future research.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>A scoping review was conducted following Arksey and O'Malley's framework. A systematic search of five electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PsycINFO) was performed. Cognitive outcomes were extracted and mapped to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework. Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. CGM data completeness was consistently high, with 84-100% of expected CGM data captured, supporting the feasibility of intensive glucose monitoring in cognitive research in diabetes. Considerable heterogeneity was observed in cognitive domains and assessment tools. Most studies evaluated executive function, memory, and attention, whereas psychomotor, language, and perceived cognitive functions were less frequently assessed. More than 10 distinct instruments were used to assess memory and executive function. Across studies, similar cognitive domains were examined regardless of the specific CGM metrics employed. Research examining CGM and cognitive function in diabetes is characterized by substantial methodological variability in both CGM metrics and cognitive assessments. These findings underscore the need for greater standardization to improve cross-study comparability and to advance CGM-informed cognitive research, including the development of personalized interventions to support cognitive health through optimized glucose management in people with diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10898,"journal":{"name":"Current Diabetes Reports","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447455/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148677443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Insulin-Related Disordered Eating Behaviour: A Scoping Review of Evidence.","authors":"Amy Shelford, Paul E Jenkins, Kate Harvey","doi":"10.1007/s11892-026-01637-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11892-026-01637-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Current understanding of insulin-related disordered eating behaviour is limited by inconsistencies in terminology and measurement. Prevalence of the behaviour and characteristics of individuals are unclear. How best to intervene and with whom is therefore unknown. This scoping review summarises existing knowledge as a first step to addressing the problem. Eligible sources investigated individuals with T1D restricting or inflating insulin with disordered eating motivations. Charted data included study aims, sample characteristics, measures, and key findings.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Samples converged on adolescent females in USA, Canada and western Europe. Numerous measures were used, few had received extensive validation. Prevalence estimates, and models of development and maintenance were inconsistent. The validity and generalisability of measures should be improved, particularly so that diverse perspectives (e.g., males, non-Western cultures), so far overlooked, are captured. Identity and social relationships appeared particularly important in the development and maintenance of insulin-related disordered eating behaviour and recovery, and could be a potential target for interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":10898,"journal":{"name":"Current Diabetes Reports","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13415336/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148600154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Alternative Payment Models and Diabetes Outcomes.","authors":"Marshall H Chin","doi":"10.1007/s11892-026-01636-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11892-026-01636-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Determine whether and how alternative payment models (APMs) impact diabetes care and outcomes. Explain what APMs are and highlight key principles of effective APMs. Provide a conceptual model for how APMs can support transformation to evidence-based population health delivery models that improve diabetes outcomes.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Advanced APMs with shared savings or global budgets, along with quality incentives, tended to improve diabetes and composite chronic condition outcomes, and can reduce Medicare Part A hospital and Part B outpatient costs. Advanced APMs, particularly models with global budgets that hold health care organizations accountable for total cost of care and quality of care, can improve diabetes outcomes and reduce costs. Careful design and implementation of APMs are essential to provide the appropriate mix of incentives, support, and risk for participants to succeed in APMs and develop effective population health management models.</p>","PeriodicalId":10898,"journal":{"name":"Current Diabetes Reports","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13388329/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148535475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert M Sargis, Sirimon Reutrakul, Leonardo Trasande, Angel Nadal
{"title":"Plasticizing Diabetes Care: The Metabolic Threat of Plastic-Associated Endocrine Disruptors and Micro-/Nanoplastics in Clinical Medicine.","authors":"Robert M Sargis, Sirimon Reutrakul, Leonardo Trasande, Angel Nadal","doi":"10.1007/s11892-026-01635-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11892-026-01635-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Diabetes care is characterized by the widespread use of plastics. With plastic-associated endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) implicated in diabetes pathogenesis, this review examines how medical plastics relate to diabetes and related disorders and proposes interventions to improve the situation.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Plastic-associated EDCs and micro-/nanoplastics (MNPs) are linked to metabolic dysfunction. Medical care exposes patients to these agents; however, the precise contribution of diabetes care to these exposures and their associated adverse health effects remains poorly defined. Diabetes care is an increasingly important contributor to plastic pollution and climate change, yet inadequate systems exist to mitigate its environmental impact. Plastic-associated EDCs and MNPs remain an underappreciated metabolic health threat. Mitigating the deleterious impacts of plastics on human and planetary health requires concerted actions from manufacturers, scientists, policymakers, professional organizations, healthcare providers, and patients. Doing so has the potential to improve metabolic health and promote health equity.</p>","PeriodicalId":10898,"journal":{"name":"Current Diabetes Reports","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13364795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148430027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Digital Management of Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: Empowerment, Challenges, and Future Outlook.","authors":"Li-Jun Guo, Kah-Seng Low, Sok-Kun Tae, Lee-Ling Lim","doi":"10.1007/s11892-026-01633-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11892-026-01633-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Early-onset type 2 diabetes (EOT2D), defined as a diabetes diagnosis before 40 years of age, is rising globally and associated with an aggressive disease course and early complications. This review examines the role of digital health technologies (DHT) in addressing the unique clinical and life-course challenges of EOT2D.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>DHT, including continuous glucose monitoring, mobile health applications, digital therapeutics, telemedicine, remote patient monitoring, wearable devices, and artificial intelligence-based analytics, have demonstrated modest improvements in glycemic control, weight management, and patient engagement in people with type 2 diabetes. However, evidence in adults with EOT2D remains limited. Compared with usual-onset T2D, people with EOT2D may derive particular benefits due to higher digital literacy, greater lifestyle variability, and longer anticipated disease duration. Although DHT shows promise for improving empowerment and care integration in EOT2D, important gaps persist, including a lack of EOT2D-specific trials, digital divide-related inequities, interoperability challenges, and reimbursement barriers. Future research should prioritize tailored interventions and hybrid care models to optimize long-term outcomes in this high-risk population.</p>","PeriodicalId":10898,"journal":{"name":"Current Diabetes Reports","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13354610/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148419577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giuliana Perini Villanueva, Walter M Solorzano, Estelle Everett
{"title":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Type 2 Diabetes: Clinical Outcomes, Disparities in Access, and Cost-effectiveness.","authors":"Giuliana Perini Villanueva, Walter M Solorzano, Estelle Everett","doi":"10.1007/s11892-026-01631-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11892-026-01631-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>This review summarizes recent evidence on continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), focusing on clinical effectiveness, patient-reported outcomes, disparities in use, and policy and economic considerations.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Studies from 2020 to 2025 show that CGM use in T2D is associated with consistent improvements in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), time in range, and diabetes self-management across insulin and non-insulin treatment regimens. Emerging observational data suggest reductions in mortality and health care utilization, and cost-effectiveness analyses consistently demonstrate that CGM represents a high-value intervention across payer settings. Despite these benefits, CGM uptake remains variable, with persistent disparities by age, race, and ethnicity, insurance coverage, and care setting. CGM is an effective and cost-effective tool for T2D management, but inequities in access limit its impact. Future research should address implementation in safety-net and primary care settings, evaluate over-the-counter CGM, and assess long-term clinical and health system outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10898,"journal":{"name":"Current Diabetes Reports","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148293035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samantha L Plush, Peter Litwin, Sangwoo Han, Robert V Bryant, Saravana Kumar, Patricia Kaazan, Alice S Day
{"title":"Beyond Inflammation - A Multidisciplinary Approach to Managing Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.","authors":"Samantha L Plush, Peter Litwin, Sangwoo Han, Robert V Bryant, Saravana Kumar, Patricia Kaazan, Alice S Day","doi":"10.1007/s11892-026-01627-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11892-026-01627-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) demonstrate a high prevalence of obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and cardiometabolic comorbidities. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality in IBD. This review examines cardiometabolic and obesity screening, and management within IBD models of care to optimise chronic disease management.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Obesity prevalence in IBD has increased to 40%. Chronic systemic inflammation driven by visceral adiposity, proinflammatory cytokine production, insulin resistance and vascular endothelial dysfunction represent a unifying mechanism linking IBD, MASLD and CVD. Proactive management of cardiometabolic risk is not prioritised within traditional IBD service models. Therapeutic approaches to manage obesity and lower CVD risk in this cohort with concurrent optimisation of IBD control include dietary and lifestyle intervention through to anti-obesity pharmacotherapy and bariatric procedures. Integrated multidisciplinary models of care that leverage existing infrastructure and shared-care partnerships with primary care, proactive risk identification and management strategies should be adopted within specialist IBD services. As obesity, MASLD and CVD emerge as major contributors of morbidity and mortality in IBD, failure to systematically address cardiometabolic risk represents a critical gap in contemporary IBD care. Embedding proactive screening and multidisciplinary management within existing IBD infrastructure offers immediate actionable opportunity to improve long-term outcomes beyond inflammatory control.</p>","PeriodicalId":10898,"journal":{"name":"Current Diabetes Reports","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13279483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148270594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Climate Change and Diabetes Outcomes: Evidence from Climate-Vulnerable Regions.","authors":"Lakshmi Natarajan, Anjana Ranjit Mohan, Hamad Ali, Gary Adamkiewicz, Pradeepa Rajendra, Fahd Al-Mulla, Viswanathan Mohan, Barrak Alahmad","doi":"10.1007/s11892-026-01634-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11892-026-01634-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Climate change is progressively recognized as an emerging determinant of metabolic health outcomes, particularly in relation to diabetes mellitus. This review summarizes mechanistic and epidemiological evidence linking climate-related exposures to diabetes outcomes: namely, 1) heat stress, 2) air pollution, and 3) extreme weather-related disruption of diabetes care.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Warming temperatures, worsening air quality, and more frequent extreme weather events are intensifying exposures that disproportionately affect populations with pre-existing chronic diseases; patients with diabetes may be at the center of climate-related vulnerability. While the greatest burden of diabetes is shouldered by countries in the Global South, these same regions are also at the front lines of climate change, facing extreme environmental conditions. Together, diabetes and climate change can converge to create compounding pressures on already strained public health systems in the world's most climate-vulnerable regions. Using global case studies from climate-vulnerable settings, we show the pathways through which diabetes outcomes and climate change can be connected highlighting the need for climate-informed diabetes prevention and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":10898,"journal":{"name":"Current Diabetes Reports","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148257655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Efficacy and safety of once-weekly basal insulin analogs versus daily basal insulin analogs in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Dimitrios Raptis, Sotirios Chiotis, Theodoros Papamichalis, Eleni Bekiari, Apostolos Tsapas, Thomas Karagiannis","doi":"10.1007/s11892-026-01628-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11892-026-01628-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Recently developed once-weekly basal insulin analogs, including insulin icodec and insulin efsitora alpha (efsitora), aim to improve treatment adherence and patient convenience compared with daily basal insulin. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of once-weekly basal insulin analogs compared with daily basal insulin analogs in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and included 14 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comprising 8,487 subjects.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Evidence supports that once-weekly basal insulin analogs achieve comparable glycemic control to daily basal insulin analogs in adults with T2DM, offering greater reductions in HbA1c and improvements in time in range, with a safety profile similar to that of daily insulin regimens. In our analysis, once-weekly basal insulin resulted in a greater reduction in HbA1c compared with daily basal insulin (mean difference [MD] -0.09%, 95% CI -0.15 to -0.03), greater improvements in time in range (TIR) (MD 1.86%, 95% CI 0.73 to 2.98) and higher odds of attaining an HbA1c < 7.0% (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.63, I2 64.9%). Rates of level 2 or 3 hypoglycemia did not differ significantly. Once-weekly basal insulin provides glycemic control comparable to daily basal insulin, with modest improvements in glycemic outcomes and similar hypoglycemia risk. Its primary advantage lies in treatment simplification and reduced injection burden, supporting its role as a convenient alternative to daily basal insulin in adults with T2DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":10898,"journal":{"name":"Current Diabetes Reports","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13260229/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148223829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aria Amiri, Sofie Hædersdal, Peter Damm, Elisabeth R Mathiesen, Lene Ringholm
{"title":"Use of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Before Pregnancy: Addressing the Dilemma in A Real-World Setting.","authors":"Aria Amiri, Sofie Hædersdal, Peter Damm, Elisabeth R Mathiesen, Lene Ringholm","doi":"10.1007/s11892-026-01632-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11892-026-01632-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>To address the clinical dilemma of how best to counsel women with type 2 diabetes (T2D) using glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) regarding pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Animal studies raise concern for fetal loss, malformations and adverse fetal growth after GLP-1RA exposure. Nonetheless, three cohort studies and one prospective study including 2,994 women with T2D exposed to GLP-1RA in early pregnancy indicate no increased risk of malformations compared with unexposed pregnancies, and observational data in 168 GLP-1RA exposed pregnancies are reassuring regarding miscarriage and fetal growth. Women with T2D are advised to use contraception and to discontinue GLP-1RAs two months before planned pregnancy. Despite concerns in animal studies, GLP-1RA exposure in early T2D pregnancy has not been associated with increased risk of malformations. If a woman with T2D inadvertently becomes pregnant while using GLP-1RA, the existing human evidence does not support a recommendation of terminating pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10898,"journal":{"name":"Current Diabetes Reports","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148204489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}