Current World Environment最新文献

{"title":"Contamination of Water by Heavy Metals and Treatment Methods – A Review","authors":"S. K. Suja, S Almaas, A Prasanna Gracy, P Gowsika, K Jeyapradeepa, G Suba Sri, S Mathiya, K Berlin Asha","doi":"10.12944/cwe.19.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12944/cwe.19.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Water is an indispensable need for the survival of living ecosystems. Industrialization and urbanization gifted a sophisticated life as well as a polluted environment. Water is getting polluted by various means like human activities, industries, and sewage. One of the serious issues around the globe in the upcoming days is heavy metal pollution. A voluminous amount of heavy metals are let into the environment from various sources like agricultural, industry, sewage, and mining. It causes adverse effects on the environment and human beings when the heavy metals concentration is beyond the expected permissible limit. Innovative processes are developing day by day for the operational deletion of heavy metals. This review article provides a consolidated report of the treatment techniques used for heavy metals removal of with excellent efficiency like precipitation, ion-exchange process, adsorption, solvent extraction, electrocoagulation and membrane processes.","PeriodicalId":10878,"journal":{"name":"Current World Environment","volume":" 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140990786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical Estimation of the Biocrude of Pedilanthus tithymaloides- A Petrocrop with Pharmacognostic Properties","authors":"Anshu Rani","doi":"10.12944/cwe.19.1.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12944/cwe.19.1.32","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers have taken an interest in finding crop species as alternative sources of nonconventional energy as fossil fuels or petroleum-derived fuels are quickly being reduced with the economic and political development and increasing use of automobiles. Hence, there is a scarcity of petroleum-derived fuels and industrial feedstock it has become essential to search for renewable sources of organic compounds. Solar energy is transformed into a by-product by green plants which are at par with synthetic petrochemicals. Pedilanthus tithymaloides L. Poit (Euphorbiaceae) has considerable potential as hydrocarbon yielding plant with its pharmacognostic properties also. Analysis of latex has revealed the presence of a large number of secondary metabolites. Extraction of bio crude was done in hexane using Soxhlet apparatus followed by column chromatography using solvents serially on the basis of their increasing polarity. The solvents used were hexane, benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and chloroform in a sequence. Twenty-one fractions were collected from the extract and analysis of fractions was done using GLC. Fraction obtained in hexane: benzene (1:1) showed four major peaks at retention time 4.90, 5.10, 6.76 and 8.86 minutes at chart speed 1.0 cm/per minute. Fraction obtained in benzene and fraction obtained in benzene: ethyl acetate in the ratio of 1:1 and 1:3 showed various peaks. Major peaks obtained were at 2.98, 4.36, 5.71, 6.79, 8.76 and 9.11 minutes at chart speed.1.0 cm/min. in the fraction obtained in pure ethyl acetate. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the plants revealed flavonoid, triterpenoids, sterols, alkaloids, saponins and anthraquinones in all the three varieties of Pedilanthus tithymaloides i.e. var. green, cuculatus and variegates.","PeriodicalId":10878,"journal":{"name":"Current World Environment","volume":" 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140991713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Live Fuel Moisture Contents of Dominant Tree Species of Tropical Thorn Forest, Tamil Nadu","authors":"Johnson-Evitex Izayas, Muthulingam Udayakumar","doi":"10.12944/cwe.19.1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12944/cwe.19.1.15","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted for one year to record live fuel moisture contents (LFMC) of dominant tree species of tropical thorn forest ecosystem in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. Standard methods and protocols were followed for the sample collection, processes and analyses. The mean live fuel moisture values showed that all the dominant tree species of the tropical thorn forests possess high fire behaviour (LFMC values ranged from 101% to 125%). The LFMC had relationships with environmental factors (rainfall, temperature, humidity, rainy days, hours of sunlight availability). The tree species had the uppermost LFMC in the wettest month and the lowermost in the peak summer. The needs for further studies has been emphasized.","PeriodicalId":10878,"journal":{"name":"Current World Environment","volume":" 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140992592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Composting of Agro-Phyto wastes: An Overview on Process, factors and Applications for Sustainability of Environment and Agriculture","authors":"T. Taneja, Mukesh Kumar, Indu Sharma, Rajeev Kumar, Atul Sharma, Raj Singh","doi":"10.12944/cwe.19.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12944/cwe.19.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Composting is a naturally occurring process that turns organic waste materials like leaves, food scraps, and other organic wastes into a valuable manure that can improve the fertility and structure of the soil by introducing beneficial organisms, humus, and important plant nutrients. By breakdown, this process transforms the organic substance into inorganic and organic components. In recent years, composting received more attention due to pollution concerns. Loss of resources due to the continuous increase in wastes leads to environmental risks. The process of composting is of three types, i.e., aerobic, anaerobic and vermicomposting. Anaerobic composting occurs when there is no oxygen present, whereas aerobic composting occurs when oxygen is present. Vermicomposting is the breakdown of organic wastes by earthworms. The main purpose of composting is to stabilize waste used for land filling and mass reduction of solid waste. Its aim is to recycle the organic wastes to a natural product, i.e., manure. This study reviews the information on the conversion of organic wastes into a compost to reduce the environmental pollution. The use of central composting after separating organic and non-organic waste at source is one of the most innovative strategies especially in the fast-growing cities for the sustainability of environment.","PeriodicalId":10878,"journal":{"name":"Current World Environment","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140990536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embodied Energy and Thermal Performance of Alternate Walling Materials in Affordable Housing in the Composite Climate of Delhi","authors":"Gunjan Jain, S. Manchanda, Mandeep Singh","doi":"10.12944/cwe.19.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12944/cwe.19.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"Meeting the affordable housing shortage in India in a short time has its environmental and social challenges. It not only requires huge resources but is also a big social responsibility to provide economical and comfortable housing for the marginalized section of society. Improper selection of construction materials may lead to the locking up of massive energy as embodied energy of materials and uncomfortable indoor living conditions. The present study focuses on the need for consideration of both embodied energy and thermal performance in the selection of materials for the building envelope in naturally ventilated affordable housing in India. Walling materials form a major part of the building envelope and thus it's crucial to assess their performance. This paper presents an analysis of embodied energy and thermal performance of fly ash Bricks, AAC blocks, and RCC precast panels as walling options in comparison to conventional walling material of burnt clay brick in the composite climate zone of Delhi. This analysis is being carried out for the alternate walling solutions in practice or emerging for mid to high-rise EWS housing construction in this region. The embodied energy values per cubic meter are compared for each wall assembly for the lifecycle stage cradle to gate. Thermal simulation results are presented in terms of indoor operative temperatures achieved by each wall type material and compared with the comfort temperature range prescribed by the comfort model IMAC-R, 2022 to find out the ‘discomfort degree hours’. The results of the study underscore the suitability of fly ash bricks and AAC blocks as sustainable alternatives due to their lower embodied energy compared to traditional burnt clay bricks base case. Fly ash bricks even outperform the base case in terms of thermal comfort. The study discourages the use of burnt clay bricks due to very high embodied energy. The study also strongly discourages the use of RCC panels in the composite climate as they exhibit both poor thermal comfort and high embodied energy. The study findings would help government agencies to make environmentally and socially conscious decisions about the use of walling materials on a large scale in meeting the affordable housing demand.","PeriodicalId":10878,"journal":{"name":"Current World Environment","volume":" 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140990956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Modified Magnolia champaca Bark Powder in Sequestration of Divalent Ions from Aqueous Matrices","authors":"N. Andal, P. Indhumathy","doi":"10.12944/cwe.19.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12944/cwe.19.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Noxious effluents let out from large cum small- scale industries has led to acute adverse environmental impact over a time period. In spite of various types of pollutants present in the discharges, heavy metals have been proven to be lethal to all living organisms, whilst exceeding the tolerance levels. In this regard, their confiscation has become inevitable by adoption of varied suitable methodologies. The current inquest is engrossed on probing the efficiency of an eco-derived material, Magnolia champaca Barks (MCB) to trap Zn(II) / Cd(II) ions from laboratory aqueous medium. This ecofriendly material is acid treated (TMCB), so as to improve its surface nature, evidently favoured by microscopic image study. Fourier Transformation Infra-Red and Scanning Electron Microscopy / Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis spectra are recorded for sorbent characterization. The factors which influence the sorptive effectiveness of TMCB include particle sizes, initial concentrations of the sorbate molecules, agitation time frames, dosages, pH values and temperatures. The concentrations of divalent ions in the pre and post run samples are assessed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Maximum chelation of 98% Zn(II) and 96% Cd(II) had occurred under aligned parametric conditions, with variations in dosage, concentration and contact time interval. The aforementioned observations support the promising nature of the identified bark to adsorb toxic metal species.","PeriodicalId":10878,"journal":{"name":"Current World Environment","volume":" 110","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140992984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distributed Embedded System for Air Quality Monitoring based on Long Range (LoRa) Technology","authors":"H. M. Joshi, V. Joshi, Hiteshkumar J. Lad","doi":"10.12944/cwe.19.1.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12944/cwe.19.1.18","url":null,"abstract":"This study addresses the persistent challenge of urban air quality deterioration through the introduction of the Distributed Embedded System (DES). In response to limitations associated with conventional air quality measurement methods, the DES system offers a cost-effective and portable alternative for real-time monitoring. The study focuses on implementing a low-cost distributed system and developing effective communication protocols between sensor nodes. Equipped with Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) sensors for pollutant gases, optical sensors for particulate matter, and meteorological sensors, the system strategically deploys multiple nodes within a 4 km range of urban areas. Real-time AQI and pollution severity have been measured for various locations. Implementation of Long Range (LoRa) communication technology allows the sensor nodes to efficiently transmit data to a central base station. Observations of received signal strength and signal quality indicate reliable and effective communication. To validate accuracy and reliability, acquired DES system data undergoes comparative analysis with data from a government-established meteorological station, revealing a strong correlation. This innovative approach presents a promising solution for widespread, continuous, and cost-effective real-time air quality monitoring in urban areas. The DES system addresses key challenges associated with air pollution, offering a portable and accessible tool that could revolutionize urban air quality management.","PeriodicalId":10878,"journal":{"name":"Current World Environment","volume":" 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140991708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study of Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in Selected Villages of Manipur, India","authors":"Ngangbam Premala Devi, Laishram Nandababu Singh","doi":"10.12944/cwe.19.1.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12944/cwe.19.1.28","url":null,"abstract":"A comparative study was done to monitor the groundwater qualities, both for drinking as well as irrigation purposes in some villages of Imphal East district, Manipur, in the period of pre-monsoon and monsoon of 2021. Totally, fifteen (15) groundwater samples were collected and examined for some important parameters like temperature, pH, TDS, TH, TA, Mg2+, K+, HCO3-, Ca2+, CO32-, Na+, Cl-, NO3- and SO42-. The results revealed that all the groundwaters were slightly alkaline in nature and fall under freshwater category. In both the seasons, majority of the parameters for various groundwaters have found their values/ concentrations below its acceptable limits, as given by BIS and WHO. In pre-monsoon, 73.33% of groundwaters were found as ‘moderately hard water’ and 26.67% (hard water) whereas in monsoon, 60% (moderately hard water) and 40% (hard water). Dominant ions in both seasons were Na+ (sodium) and HCO3- (bicarbonate) for cations and anions respectively. In most of the samples of monsoon, values and concentrations of the studied parameters were observed to be greater/higher as compared to that of pre-monsoon. It was mainly due to the leaching out of the soluble salts in the earth’s crust by rainwaters and finally mingled with the groundwater bodies in the aquifers in monsoon season. WQI values showed that in pre-monsoon, 26.67% of groundwaters were found as excellent water, 66.67% (good) and 6.66% (poor) while in monsoon, 60% (good) and 40% (poor). For irrigation water qualities, the indices (RSC, SAR, %Na, PI and KR) were examined. In the overall, all the samples can be utilized for irrigation (agriculture) purposes in both seasons. Correlation co-efficient (r) values showed that in both the seasons, the TH of various groundwaters was mainly because of dissolved sulphates of Ca2+ along with Mg2+.","PeriodicalId":10878,"journal":{"name":"Current World Environment","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140992331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Sustainable Dyeing Process for Cotton fabric Utilizing Natural Dyes from Punica granatum L. and Curcuma Longa","authors":"B. B. Ahire, S. Kasabe, Archana B. Mali, Vikram R. Jadhav","doi":"10.12944/cwe.19.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12944/cwe.19.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"Pomegranate fruit grains and turmeric have naturally dyeing properties, making them nontoxic, non-allergic, and biodegradable alternatives to synthetic dyes for coloring various textiles, including cotton. This study used pomegranate and turmeric extracts to dye bleached cotton fabric using various mordants, including pre-, post-, and simultaneous mordanting techniques. The natural dyes in these extracts contains alkaloids, tannins, anthocyanins, glycosides, and curcumin, impart different colours to the fabrics. The light sensitivity of these dyes and also role of pH of the dyeing were also explored. The wide ranges of colors were obtained by varying the concentration, ratio, and pH of the extracts, as well as the choice of mordant used. Pomegranate and turmeric extracts demonstrates the potential results as sustainable dyeing and environmentally friendly dyes for cotton fabric.","PeriodicalId":10878,"journal":{"name":"Current World Environment","volume":" 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140990777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contamination Status of Residential and Farmland Surface Soils Within the Sunyani Municipality of Ghana","authors":"Benjamin Darko Asamoah, Paul Danyi, Bernice Araba Otoo, D. Adusu, Bright Ankudze","doi":"10.12944/cwe.19.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12944/cwe.19.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to heavy metals poses serious human health and ecological threats, especially in developing countries where ecological risk assessment and remediation are often ignored. While many studies have reported heavy metal toxicities in rapidly urbanizing cities with increased anthropogenic activities, limited information exists on metal toxicities and their ecological risks in soils within the Sunyani Municipality. Top soils were sampled from residential and farmland surface soils and analyzed for the concentration and potential risks for nine heavy metals within Sunyani Municipality. Apart from As and Mn, the two study sites generally recorded elevated levels of all metals than the pristine soil samples from the University of Energy and Natural Resources botanical garden. Levels of chromium, copper, lead, and zinc were however marginally higher in residential surface soils than in the farmlands. The soil contamination factor and geoaccumulation index both revealed moderate As, Hg, and Mn contamination at the two study locations. Furthermore, the soil enrichment factor showed significant enrichment for arsenic and moderate enrichment for cadmium in residential soils, while the farmland soils revealed moderate enrichment of As, Hg, and Mn. The potential ecological risk indices also showed considerable risk at both study locations, while the pollution load index revealed higher cumulative pollution in residential areas (PLI = 0.48) compared to the farmland surface soil (PLI = 0.40). The study therefore recommends the regulation of human activities and the use of chemicals that are possible sources of metal contamination to maintain the metals’ baseline levels in the soil, and reduce their health and environmental impacts.","PeriodicalId":10878,"journal":{"name":"Current World Environment","volume":" 65","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140991308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}