Proceedings - The Eleventh International Symposium GRID 2022最新文献

{"title":"3D printed lithophane","authors":"Jure Klokočovnik, Deja Muck","doi":"10.24867/grid-2022-p44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24867/grid-2022-p44","url":null,"abstract":"Lithophane is a transparent plate on which, with the help of the different thickness of this plate, an image is formed. Light that passes through the plate from the back side of the plate shows a clear gray image on the front side of this plate. The strength of the transparency is determined by the material of the plate and the light source coming from behind. Without backlighting, the subject on the lithophane cannot be seen. Lithophanes in the form of porcelain vases were discovered in China long before the technique made its way to Europe. In Europe the origins of lithophanes date back to the early 19th century in France. Europeans perfected the technique and also used it to reproduce famous portraits and paintings. Today, the production of lithophanes is experiencing a renaissance with the advent of 3D printing technologies. In the research paper, the process of making lithophane using 3D printing is presented. First, 3D printing technologies are presented, more specifically the technology of extrusion of materials or thermoplastics modelled by joining layers. Then, the materials used for 3D printing with the mentioned technology are presented. Next, the procedures for 3D acquisition and reproduction of reliefs are described, and at the end, the lithophane itself is presented. In the practical part, the whole process of making lithophane is presented. For the creation of the lithophane model, the 3D modelling program Blender was used, and the lithophanes in physical form were made with the Creality Ender 3 3D printer using PLA filament. Droplet and electrophotographic printers were also used to produce colour lithophanes. The influence of LED and halogen lamps on the final impression of lithophane reproduction was also compared. Lithophanes produced with different print settings and different colour reproductions were compared. The results showed that the best wall thickness is one millimetre, and the layer thickness is the smallest value allowed by the printer. The orientation of the lithophane during printing has a great influence on the final image of the design. The best orientation is upright. Color reproduction is best when using electrophotographic printing in combination with acrylic varnish. Lighting research showed that LED is better than halogen lamps. The finished lithophane was of satisfactory quality and could be used as a decoration for the home or to organize an art exhibition with a large number of coloured lithophanes reproducing various artworks and motifs.","PeriodicalId":107864,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - The Eleventh International Symposium GRID 2022","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132191875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creating a 2D animated short film with sound and image synchronisation","authors":"Ana Krklec, A. Iskra, Tanja Nuša Kočevar","doi":"10.24867/grid-2022-p24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24867/grid-2022-p24","url":null,"abstract":"Animation is a method, in which still images create the illusion of movement on the screen. We manipulate the viewer with fast-moving pictures to make them look as if they can move. This article intends to make a 2D animated film based on a screenplay template with synchronized sound. In the article, we had to provide different Software: Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Animate, Adobe After Effects, Adobe Premier Pro, Reaper (Digital Audio Workstation), and Sketchbook. In addition to the software and, of course, the computer, we also used a graphics tablet, a microphone, and a sound card During writing the article, we get to know the workflow of the creation of animation, from the design to the final product. We tested ourselves in the role of all important members of production houses to get the most realistic insight into the creation of such a project. The final product of the article is a short cartoon with a synchronization of speech and sound.","PeriodicalId":107864,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - The Eleventh International Symposium GRID 2022","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117109635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The awareness of ethical design principales in media design education","authors":"Daria Mustić","doi":"10.24867/grid-2022-p63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24867/grid-2022-p63","url":null,"abstract":"Designers today, through the creation of media content, do not only create a media construct, but they also participate in the creation of social values, norms, and common patterns of communication. When reading books, manuals and design instructions, a design practitioner often encounters the term \"good design\". If we take the “good design” concept of industrial designer Dieter Rams, then the term will be describing the product that is useful and understandable, innovative, aesthetic, unobtrusive, honest, long-lasting, thorough to the last detail, environmentally friendly, and involves as little design as possible. His principles of \"good design\" can be applied to the field of media design, applications, user interfaces and so on. Or, if we change the paradigm towards the ethics, is “good design” design which is not only aesthetically pleasing but also that strives to do good - to be socially responsible in order to improve the social environment? This approach is the basic of this article. The basis and starting point for the discussion was the article \"Redefining design ethics\" by Phil McCollam published in Design and Culture, 6: 3, 2014. The author argues that designers have a legal obligation to be aware of and to follow accessibility laws and standards, but also, more broadly, they have an ethical obligation to focus on the needs of the people who will use their designs, even when the law does not explicitly require it of them. Furthermore, he says that future professionals must be challenged to develop solutions that are human-centric. The research is based on a questionnaire and discussions with the students of graphic design. Therefore, the goal of this research is to explore the existence of awareness of the ethical and social role of design in contemporary society through individual awareness of students.","PeriodicalId":107864,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - The Eleventh International Symposium GRID 2022","volume":"194 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125961615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial nanocellulose enhanced cardboard adhesion joint tested with Y-peel and T-peel testing methods","authors":"I. Karlovits, G. Lavrič, U. Kavčič","doi":"10.24867/grid-2022-p17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24867/grid-2022-p17","url":null,"abstract":"The demands on the adhesive joints for packaging are important during conversion, transport, storage, shelf exposure, and end-of-life operations of paper-based packaging. During this lifecycle, the adhesive joint is under constant loading from environmental conditions (e.g. forces from the surroundings such as other packaging units, dynamical forces from the machines, and/or climate changes such as temperature and relative humidity). The contribution from mechanical bonding can be particularly important for solid boards where the adhesive bonding is achieved through the mechanical interlocking of the adhesive into irregularities and pores of the carton-board surface. The formation of an adhesive joint with dispersion adhesives is affected by the rheological properties of the adhesive layer, the structure and absorption properties of the board surface. There are many test methods intended to determine the strength of an adhesive including peel, shear, cleavage and tension tests. Peel tests are common for tapes, labels, coatings and other bonded materials. The most common methods include T peel, Y peel and angle peel tests using tensile test machines. The cardboard adhesives that are currently in use have a large share of dispersion adhesives (PVAC, EVA, acrylic and PU) which are water-based adhesive systems that form bonds through physical hardening when the water evaporates. Sustainability issues require replacement of these chemicals with bio-based ones. Based on our previous research, bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) can increase the bonding strength of adhesive joints for different kinds of materials. In this study, 3 different cardboards with dispersion adhesive which had the addition of 7% of BNC were used. Zwick multitester with two methods (Y peel and T peel) was used to determine the strength of the cardboard joints. The results indicate differences in force elongation results due to different testing methods, where some of the cardboard properties and BNC had a positive effect on the overall adhesion joint strength.","PeriodicalId":107864,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - The Eleventh International Symposium GRID 2022","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131073668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coatings in graphic industry","authors":"T. Cigula","doi":"10.24867/grid-2022-p3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24867/grid-2022-p3","url":null,"abstract":"Contrary to the negative predictions, the graphic arts industry keeps continuing its growth. The modern world is transferring information through digital platforms leading to decrease of the serial publications on paper (newspaper, magazines etc). But on the other hand, packaging industry is increasing its revenue by high numbers. In the same way as for the whole industry, many predicted that paper use will also decrease, as for a long period of time (still partly present) paper was thought of as being killer of trees. Today, along with new findings, paper is becoming more popular with EU Commission banning single use plastics. Paper as a substrate is becoming popular in packaging industry, mainly due to being suitable for both organic and material recycling. However, due to lack of some functional properties, materials are often coated. Coating as a process includes covering of a surface by another substance. The coatings processes are present in various industries and are intended to enhance properties of the base materials. In the graphic industry the coating process is often called varnishing, due to the resins used as a coating material. Varnishing is used to improve rub resistance and provide varnished material with special effects (combination of gloss and matte surfaces). Applicability and functionality of the coatings is achieved using various materials, among which are nano-engineered materials. Results of various researchers show benefits of introducing nanocomposites in the packaging industry by improving prints’ resistance to degradation by UV irradiation, improving barrier to water vapour and enabling packaging surface to inhibit microbes’ growth. To conclude, coatings development and application plays a significant role in the material development, as it can provide common materials with improved properties, as well as enhanced aesthetics. At the same time, application of coatings could present some obstacles in both materials and organic recycling, and for that reason development of coatings should include evaluation of recyclability of the coated product as well as the characterization of coating’s functionality.","PeriodicalId":107864,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - The Eleventh International Symposium GRID 2022","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130928630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining point spread function of pressure sensitive labels facestock","authors":"Katarina Itrić Ivanda, Zrinka Jakopčević, Dorotea Kovačević, Suzana Pasanec Preprotić","doi":"10.24867/grid-2022-p4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24867/grid-2022-p4","url":null,"abstract":"Pressure sensitive labels (PSL) are a growing part of graphic industry. In the past, their design and application were rather limited to basic packaging and product information while currently labels are receiving more and more attention because they are customer's first contact with a product. PSL composition includes release liner, adhesive and facestock. Facestock can be considered as the most important part of the label since its properties determine the final label appearance. Nowadays, facestock material can be both paper and filmic. Therefore, it is necessary to perform a comprehensive characterization of pressure sensitive labels facestock in order to investigate the future impact of optical dot gain on the print. Point spread function is a measure of scattering and absorption of light in the given substrate. It carries information regarding paper composition and its future behaviour in term of optical dot gain. In the study, seven different facestock substrates were examined, two made from biogenic polyethylene, and five paper based PSL facestocks, three of which are made from 15% agro industrial waste by-products (barley, citrus and grape). Point spread function of the substrates were obtained by projecting collimated red laser light source on the facestock of pressure sensitive labels. Although the laser light used in this experiment was characterized by a narrow beam width of 0.5 mm and low divergence, <1 mrad, the beam was further converged and then passed through a space filter to ensure collimation of the laser beam which was then incident perpendicular to the set sample. Laser profile was firstly obtained by photodiode profiling. Based on the measured values of light intensity, the laser light profile was determined, as well as the average beam width that was needed for further image analysis. Image of the light scattering within the substrate was obtained perpendicular to the surface with Canon EOS 5DS camera. From the obtained image, laser profile was removed, and the resulting profile gives the point spread function of the substrate. The resulting images were processed with commercially available image analysis software (ImageJ). The mean background intensity subtracted from each individual pixel was determined to remove the background effect, and the distribution of the scattered light profile was achieved. The results showed that facestock composition has a high influence on PSF shape and width.","PeriodicalId":107864,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - The Eleventh International Symposium GRID 2022","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134390566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calculation of cutting force by book-edge trimming with disk knives","authors":"G. Petriaszwili, S. Komarov, Piotr Janicki, Jakub Bulas","doi":"10.24867/grid-2022-p70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24867/grid-2022-p70","url":null,"abstract":"The paper proposes formulas for theoretical calculation of forces when trimming book-edges with a disc knife. The theoretical model is based on experimental data obtained by the authors. The authors calculated the approximation parameters from own experimental studies. The kinematic parameters of the cutting process and the approximated value of the unit cutting force were used in the calculation formulas. Calculation makes it possible to predict value of total cutting force depending on diameter and sharpening angle of knife, value and direction of its angular speed, feed rate, thickness and distance of book block from axis of knife rotation.","PeriodicalId":107864,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - The Eleventh International Symposium GRID 2022","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116362675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio coating as an alternate for wax coating for food grade paper boards","authors":"L. Priya, A. A","doi":"10.24867/grid-2022-p7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24867/grid-2022-p7","url":null,"abstract":"1.45 million tons of paraffin wax-coated boxes of used products enter landfills every year, and 4.5 million metric tons of carbon dioxide is released during the recycling process. Therefore, the goal of the research is to find out an alternative to the synthetic wax coating seen on food product cartons. This research uses natural coating materials that are more effective than synthetic coating materials, such as hibiscus, gum Arabic, and turmeric. The natural antibacterial herb turmeric's curcumin is extracted using ethonal, and then heating is used to create the hibiscus extract. Three layers are coated on the package: the first layer is curcumin, which serves as the package's antimicrobial coating; the second layer is gum Arabic, which serves as a binder to hold the third layer of hibiscus. These two layers serve as a barrier on the packaging, and then the hibiscus extract gel is applied over them. Using a spray gun, these three coats are applied to the packaging. The method used to dry the coatings is air or sun drying. The test findings are assessed for the burst strength, burst factor, moisture content, smoothness, calliper thickness, and micropsoic analyses of the wax coated and bio coated carton samples.","PeriodicalId":107864,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - The Eleventh International Symposium GRID 2022","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129883732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of flatbed creasing tool on printed paperboard","authors":"Josip Bota, J. Pibernik, Dorotea Kovačević, M. Brozović","doi":"10.24867/grid-2022-p71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24867/grid-2022-p71","url":null,"abstract":"Flatbed cutters are in increased demand and usage due to their developments in tool speed and size of the cutting area. The creasing tool on flatbed cutters are mostly creasing wheels as opposed to flat knives in die cutters. The wheel creases the paperboard in a way that can damage the top layer causing breaking in the printed surface visible after folding and sometimes even before. The end result can decrease the attractiveness of packaging and other creased paperboard products. This paper investigates the results of flatbed creasing of different types of printed paperboard and suggests possible solutions to the problem. Examined paperboards differed in grammage, grade, and thickness, and they were creased with different depth levels. The results indicated that some types of paperboard are not suitable for packaging even if they are adequate grammage. Furthermore, controlling the creasing depths can reduce ruptures of the top layer and improve final folding quality.","PeriodicalId":107864,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - The Eleventh International Symposium GRID 2022","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128924210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of the surrounding space on the lighting conditions in a photographic scene","authors":"Veronika Štampfl, Jure Ahtik","doi":"10.24867/grid-2022-p95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24867/grid-2022-p95","url":null,"abstract":"Lighting conditions are one of the most important factors for good photographic exposure. In enclosed spaces, like a photography studio, we can control the light in several ways. We can adjust the type of light source, the shape of the light source, its intensity, and in some cases the colour temperature of the emitted light. The distance of the light source from the observed photographic scene affects the amount of light that reaches the desired target, and therefore the actual lighting conditions on the photographic scene. However, the environment surrounding the photographic scene is often overlooked. The light emitted interacts not only with the objects within the photographic scene, but also with any obstacle in the path upon which a light ray falls. Light rays can be reflected, partially reflected, absorbed, or scattered from any surface in the immediate vicinity of the scene, depending on the material properties of the objects they encounter. In the case of reflection, the observed scene is additionally illuminated by the reflected light, since the reflecting surface in the near environment acts as another light source. Lightabsorbing surfaces, on the other hand, do not affect the scene in the same way, since the light is absorbed and not multiplied by the reflection. Reflections from the surrounding environment can therefore affect the intended lighting conditions of the observed scene in ways that we did not anticipate. This study focuses on the influence of the surrounding space on the lighting conditions in an observed photographic scene by comparing the lighting situations in a scene from a photographic studio with a diverse environment and from a darkroom with minimal environmental influence. Halogen, LED, and xenon light sources are tested individually, illuminating the test scene with different intensities and colour temperatures. The illumination conditions at the observed photographic scene are described using spectrophotometric methods and image analysis to numerically describe the differences in uniform illumination of the flat scene surface. The results are analysed and compared to illustrate the influence of the surrounding space. Based on the results, guidelines for a suitable test environment in photographic research are proposed.","PeriodicalId":107864,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - The Eleventh International Symposium GRID 2022","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117109454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}