Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences最新文献

{"title":"The MicroRNA network in sepsis: from biomarker discovery to novel targeted therapeutic strategies.","authors":"Jianyi Xie, Lingxuan Tang, Wangzheqi Zhang, Changli Wang","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2025.2561071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2025.2561071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sepsis is a life-threatening multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome triggered by infection and mediated by host immune dysregulation. Its complex pathophysiological mechanisms and the lack of effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches make it a major challenge for the global healthcare system. As key molecules in post-transcriptional gene regulation, microRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in immune dyshomeostasis, inflammatory storms, and organ damage during sepsis, and have emerged as a research focus in this field in recent years. This review summarizes the research progress of miRNAs in sepsis, with a focus on their expression characteristics, regulatory mechanisms, and clinical translational value. miRNAs regulate inflammatory responses by targeting core signaling pathways such as the Toll-like receptor (TLR)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. The specific mechanisms include: blocking upstream pathway activation by targeting TLR ligands or adaptor proteins; directly regulating NF-κB subunits to inhibit the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes; modulating negative feedback loops; and interacting with other signaling cascades. Furthermore, certain miRNAs act as both key regulators of immune responses and potential diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers. In terms of organ damage, miRNAs display organ-specific characteristics by working as specific regulatory molecules in sepsis-associated cardiac, hepatic, and cerebral injuries. They affect organ function by targeting pathways such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT). In terms of clinical translational value, miRNAs derived from human serum/plasma have shown significant potential in sepsis diagnosis, treatment guidance, and prognosis prediction. By dissecting the regulatory network of miRNAs in sepsis, this review not only provides a theoretical basis for understanding the complex pathophysiology of sepsis but also identifies key directions for developing miRNA-based precision diagnostic and therapeutic strategies (e.g. combined detection of multiple biomarkers and targeted delivery systems). It is anticipated to offer novel solutions for improving the prognosis of sepsis patients and reducing mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guardians on call: neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells in arthritis pathogenesis.","authors":"Navita Sharma, Jasika Bashal, Basma Bouchefra, Vinod Chandran, Ali Abdul-Sater, Katerina Oikonomopoulou","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2025.2539133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2025.2539133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several immune/inflammatory components have been associated with arthritis. The role of monocytes/macrophages in inflammatory arthritis has been explored over the last years; however, the role of other myeloid cells, such as neutrophils and dendritic cells, in driving the pathophysiology of arthritis is largely overlooked. In this article, we aim to discuss literature pointing to the role of these immune cells in inflammatory arthritis and emphasize the multiple and dynamic phenotypic roles these cells can hold either in the persistence or in the resolution of inflammation. We also highlight the interactions between neutrophils, macrophages, and/or dendritic cells in the arthritic joint space. We further discuss pathways and features that may be of importance for characterizing neutrophils and dendritic cells, the phenotype of which can be \"reprogrammed\" to direct the resolution of inflammation efficiently in the arthritic joint. Identifying novel and patient-tailored approaches for addressing persistent or recurrent inflammation through these cellular pathways, might address unmet needs in arthritis management. Types of arthritides discussed in this review include osteoarthritis, spondyloarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Brief reference to the role of these immune cells in the acute gouty inflammation is also included.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145174079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pleural fluid biomarkers for the diagnosis and management of malignant pleural effusions: a clinical review.","authors":"Jose Diego Santotoribio","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2025.2559697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2025.2559697","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Initial pleural fluid analysis is a fundamental step in the evaluation of suspected malignant pleural effusion (MPE). Most MPEs present as exudates, often hemorrhagic, with mononuclear cell predominance. Basic biochemical parameters-glucose, total protein, LDH, ADA, and pH-help distinguish MPE from other causes and offer prognostic information. Low glucose and pH, and elevated LDH, are associated with higher tumor burden and poorer outcomes. Flow cytometry can detect high-fluorescence cells suggestive of malignancy, while additional markers like CRP, cholesterol, amylase, and lipids provide complementary diagnostic value, especially when interpreted alongside tumor markers (TMs). Among TMs in pleural fluid, CEA is the most validated and widely used, showing high specificity for MPE. Others-such as CA 15.3, CYFRA 21-1, CA 125, CA 19.9, NSE, and HE4-offer variable sensitivity and specificity depending on tumor type and clinical context. False positives can occur in benign or inflammatory conditions, emphasizing the need for cautious interpretation. Other cancer biomarkers in pleural fluid-such as VEGF, Apolipoprotein E, calprotectin, endostatin, and homocysteine-may enhance diagnostic and prognostic capabilities. VEGF and endostatin reflect tumor angiogenesis and may also serve as therapeutic targets, while homocysteine shows promise in detecting MPEs not identified by conventional TMs. Multimarker strategies significantly improve diagnostic accuracy. Combinations of two pleural fluid TMs, such as CEA with CA 15.3, or diagnostic models like the MPER score (CEA + homocysteine), have shown excellent performance. Panels with three or more markers, including inflammatory or metabolic biomarkers (ADA, CRP, and %polymorphonuclear leukocytes) further enhance sensitivity and specificity. Molecular analysis in pleural fluid has emerged as a promising approach for the diagnosis of MPE, enabling the detection of mRNA, DNA methylation patterns, lncRNAs, miRNAs, or circulating tumor DNA. Although these biomarkers have demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy, they are not yet implemented in routine clinical practice, and most studies have primarily focused on MPE due to lung cancer. In malignant pleural mesothelioma, where cytology has limited sensitivity, the most extensively investigated markers in pleural fluid are mesothelin and fibulin-3. Among conventional tumor markers, the pleural fluid CYFRA 21-1/CEA ratio has shown high diagnostic accuracy, further enhanced when combined with mesothelin. Pleural fluid fibulin-3 has also been identified as an independent prognostic factor for survival.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145111688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data analytics for error detection in clinical laboratories.","authors":"Clarence W Chan","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2025.2555261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2025.2555261","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Errors inevitably occur in the practice of laboratory medicine. A cornerstone of clinical laboratory quality management is the detection of erroneous results and the assessment of imprecision, bias, and other performance limitations of clinical test methods, particularly those affecting patient care. Errors can arise in each of what has been conventionally regarded as the three key phases of testing: pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical. In this review, both the standard concepts and methods of quantifying uncertainty and error are introduced in the context of clinical laboratory operations. Method validation and verification studies are presented as opportunities for preemptive and anticipatory error assessment-before tests are implemented for patient testing. Quality control monitoring is a key internal quality assurance strategy, whereas proficiency testing forms the basis of most external quality assurance initiatives. Data analytic approaches for error detection are reviewed, highlighting quantitative and statistical concepts on which they are based, and emerging machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms are presented as contemporary tools currently under development for error detection in the clinical laboratory.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145085200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulatory mechanisms and emerging diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities of non-coding RNAs in tumorigenesis: a pan-cancer perspective.","authors":"Doblin Sandai, Zengkan Du, Haoling Zhang, Qi Sun","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2025.2555278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2025.2555278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of functional transcripts that are not translated into proteins and primarily include microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). In recent years, as therapeutic challenges such as tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance have become increasingly prominent, ncRNAs have emerged as pivotal targets in cancer mechanistic research and precision intervention strategies due to their central roles in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Given the limitations of conventional treatments, inadequate early detection methods, and significant inter-individual variability, elucidating the regulatory functions of ncRNA networks have become an urgent imperative for advancing cancer diagnosis and treatment. This review systematically integrates the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in key oncogenic processes from a pan-cancer perspective, including cell proliferation, cell cycle control, apoptosis evasion, metastatic activation, and resistance reprogramming, while highlighting their hub-like roles in multi-pathway crosstalk,the application of ncRNA in cancer diagnosis and its role in treatment and prognosis. Furthermore, future research must strive for breakthroughs in areas such as the optimization of nanodelivery systems, AI-driven target identification, and dynamic multi-omics integration, with the ultimate goal of achieving the systematic translation of ncRNAs into actionable strategies for personalized precision medicine-transforming \"functional transcriptional regulation\" into \"targetable therapeutic intervention.\"</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-57"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145074642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical considerations and clinical utility of plasma phosphorylated Tau217.","authors":"Hans Frykman","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2025.2551648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2025.2551648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blood-based biomarkers are an easily available and practical tool for Alzheimer's disease (AD) screening and diagnosis. Plasma phosphorylated Tau217 (p-tau217) is the front-runner candidate for AD diagnosis due to its strong correlation with core AD pathology determined either by cerebrospinal fluid biomarker (CSF) and positron emission tomography (PET) or postmortem examination. While plasma p-tau217 is firmly associated with AD pathology, it is crucial to evaluate its performance in distinguishing AD from mixed pathologies, as brain autopsies have shown the coexisting of AD pathology with other related types of dementia. Moreover, the measurement of AD biomarkers will be a crucial element in defining eligibility for disease-modifying treatment in clinical practice. Moreover, plasma p-tau217 is a highly efficacious biomarker in the early detection of Aβ pathology, making it a feasible test for AD screening in clinical practice. Several assays, including the ALZpath p-tau217 assay and the Fujirebio plasma p-tau217 assay, have been made commercially available for research use. A few studies analytically and clinically have validated these immunoassays as laboratory diagnostic tests for AD diagnosis and differentiating from non-AD neurodegenerative disorders in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145063611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Essential amino acids in celiac disease: key roles in immunogenicity, pathogenesis, and therapeutic approaches.","authors":"Sajjad Bakhtiari, Nastaran Asri, Andrea Masotti, Somayeh Jahani-Sherafat, Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani, Mohammad Rostami-Nejad","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2025.2551656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2025.2551656","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten ingestion, causing intestinal damage and systemic complications. Essential amino acids (EAAs) play crucial roles in immune function, intestinal integrity, and metabolic regulation; however, their malabsorption in CD contributes to disease progression. Tryptophan dysregulation may influence mood disorders in CD, while phenylalanine and lysine are linked to immune activation and gluten modification. Methionine impacts antioxidant defense and homocysteine metabolism, and disruptions in both pathways have been observed in CD patients. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), crucial for muscle synthesis, remain deficient even in treated patients, suggesting long-term metabolic effects. Threonine, vital for gut barrier function, has been reported to show increased levels in CD, potentially reflecting altered metabolism and disease progression. Arginine metabolism shifts toward pro-inflammatory nitric oxide production, exacerbating intestinal damage. EAA imbalances may serve as biomarkers for disease activity, severity, and treatment response. Altered plasma and fecal amino acid profiles correlate with disease progression, offering diagnostic and monitoring potential. Addressing EAA deficiencies through targeted supplementation or dietary interventions could enhance intestinal healing, mitigate complications, and improve outcomes beyond a gluten-free diet (GFD). This review examines the interplay between EAAs and CD pathogenesis, highlighting their roles in immune modulation, gut barrier maintenance, systemic metabolic effects, and potential as disease biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large scale implementation of DP for clinical diagnoses: experience, challenges, and lessons learned.","authors":"Blaise Clarke, Charlotte Carment-Baker, Christine Bruce, Kattreen Hanna, George M Yousef","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2025.2549309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2025.2549309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Implementing DP on a large scale is a complex, multi-dimensional process that requires strategic planning, technological adaptation, and change management. We provide a detailed account of the full-scale implementation of DP at the University Health Network (UHN), a multi-site tertiary clinical center in Canada, highlighting practical lessons learned, ongoing challenges, and mitigation strategies.</p><p><p>A phased implementation approach was adopted, involving pre-implementation planning, procurement, infrastructure development, and optimized validation protocols. Significant focus was placed on technical considerations, including system interoperability, storage capacity, and image quality. Procurement was structured to ensure vendor neutrality and long-term sustainability.A critical component of the implementation was \"change management\", addressing resistance to change through extensive training, real-time troubleshooting, utilizing \"super users\" as change champions. Attention was paid to pathologist office configuration.</p><p><p>A dual workflow model, with simultaneous access to both glass and digital slides, facilitated smoother transition. As of this writing all histopathology H&E cases and tissue hematopathology are being scanned. Efforts to implement digital liquid hematopathology and cytopathology are ongoing.</p><p><p>The financial implications of DP implementation were evaluated, including direct and indirect costs. While initial investments in scanners, storage, and software infrastructure were substantial, long-term savings are anticipated through increased efficiency, reduced physical slide storage, enhanced workload distribution and the integration of AI-based tools.</p><p><p>Continuous monitoring and feedback were established to assess system performance and address emerging challenges. Scalability and future applications of DP remain a priority. The adoption of AI-driven pathology tools, remote diagnostics, and cross-institutional data sharing are anticipated to further enhance the value of DP. UHN's experience underscores the importance of a structured, multidisciplinary approach to DP implementation.</p><p><p>Our experience offers a realistic and evolving roadmap for institutions considering DP adoption. We provide practical guidance, highlight persistent challenges and emphasize the importance of continuous evaluation and adaptation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144991745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guidelines for diagnosing and differentiating infection with antifungal-resistant <i>Trichophyton indotineae</i> from other dermatophytoses.","authors":"Ali Abdul Hussein S Al-Janabi","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2025.2551649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2025.2551649","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review attempts to find a crucial set of criteria that can be applied to diagnose infections caused by <i>Trichophyton indotineae</i>, based on laboratory and clinical characteristics derived from other studies. <i>T. indotineae</i> has emerged as a new species from the anthropophilic <i>Trichophyton mentagrophytes</i> and <i>Trichophyton interdigitale</i>. The close relationship between <i>T. indotineae</i> and these two species makes it difficult to distinguish them based on morphological and physiological features. Resistance to terbinafine was first observed in <i>T. indotineae</i>, and later to other antifungals, which increased the treatment failure rate in several dermatophytoses. In conclusion; identifying criteria specific to infections with <i>T. indotineae</i> can provide a framework for physicians to readily diagnose such infections and distinguish them from other dermatophytoses. Categorization guidelines for all diagnostic characteristics of <i>T. indotineae</i> and its infection can make a forward step in prescribing effective therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144945800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hereditary Micro‑Satellite Instable cancers associated with Lynch Syndrome: predictive biomarkers and novel immuno-therapeutic approaches.","authors":"Giovanni Ponti, Fabio Gelsomino, Aldo Tomasi, Tomris Ozben, Lorena Losi, Marco Manfredini","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2025.2504915","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408363.2025.2504915","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inherited familial tumors are linked to distinct germline mutations that result in different syndromic phenotypes, increasing cancer risk in patients. Recent findings have unveiled new evidence of genotype-phenotype correlations and highlighted the essential role of biomolecular and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses in pinpointing predictive markers for immune-therapy responses. Lynch Syndrome (LS), recently identified as four unique hereditary cancer syndromes, is defined by specific germline mutations in Mismatch Repair Genes <i>MLH1</i>, <i>MSH2, MSH6, PMS2</i>. It features distinctive characteristics such as the early development of visceral tumors (primarily colorectal cancer, endometrial, ovarian, urothelial) and a high incidence of synchronous and metachronous cancers. LS cancers exhibit microsatellite instability (MSI). MSI was first used as an indicator of a genetic predisposition, but it is now recognized as an essential predictive marker for therapy response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. These findings resulted in the approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-programmed cell death 1 (anti-PD1) or anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) by regulatory bodies solely based on MSI status, independent of the type of cancer. In this case, a transition to a universal LS molecular screening method for all newly diagnosed colorectal and endometrial cancers has been effectively promoted. This shift in viewpoint will necessitate a thorough examination of present guidelines, encompassing recommendations on the optimal timing and approach for the implementation of biomolecular and IHC analyses to evaluate MSI status in additional cancers associated with LS. In this review, we offer a clinical summary of the primary MSI-H/dMMR cancers linked to LS and present a detailed description of immunotherapy, recently introduced for some neoplastic entities but increasingly extended to other tumors. We additionally emphasize the absence of existing molecular screening for rarer LS-associated tumors, like sebaceous cancers, which could gain the most from universal IHC screening and contemporary immuno-therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"477-490"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144198453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}