{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and the Illusion of Understanding: A Systematic Review of Theory of Mind and Large Language Models.","authors":"Antonella Marchetti,Federico Manzi,Giuseppe Riva,Andrea Gaggioli,Davide Massaro","doi":"10.1089/cyber.2024.0536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2024.0536","url":null,"abstract":"The development of Large Language Models (LLMs) has sparked significant debate regarding their capacity for Theory of Mind (ToM)-the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others. This systematic review examines the extent to which LLMs exhibit Artificial ToM (AToM) by evaluating their performance on ToM tasks and comparing it with human responses. While LLMs, particularly GPT-4, perform well on first-order false belief tasks, they struggle with more complex reasoning, such as second-order beliefs and recursive inferences, where humans consistently outperform them. Moreover, the review underscores the variability in ToM assessments, as many studies adapt classical tasks for LLMs, raising concerns about comparability with human ToM. Most evaluations remain constrained to text-based tasks, overlooking embodied and multimodal dimensions crucial to human social cognition. This review discusses the \"illusion of understanding\" in LLMs for two primary reasons: First, their lack of the developmental and cognitive mechanisms necessary for genuine ToM, and second, methodological biases in test designs that favor LLMs' strengths, limiting direct comparisons with human performance. The findings highlight the need for more ecologically valid assessments and interdisciplinary research to better delineate the limitations and potential of AToM. This set of issues is highly relevant to psychology, as language is generally considered just one component in the broader development of human ToM, a perspective that contrasts with the dominant approach in AToM studies. This discrepancy raises critical questions about the extent to which human ToM and AToM are comparable.","PeriodicalId":10872,"journal":{"name":"Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143920975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luis A Camacho-Vázquez,Vanessa A Camacho-Vázquez,Sandra D Orantes-Jiménez,Grigori Sidorov
{"title":"Detection of Negative Emotions in Short Texts Using Deep Neural Networks.","authors":"Luis A Camacho-Vázquez,Vanessa A Camacho-Vázquez,Sandra D Orantes-Jiménez,Grigori Sidorov","doi":"10.1089/cyber.2024.0457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2024.0457","url":null,"abstract":"Emotion detection is crucial in various domains, including psychology, health, social sciences, and marketing. Specifically, in psychology, identifying negative emotions in short Spanish texts, such as tweets, is vital for understanding individuals' emotional states. However, this process is challenging because of factors such as lack of context, cultural nuances, and ambiguous expressions. Although much research on emotion classification in tweets has focused on applications such as crisis analysis, mental health monitoring, and affective computing, most of it has been conducted in English, leaving a significant gap in addressing the emotional needs of Spanish-speaking communities. To address this gap, we used a corpus of 12,000 Spanish tweets tagged with Ekman's negative emotions (sadness, anger, fear, and disgust). Traditional features (n-grams of different types and sizes), syntactic n-grams, and combined features were evaluated. Different deep neural networks, including convolutional neural networks, Bidirectional Encoder Representations of Transformers (BERT), and the robust optimized BERT approach called RoBERTa, were implemented and compared with traditional machine learning methods to identify the most effective method. Extensive testing revealed that BERT achieved the best result, with a macro F1 score of 0.9973. Furthermore, we reported the carbon emissions generated during the training of each implemented method. This study makes a unique contribution by focusing on negative emotions in Spanish, leveraging one of the largest and highest-quality corpora available. It stands out for implementing advanced transformers such as RoBERTa and integrating combined and syntactic n-grams in traditional methods. Furthermore, it highlights how parameters, features, and preprocessing significantly influence performance.","PeriodicalId":10872,"journal":{"name":"Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143915204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cleared for Takeoff: Using Technology to Safeguard Aviation Mental Health.","authors":"Brenda K Wiederhold","doi":"10.1089/cyber.2025.0154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2025.0154","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10872,"journal":{"name":"Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking","volume":"326 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143915203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Problematic Gaming and Self-Control Among Adolescents and Emerging Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Yuxi Hu, Shiyun Chen, Di Qi, Shimin Zhu","doi":"10.1089/cyber.2024.0537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2024.0537","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Problematic gaming is becoming increasingly prevalent among young people, often leading to negative developmental consequences. As an essential protective factor against problematic gaming, self-control is the capacity to manage emotions, thoughts, and actions when confronted with temptations and impulses. Previous studies have reported mixed findings regarding the association between problematic gaming and self-control. The current systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized the existing literature on this relationship among adolescents and emerging adults. A systematic search from eight electronic databases (PsycArticles, PsycINFO, EBSCOhost, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I, and China Academic Journal Network Publishing Database) and two additional sources (Google Scholar and reference lists) identified 957 published studies. Of these, 46 articles involving 64,681 participants were included in the review, and 40 provided sample size and Pearson's <i>r</i> for the meta-analysis. The narrative review findings indicated that problematic gaming was negatively correlated with self-control with only two studies suggesting an insignificant relationship. The meta-analytic findings, conducted using a random-effects model in Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software Version 4.0, revealed a medium effect (<i>r</i> = -0.287, 95% CI = [-0.33, -0.25], <i>p</i> < 0.001), with high heterogeneity (<i>I<sup>2</sup></i> = 96.5%). Publication bias analysis showed a symmetric funnel plot and a nonsignificant Egger's test (<i>p</i> = 0.861), indicating no evidence of publication bias. No significant subgroup difference was found between adolescents and emerging adults. The results reveal that self-control is a critical factor in preventing and intervening problematic gaming. <b>Trial registration:</b> International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO); CRD42023451656; registered on 25 September, 2023.</p>","PeriodicalId":10872,"journal":{"name":"Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking","volume":"28 5","pages":"301-317"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143978500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Navigating Cyber Intimate Partner Violence and Conflict: Negative Anticipation and Emotions During Text-Based Versus Face-to-Face Conflict Discussions in Young Adult Couples.","authors":"Florence Léonard, Sarafina Métellus, Marie-Pier Vaillancourt-Morel, Audrey Brassard, Gayla Margolin, Marie-Ève Daspe","doi":"10.1089/cyber.2024.0460","DOIUrl":"10.1089/cyber.2024.0460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Young adult couples frequently use text messages to discuss conflicts within their relationship. While face-to-face conflicts have been shown to elicit more negative anticipation and negative emotions in victims of traditional, offline forms of intimate partner violence (IPV) (e.g., psychological and physical) compared with nonvictims, no study has examined how victims of cyber IPV (C-IPV) experience conflicts, either text-based or face-to-face. This study investigated, among young adult couples, the interplay between C-IPV and conflict modality (text-based vs. face-to-face) in association with negative anticipation and negative emotions during the discussion. A community sample of 102 young adult couples completed a self-reported questionnaire of C-IPV in the last six months and engaged in two conflictual interactions: one text-based and one face-to-face. Negative anticipation of the upcoming discussion was assessed prior to each interaction, and negative emotions were assessed immediately after. Results suggest that text-based conflicts were associated with higher negative anticipation in partners experiencing average or high levels of C-IPV. In turn, negative anticipation was linked with higher negative emotions. Findings highlight the importance of promoting healthy conflict management through technology-mediated communication, especially among young adult couples experiencing C-IPV.</p>","PeriodicalId":10872,"journal":{"name":"Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking","volume":" ","pages":"359-365"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143771789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Frequent Media Use, Media Multitasking, and Perceived Cost of Cognitive Effort.","authors":"Myoungju Shin, Karen Murphy","doi":"10.1089/cyber.2024.0492","DOIUrl":"10.1089/cyber.2024.0492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People regard cognitive effort as costly and try to conserve such effort whenever possible. This study aimed to examine the relationship between frequent media use and perceived cost for cognitive effort. A sample of 266 participants (mean age = 25.66, 187 females) completed questionnaires of media use, cognitive thinking style, and psychological distress. They also completed a cognitive task and estimated their cognitive effort spent on the task. The results showed that heavier media multitasking was associated with a higher perceived cost of cognitive effort during the task. No such relationship was observed for frequent use of social media, video gaming, or TV/Movies/YouTube. The findings suggest that the way media is engaged in, but not media consumption itself, is a key factor in cognitive effort avoidance. The results further our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in and driving media multitasking.</p>","PeriodicalId":10872,"journal":{"name":"Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking","volume":" ","pages":"354-358"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chunrye Kim, Donghun Kim, Yongjun Zhu, Sou Hyun Jang
{"title":"Examining the Changes in Bullying Discourse on Reddit: A Comparative Analysis Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Chunrye Kim, Donghun Kim, Yongjun Zhu, Sou Hyun Jang","doi":"10.1089/cyber.2024.0521","DOIUrl":"10.1089/cyber.2024.0521","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bullying, a type of power abuse, deserves to be addressed, and this study examines bullying-related discussions on Reddit before and after the pandemic to better understand its dynamics during this time. We analyzed 8,720 posts and 21,607 comments from the r/Bullying subreddit using static and dynamic topic modeling (DTM) to understand the major topics discussed in the subreddit. Based on static topic modeling, we discovered that before the COVID-19 pandemic, the topics surrounding bullying focused on bullying in the school context, cyberbullying, and help-seeking, but changed to bullying against minority groups, workplace bullying, relationships and communication, and coping strategies. The long-term impact of bullying has emerged for both periods, implying that more efforts to prevent and combat bullying are needed to reduce the negative impacts throughout an individual's lifecycle. We also discovered that the proportion of cyberbullying/antibullying, negative emotions, and self-esteem increased following the COVID-19 pandemic, according to DTM. Our findings suggest that following the pandemic, victims and places of bullying became more distinct. In addition to the widely studied and disseminated bullying research and policies concerning children at school, more assistance is needed to prevent and assist bullying victims who are racial and religious minorities in various settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":10872,"journal":{"name":"Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking","volume":" ","pages":"326-334"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Psychology of Tilt: Understanding Tilt and Coping Strategies in Video Games.","authors":"Sarah C Cregan,Adam J Toth,Mark J Campbell","doi":"10.1089/cyber.2024.0320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2024.0320","url":null,"abstract":"The popularity of video games and esports has increased the demand for scientific research examining the psychological factors associated with video game performance. Tilt, a common term in gaming, is characterized by negative emotion and a decline in performance. The term tilt is commonly used within the gaming community, yet there is a lack of research examining tilt in video games from a psychological perspective. This article focuses on gaining insight from gamers regarding their understanding and experience of tilt in gaming using a qualitative approach. Thematic analysis of gamers responses determined tilt to be multifaceted, incorporating negative emotions and behavior, hindering cognition, and resulting in poor in-game performance. These results provide an important contribution to our conceptual understanding of tilt, illuminating the multitude of emotions involved in tilt, the antecedent factors, and insight regarding gamers strategies to deal with tilt. This study builds upon our understanding of tilt, providing practical information for esports psychologists to identify, understand, and effectively train players in managing tilt and improving performance. This study highlights the need for evidence-based tailored interventions centered upon reducing tilt and improving video game performance.","PeriodicalId":10872,"journal":{"name":"Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143880205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bridget Kenny,Louise La Sala,Caroline Gao,Charlie Cooper,Samuel McKay,Amanda Sabo,Jo Robinson
{"title":"Young People's Behavior, Confidence, and Safety when Communicating Online about Self-Harm and Suicide: Development and Validation of the #Chatsafe Online Safety Scale.","authors":"Bridget Kenny,Louise La Sala,Caroline Gao,Charlie Cooper,Samuel McKay,Amanda Sabo,Jo Robinson","doi":"10.1089/cyber.2024.0558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2024.0558","url":null,"abstract":"Young people may search for, or be exposed to, self-harm- and suicide-related content on social media, and they sometimes use these platforms to communicate about their own experiences of self-harm and suicide. Preliminary evidence demonstrates exposure to self-harm and suicide-related content online has both protective and harmful effects. However, research in this area has been hindered by the lack of validated measures of young people's behavior, confidence, and safety when communicating online about self-harm and suicide. This study seeks to address this by reporting on the development and validation of the #chatsafe Online Safety Scale in a sample of 535 adolescents and young adults aged 16 to 25 years (M = 21.81, SD = 2.41). Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed to explore the factor structure of the scale and validate the measurement models. Multigroup analyses were performed to assess gender invariance, and Cronbach's alpha was calculated to assess the internal consistency of each subscale. Results indicate that the scale has good factor structure, performs well across genders, and demonstrates good internal consistency. This study provides preliminary validation of the #chatsafe Online Safety Scale and suggests it can be used in studies exploring young people's online experiences and behaviors related to self-harm and suicide, providing a stronger and comparable evidence base to guide policy and practice.","PeriodicalId":10872,"journal":{"name":"Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143876445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ultra-Processed Futures: How Digital Life and Food Systems Shape Metabolic Health.","authors":"Brenda K Wiederhold","doi":"10.1089/cyber.2025.0115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2025.0115","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10872,"journal":{"name":"Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143857290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}