HEN: Human Capital Modelling (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Human health and productivity outcomes of office workers associated with indoor air quality: a systematic review","authors":"Juan Palacios, K. Steele, Zhengzhen Tan, Siqi Zheng","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3881998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3881998","url":null,"abstract":"Characteristics of the indoor environmental quality directly impact humans’ ability to lead healthy and productive lives. We estimated the effects of changes in indoor air quality (namely through indoor ventilation rates and carbon dioxide levels) on health, performance, and productivity outcomes in students (primary, secondary, and university), laboratory test subjects, and workers. For this systematic review, we searched PubMed, from database inception to October 15, 2020, for relevant studies in any classroom, lab, and labor environment at any level of indoor air quality. No restrictions on language, workers’ health status, or study design were applied. Good and bad indoor air quality was defined using American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standards. We excluded studies that calculated effects focusing on air temperature, humidity levels, systematic reviews on similar topics to avoid duplication, and any grey literature. Of 101 reports identified through our systematic search, 42 studies conducted in 10 countries and 3 continents, including 6,850 subjects were eligible for analysis. Our review showed that individuals exposed to indoor air quality settings above ASHRAE minimum standards (defined as ventilation rates 17 CFM per person and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) steady states of 1000 parts per million (ppm)) were more likely to experience increased poor levels of health, performance and productivity under these conditions. Overall, this analysis includes a variety of populations, exposures, and occupations to comply with a wider adoption of evidence synthesis but resulted in large heterogeneity. Poor indoor air quality has important human health, performance, and productivity outcomes and should be recognized as a public health problem. Inversely, improved indoor environmental conditions delivered through enhanced ventilation strategies should be considered a health, performance, and productivity opportunity for both students and workers. This study addresses these areas of concern and opportunity. However, given the lack of standardized methodologies, results reporting criteria across conducted air quality analyses, and a lack of international case studies, a concerted global effort is needed to conduct and compare research with standardized metrics. Furthermore, a majority of studies are conducted in school classrooms or laboratory environments or provide no remuneration to incentivize good performance - a condition not reflective of real-world office settings. To better understand the implication on office workers, additional field research can serve to enhance our understanding of indoor environmental factors on employee health and productivity in a setting where remuneration incentives may impact performance.","PeriodicalId":108297,"journal":{"name":"HEN: Human Capital Modelling (Topic)","volume":"49 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129328822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opioid Prescriptions and the Educational Performance of Children","authors":"Chad Cotti, John M. Gordanier, Orgul D. Ozturk","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3476128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3476128","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the relationship between local-area opioid prescription rates and student performance on end-of-year mathematics exams in the state of South Carolina between 2006-2017. We link individual test score data for 3rd-8th grade students to county-level changes in opioid prescriptions per 100 people. Findings show that an increase in the opioid prescription rate in a county statistically reduced white student test scores, but no such decline was found among non-white students. Among white students the effects are strongest on rural students in households that are not receiving SNAP or TANF benefits. These results are robust to controls for changing county-level economic conditions and controls for student-level poverty.","PeriodicalId":108297,"journal":{"name":"HEN: Human Capital Modelling (Topic)","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123564105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing Technician Skills for Emerging Industries: Lessons from the Advanced Therapies Sector in the UK","authors":"P. Lewis, T. Bradshaw","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3009630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3009630","url":null,"abstract":"This report examines the barriers to apprenticeship uptake in the Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMP) sector, and how they might be overcome. Building on previous work, the report documents evidence that while ATMP employers are planning to make more use of specialist technicians as they commercialise their activities, organisations are not used to taking on apprentices and support is required to embed apprenticeship thinking in the sector. It is recommended that a partnership be established between the relevant employers, supported and facilitated by external funding, thereby enabling the organisations in question to amalgamate demand and coordinate their apprenticeship training activity. Lessons are drawn for policy-makers seeking to support other parts of advanced manufacturing where firms need to acquire skilled technicians in order to operate and maintain new manufacturing technologies.","PeriodicalId":108297,"journal":{"name":"HEN: Human Capital Modelling (Topic)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115003024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spillover Effects of Local Human Capital Stock on Adult Obesity - Evidence from German Neighborhoods","authors":"Rui Dang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2683509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2683509","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is the first to estimate the causal effect of local human capital stock on individual adiposity and adds to the existing literature on estimating human capital externalities at the neighborhood level. We explore the possible causal pathways that college-educated neighbors exert on individual body weight, with the results revealing small yet significant human capital spillover effects. Among all adults, a percentage point increase in the neighborhood college graduates share results in a decrease of individual body mass index by 0.0026 log points, as well as a decrease of the individual likelihood of being overweight by 0.77 percentage points. Among high school graduates and college graduates, a percentage point increase in the neighborhood college graduates share results in a decrease of individual likelihood of being overweight by approximately 0.83 percentage points.","PeriodicalId":108297,"journal":{"name":"HEN: Human Capital Modelling (Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122841282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Capital and Asset Pricing","authors":"Jianhua Yuan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1995532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1995532","url":null,"abstract":"From the optimal behavior of arbitrary number of consumer-investors who act as to maximize their life-time utility of consumption and leisure, this paper derives a continuous-time intertemporal asset pricing model with stochastic human capital, leisure, consumption, and investment opportunities. Explicit demand functions for assets are derived and it is shown that, with heterogeneous human capital, the classic fund separation results may no longer hold. The human capital is modeled to include not only its marketed benefits but also its non-market benefits by the use of aggregate labor income and three macro variables in labor statistics: the average weekly employment hours, the unemployment rate, and the labor participation rate. Three flexibility parameters are introduced to explicitly account for the hidden unemployment, the self-employment, and the time spent on job-related activity such as work-commute and so on. Although a formal and comprehensive test is left as a future research task, two pieces of evidence are provided. First, a quick revisit of the equity premium puzzle shows that my model is plausible to explain the observed equity premium with the actual data. Then a preliminary test using returns of the 25 Fama-French size B/M portfolios shows that my model captures about 75% of the total variation in the cross-section returns and that the unemployment rate plays a critical role in explaining the cross-section returns.","PeriodicalId":108297,"journal":{"name":"HEN: Human Capital Modelling (Topic)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134552326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Work Hours Constraints and Health","authors":"D. Bell, Steffen Otterbach, A. Sousa-Poza","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1986142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1986142","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of whether employees who work more hours than they want to suffer adverse health consequences is important not only at the individual level but also for governmental formation of work time policy. Our study investigates this question by analyzing the impact of the discrepancy between actual and desired work hours on self-perceived health outcomes in Germany and the United Kingdom. Based on nationally representative longitudinal data, our results show that work-hour mismatches (i.e., differences between actual and desired hours) have negative effects on workers’ health. In particular, we show that “overemployment” – working more hours than desired – has negative effects on different measures of self-perceived health.","PeriodicalId":108297,"journal":{"name":"HEN: Human Capital Modelling (Topic)","volume":"26 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132531604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smoking and Returns to Education − Empirical Evidence for Germany","authors":"Julia Reilich","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1974933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1974933","url":null,"abstract":"Looking at smoking-behavior it can be shown that there are differences concerning the time-preference-rate. Therefore this has an effect on the optimal schooling decision in the way that we assume a lower average human capital level for smokers. According to a higher time-preference-rate we suppose a higher return to education for smokers who go further on education. With our empirical fondings we can confirm the presumptions. We use interactions-terms to regress the average rate of return with the instrumentvariable approach. Therefore we obtain that smokers have a significantly higher average return to education than non-smokers.","PeriodicalId":108297,"journal":{"name":"HEN: Human Capital Modelling (Topic)","volume":"147 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122052950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health, Income, and the Timing of Education Among Military Retirees","authors":"Ryan D. Edwards","doi":"10.3386/w15778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w15778","url":null,"abstract":"There is a large and robust correlation between adult health and education, part of which likely reflects causality running from education into health. Less clear is whether education obtained later in life is as valuable for health as are earlier years of schooling, or whether education raises health directly or through income or wealth. In this paper, I examine how the timing of educational attainment is important for adult health outcomes, income, and wealth, in order to illuminate these issues. Among military retirees, a subpopulation with large variation in the final level and timing of educational attainment, the health returns to a year of education are diminishing in age at acquisition, a pattern that is less pronounced for income and wealth. In the full sample, the marginal effects on the probability of fair or poor health at age 55 of a year of schooling acquired before, during, and after a roughly 25-year military career are -0.025, -0.016, and -0.006, revealing a decline of about half a percentage point each decade. These results suggest that education improves health outcomes more through fostering a lifelong accumulation of healthy behaviors and habits, and less through augmenting the flow of income or the stock of physical wealth.","PeriodicalId":108297,"journal":{"name":"HEN: Human Capital Modelling (Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114270779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Gender Specific Wage Differentials Between Obese and Non-Obese Adults: Evidence from the NLSY","authors":"J. Daouli, Apostolos Davillas, M. Demoussis, N. Giannakopoulos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1544426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1544426","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we investigate obese/non-obese wage differentials using microdata for white individuals from the 2000 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Using longitudinal information we estimated transition probability indices and synthetic mobility measures for moving in-and-out of the obese group. The results clearly show that obesity is a rather permanent characteristic. Then, we apply typical Oaxaca-Blinder wage decompositions to identify the proportion of the observed gender-specific wage differential between obese and non-obese. Based on numerous specifications and alternative sub-samples the results provide strong evidence for the existence of wage differentials in favor of non-obese individuals, which can be mostly explained by differences in early human capital investments and especially schooling investments.","PeriodicalId":108297,"journal":{"name":"HEN: Human Capital Modelling (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130114406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Genetic Lotteries within Families to Examine the Causal Impact of Poor Health on Academic Achievement","authors":"Jason M. Fletcher, Steven F. Lehrer","doi":"10.3386/W15148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W15148","url":null,"abstract":"While there is a well-established, large positive correlation between mental and physical health and education outcomes, establishing a causal link remains a substantial challenge. Building on findings from the biomedical literature, we exploit specific differences in the genetic code between siblings within the same family to estimate the causal impact of several poor health conditions on academic outcomes. We present evidence of large impacts of poor mental health on academic achievement. Further, our estimates suggest that family fixed effects estimators by themselves cannot fully account for the endogeneity of poor health. Finally, our sensitivity analysis suggests that these differences in specific portions of the genetic code have good statistical properties and that our results are robust to reasonable violations of the exclusion restriction assumption.","PeriodicalId":108297,"journal":{"name":"HEN: Human Capital Modelling (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133949266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}