{"title":"The Wilsonian Toolbox","authors":"Cecilie Plambeck-Grotum","doi":"10.7146/chku.v7i1.138106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7146/chku.v7i1.138106","url":null,"abstract":"Following the founding of the League of Nations and as the wave of idealism that came to be known as the Wilsonian Moment swept the planet, the Korean independence movement gathered to appeal against Japanese colonial rule. This article sets out to uncover how the idealism of Wilsonialism and the establishment of the League of Nations provided independence movements such as the Korean with a toolbox of arguments along with a platform on which to be heard. It also analyses how these arguments changed from the Koreans’ initial appeal in 1919 to an attempt made in 1932 following a period of increasing conflict surrounding Japan through the 1920s and early 30s. This article demonstrates how the inspirational effect of the Wilsonian Moment and the League of Nations had profound effects on marginalized movements such as the Korean and their ability to argue their case in the world in the face of political turmoil, international crises, and global power struggles.","PeriodicalId":107660,"journal":{"name":"Culture and History: Student Research Papers","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131179447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"\"Profoundly Cosmopolitan of Heart and Spirit\"?","authors":"Hav P. Leu","doi":"10.7146/chku.v7i1.138101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7146/chku.v7i1.138101","url":null,"abstract":"Germany was a member of the League of Nations from 1926 to 1933. During that time, there were Germans employed at the Secretariat, and its Information Section, which had the greatest German presence, opened a small office to represent the League in Berlin. The League was founded on liberal internationalist ideals and its Covenant included a revolutionary article that opened all positions up to men and women equally. A biographical study of three German individuals associated with the Section and office reveals that ideological commitment to the League was not a given among all German employees, and gives insight into the interplay of gender, class and national – or international – identity. It also shows how the realities of who was employed in the Secretariat, and why, often hinged – despite the League’s ideological basis and the Covenant’s promise – on pragmatic and political considerations.","PeriodicalId":107660,"journal":{"name":"Culture and History: Student Research Papers","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123841475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From the Bottom Up","authors":"Malika Shaakerimova","doi":"10.7146/chku.v7i1.138103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7146/chku.v7i1.138103","url":null,"abstract":"In this article special focus is given to the casefiles of Soviet Central Asian nationals as they relate to the Care and Maintenance program under the International Refugee Organization (IRO). While refugees are often portrayed as void of agency or remain invisible, incidentally, these minorities’ voices and narratives are underrepresented in history of displacement and refugeedom too. The available records of this small group of refugees or displaced persons (DPs) are helpful in capturing their agency through exploring the ways they were navigating through the process of claiming assistance and protection in their particular circumstances.","PeriodicalId":107660,"journal":{"name":"Culture and History: Student Research Papers","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126290938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rajchman and the League of Nations' Health Intervention in Greece","authors":"R. Andersson","doi":"10.7146/chku.v7i1.138110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7146/chku.v7i1.138110","url":null,"abstract":"This article offers insights into the development and implementation strategies of the League's health intervention in Greece. The first part uses Ludwik Rajchman, medical director of the League of Nations, as an analytical prism. It explores his active involvement, how he drew on a mainstream approach to social hygiene and how he recruited expertise globally. It is also argues that Rajchman likely drew inspiration from Australian hospital systems, which he studied in preparation for the intervention. The second part highlights the deliberate emphasis on technical aspects of the intervention for diplomatic reasons. Seeking funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, Rajchman aimed to portray the intervention as a technical rather than political endeavor. Moreover, emphasizing the technical nature of Rajchman's team allowed for presenting its efforts as noninvasive with respect to Greek sovereignty, positioning the intervention as a continuation of Greek government initiatives.","PeriodicalId":107660,"journal":{"name":"Culture and History: Student Research Papers","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124666120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diplomatic Relations in the Interwar Period","authors":"Jonas H. Tilsted","doi":"10.7146/chku.v7i1.138105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7146/chku.v7i1.138105","url":null,"abstract":"This article studies interwar diplomacy. It does so, through the lens of the League of Nations Secretariat’s Political Section. It seeks to uncover how the section was created and how it was meant to operate. Using a prosopographical social network analysis the article dynamically maps the composition of the Political Section and what characterised the section. It studies how the employees worked and which form of agency they had. As such, the article has four key findings. First, the section was highly professionalised with more than 60% having a background in diplomacy providing the expertise and qualifications to handle diplomatic conflicts. Second, the section had high diversity in the nationality of the employees and a relatively low amount of British and French employees. Third, the employees of the Political Section generally had a high degree of agency regarding how they handled conflicts which they could use to expand their tasks and area of responsibility. Last, the ability to control information was the most important competence for the officials of the Political Section. On a methodological level, this paper provides an example of how social network analysis can be a useful tool in historical studies.","PeriodicalId":107660,"journal":{"name":"Culture and History: Student Research Papers","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117140392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"\"This Vilest of Trades\"","authors":"Sebastian Vang Jensen","doi":"10.7146/chku.v7i1.138113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7146/chku.v7i1.138113","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the League of Nations’ official inquiry into the international question of trafficking, integral to their wider anti-trafficking campaign of the 1920’s. Through this, it assesses the consequences of employing external experts drafted from activist non-governmental organizations to conduct large-scale international research projects. In doing so it argues that the League’s official standards of unbiased data collection and knowledge production was somewhat compromised and that the leaders of the external research group used this official inquiry as a form of trojan horse to challenge and undermine the legitimacy of the system of regulated prostitution. Furthermore, this article unfolds how the research constructed new systems of knowledge about the nature of prostitution, that in turn positioned the system as a global threat with the potential to degenerate the future of humanity.","PeriodicalId":107660,"journal":{"name":"Culture and History: Student Research Papers","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134486430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Staffing the International Civil Service","authors":"Jacob Nedergaard","doi":"10.7146/chku.v7i1.138112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7146/chku.v7i1.138112","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines how nationality influenced recruitment of the highest-ranking officials to three of the smaller, political sections in the League of Nations Secretariat during the organization’s most successful years between 1922 and 1930. From three, separate case-studies, it is shown that although the official policies favored the hiring of nationals from underrepresented member states, other factors such as the individual section’s autonomy and policy field further complicated the process of finding the right nationals for vacant positions. This meant that the established protocols for recruitment were oftentimes ignored or circumvented in attempts to guarantee the most suitable candidates. ","PeriodicalId":107660,"journal":{"name":"Culture and History: Student Research Papers","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124418015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Racial depictions in visual culture during World War One","authors":"Christian Kofoed Hansen, Gustav Simonsen","doi":"10.7146/chku.v6i2.127819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7146/chku.v6i2.127819","url":null,"abstract":"How can we understand British depictions of the German ‘race’, if they are understood as belonging to the same racial category? We argue that an analysis of racial depictions must be based on historical and cultural understandings. We present ‘race’ as an all-encompassing, flexible historical phenomenon, that includes cultural racism. We found that cultural and biological racism overlapped, working in tandem to create a single depiction within a spectrum of culturally or biologically based racial stereotypes. We argue that racialized stereotypes were deployed in both intra-white and non-white depictions depending on the desired function of the propaganda resulting in both positive or/and negative portrayals that worked mainly in consolidating the Self and Othering the enemy – with the exception of white depictions of non-white soldiers often showcasing Othering exotic elements.","PeriodicalId":107660,"journal":{"name":"Culture and History: Student Research Papers","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121796997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Kristensen, Jon Alexander Mangerel, Rebecca Søegaard
{"title":"Frivillighed - velfærdsstatens redning?","authors":"N. Kristensen, Jon Alexander Mangerel, Rebecca Søegaard","doi":"10.7146/chku.v6i2.134566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7146/chku.v6i2.134566","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we investigate the collaborative work between three Danish nursing homes and the Copenhagen Municipality’s Administration for Health and Caregiving, in involving volunteers in the activities of the residents in the nursing homes. Changes in demographics have led to discussions among authorities and in public debates about alternatives to the historically professionalized welfare services, and to increase the degree of volunteerism as a measure for handling this development. We analyze the collaborations with Susan Leigh Star’s concept of invisible work and the ethnological State and Life-mode Theory and Niels Jul Nielsen’s notion of civil servant life-mode. We show how the invisible work being done is the prerequisite for the volunteer work, and how further integration of volunteerism in the welfare requires new forms of volunteerism, as volunteers may in practice be handling tasks that are currently being handled by welfare professionals. This turns out to be problematic, as volunteering seems to thrive in the space between unspokenness and a formalized framework.","PeriodicalId":107660,"journal":{"name":"Culture and History: Student Research Papers","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115551726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Apartness of Ideal and Reality","authors":"Max Poole","doi":"10.7146/chku.v6i2.134565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7146/chku.v6i2.134565","url":null,"abstract":"This article contributes to scholarly debate concerning universalist discourse, as either advantageous or detrimental to addressing inequalities between the West and the Global South. First, I explore the theoretical backdrop of the dispute, positing that differing notions of how multiple modernities interrelate informs divergent conceptualizations of universalist discourse, as either rigidly Eurocentric or contextually adaptable. Secondly, I analyze the South African Freedom Charter from both perspectives, arguing that we should recognize universalist discourse as a powerful tool in formulating political visions of decolonization; and conversely, that we should be cautious when utilizing such discourse due to its inherent Eurocentric capabilities.","PeriodicalId":107660,"journal":{"name":"Culture and History: Student Research Papers","volume":"33 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126220987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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