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The Corrosion of Aluminum-Clad Nuclear Fuel in Wet Basin Storage 湿盆贮存中包铝核燃料的腐蚀
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001695
J. P. Howell, D. Nelson
{"title":"The Corrosion of Aluminum-Clad Nuclear Fuel in Wet Basin Storage","authors":"J. P. Howell, D. Nelson","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001695","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Large quantities of aluminum-clad spent nuclear materials have been in interim storage in the fuel storage basins at The Savannah River Site while awaiting processing since 1989. This extended storage as a result of a moratorium on processing resulted in corrosion of the aluminum clad. Examinations of this fuel and other data from a corrosion surveillance program in the water basins have provided basic insight into the corrosion process and have resulted in improvements in the storage facilities and basin operations. Since these improvements were implemented, there has been no new initiation of pitting observed since 1993. This paper describes the corrosion of spent fuel and the metallographic examination of Mark 31A target slugs removed from the K-basin storage pool after 5 years of storage. It discusses the SRS Corrosion Surveillance Program and the improvements made to the storage facilities which have mitigated new corrosion in the basins.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122081910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Intergranular Fatigue Cracking of a Stainless Steel Expansion Joint 不锈钢伸缩节的晶间疲劳开裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0046252
{"title":"Intergranular Fatigue Cracking of a Stainless Steel Expansion Joint","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0046252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0046252","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A type 321 stainless steel bellows expansion joint on a 17-cm (6 in.) OD inlet line (347 stainless) in a gas-turbine test facility cracked during operation. The line carried high-purity nitrogen gas at 1034 kPa (150 psi) with a flow rate of 5.4 to 8.2 kg/s (12 to 18 lb/s). Cracking occurred in welded joints and in unwelded portions of the bellows. The bellows were made by forming the convolution halves from stainless steel sheet, then welding the convolutions together. Evidence from visual examination, liquid penetrant inspection chemical analysis, hardness tests, and metallographic examination of sections etched with Vilella's reagent supports the conclusions that failure of the bellows occurred by intergranular fatigue cracking. Secondary degrading effects on the piping existed as well. Recommendations included the acceptability of Type 321 stainless steel (provided open-cycle testing does not result in surface oxidation and crevices) Although type 347 stainless steel would be better, and Inconel 600 would be an even better choice. Welds would also need modified processing for reheating and annealing. Prevention of oil leakage into the system would minimize carburization of the piping and bellows.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114808388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cracking in a Boiler Steam Drum 锅炉汽包开裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001002
T. D. da Silveira, I. Le May
{"title":"Cracking in a Boiler Steam Drum","authors":"T. D. da Silveira, I. Le May","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 During the inspection of a boiler containing cracks at the superheater header connection, cracking also was detected within the main steam drum. This was fabricated from a Mn-Mo-V low-alloy steel. It operated with water and saturated steam at approximately 335 deg C. Cracking was detected at the nozzles connecting the tubes for the entry of steam and hot water to the drum, at the downcomers, and at the connection to the safety valve. All cracks had a similar morphology, running in a longitudinal direction along the drum from the cutouts in the shell. All the cracks had developed under the influence of the hoop stress and were associated with the locally increased stress levels relating to the cutouts at nozzle and pipe connections. At their ends the cracks were filled with corrosion products, and their surfaces were seen to be very irregular. The process of crack growth was not due to fatigue only but can most probably be attributed to corrosion fatigue. The boiler steam drum design should be reviewed to reduce the local level of stress at the shell-nozzle connections.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121974460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Examination of Corroded Boiler Tubes 腐蚀锅炉管的检验
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001176
F. Naumann, F. Spies
{"title":"Examination of Corroded Boiler Tubes","authors":"F. Naumann, F. Spies","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001176","url":null,"abstract":"A backwell tube situated in the combustion chamber of a 100 atm boiler, which had been in service for many years, failed. The temperature of the saturated steam was about 300 deg C. Two pipe sections with attacked areas in the circumferential welding joint were examined for cause of failure. First section showed strong pit or trench-like attack in the welding seam on the inner surface. A bluish-black corrosion product adhered to the pits. The second section showed small blisters at the welding seam. The metallographic examination of the first section showed welding seam was strongly reduced in bulk from the inside and covered with a thick crumbling layer of magnetic iron oxide (Fe3-O4). This was a corrosion product resulting from the operation of the boiler. In addition, it was decarburized from the inside, and interspersed with grain boundary cracks. This form of attack is typical for the decarburization of steel by high-pressure hydrogen. Hence, the defects in the pipe sections were the result of scaling during the operation of the steam boiler. It was recommended to avoid unnecessary overheating during the welding of materials for high-pressure steam boiler operations.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124102670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Type 316 Stainless Steel Tubing 316型不锈钢管的应力腐蚀开裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0091631
{"title":"Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Type 316 Stainless Steel Tubing","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0091631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0091631","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A steam-condensate line (type 316 stainless steel tubing) began leaking after five to six years in service. The line carried steam condensate at 120 deg C (250 deg F) with a two hour heat-up/cool-down cycle. No chemical treatment had been given to either the condensate or the boiler water. To check for chlorides, the inside of the tubing was rinsed with distilled water, and the rinse water was collected in a clean beaker. A few drops of silver nitrate solution were added to the rinse water, which clouded slightly because of the formation of insoluble silver chloride. This and additional investigation (visual inspection, and 250x micrograph etched with aqua regia) supported the conclusion that the tubing failed by chloride SCC. Chlorides in the steam condensate also caused corrosion of the inner surface of the tubing. Stress was produced when the tubing was bent during installation. Recommendations included providing water treatment to remove chlorides from the system. Continuous flow should be maintained throughout the entire tubing system to prevent concentration of chlorides. No chloride-containing water should be permitted to remain in the system during shutdown periods, and bending of tubing during installation should be avoided to reduce residual stress.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127036271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Turbine Blade Failures, Who Pays? 涡轮叶片故障，谁来买单?
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001143
J. Missimer
{"title":"Turbine Blade Failures, Who Pays?","authors":"J. Missimer","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001143","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The assignment of financial liability for turbine blade failures in steam turbines rests on the ability to determine the damage mechanism or mechanisms responsible for the failure. A discussion is presented outlining various items to look for in a post-turbine blade failure investigation. The discussion centers around the question of how to determine whether the failure was a fatigue induced failure, occurring in accordance with normal life cycle estimates, or whether outside influences could have initiated or hastened the failure.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117288502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Analysis of an Unusual Failure of a Steel Shaft in a Coal Pulverizer 煤粉机钢轴异常故障分析
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001730
J. J. Bodzin, Gordon W. Houser
{"title":"Analysis of an Unusual Failure of a Steel Shaft in a Coal Pulverizer","authors":"J. J. Bodzin, Gordon W. Houser","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001730","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A shaft can crack twice before it fails. A Detroit electric plant had this experience with one in a coal pulverizer. Because the first crack rewelded partially (by friction) in service, the pulverizer remained serviceable until the second crack developed.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133086501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fracture of a Core Component in a Nuclear Reactor 核反应堆核心部件的断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001515
D. Rodgers, C. Coleman, R. Hosbons
{"title":"Fracture of a Core Component in a Nuclear Reactor","authors":"D. Rodgers, C. Coleman, R. Hosbons","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001515","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper describes the analysis of the failure of a Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube in a CANDU reactor. The failure sequence was established as: (1) the existence of an undetected manufacturing flaw in the form of a lamination, (2) in-service development of the flaw by oxidation of the lamination, (3) delayed hydride cracking, which extended the flaw through the wall of the tube, resulting in leakage, and (4) rupture of the tube by cold pressurization while the reactor was shut down. The comprehensive failure analysis led to a remedial action plan that permitted the reactor to be returned to full-power operation and ensured a low probability of a similar occurrence for all CANDU reactors.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130029576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Crevice Corrosion of Tubing in a Hydraulic-Oil Cooler 液压油冷却器油管缝隙腐蚀研究
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0048708
{"title":"Crevice Corrosion of Tubing in a Hydraulic-Oil Cooler","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0048708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0048708","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The horizontal heat-exchanger tubes made of copper alloy C70600, in one of two hydraulic-oil coolers in an electric power plant, leaked after 18 months of service. River water was used as the coolant in the heat-exchanger tubes. Several nodules on the inner surface and holes through the tube wall, which appeared to have formed by pitting under the nodules, were revealed by visual examination. Steep sidewalls, which indicated a high rate of attack, were revealed by microscopic examination of a section through the pit which had penetrated the tube wall. The major constituent of reddish deposit on the inner surfaces of the tubes was revealed to be iron oxide and slight manganese dioxide. Effluent from steel mills upstream was indicated by the presence of these and other constituents to be the source of most of the solids found in the tubes. It was concluded that the tubing failed by crevice corrosion. The tubing in the cooler was replaced, and cooling-water supply was changed from river to city water, which contained no dirt to deposit on the tube surfaces. An alternate solution of installing replacement tubes in the vertical position to make deposition of solids from river water less likely was suggested.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132955037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Overheating of Tubes in an Air Compressor Aftercooler 空气压缩机后冷却器管内过热
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001476
{"title":"Overheating of Tubes in an Air Compressor Aftercooler","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001476","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An aftercooler was of conventional design and fitted with brass tubes through which cooling-water circulated. Air at 100 psi pressure was passed over the outsides of the tubes, entering the vessel near to the upper tubeplate on one side and leaving it by a branch adjacent to the lower tubeplate on the opposite side. After a mishap, the paint had been burned off the upper half of the shell. Internally, most of the tubes were found to be twisted or bent. The casing of the pump used to circulate the cooling water was also found to be cracked after the mishap. All the evidence pointed to the probability that a fire had occurred within the vessel. Some months before the failure, one of the tubes situated towards the center of the nest developed a leak. Owing to the difficulty of inserting a replacement tube, the defective one was scaled by means of a length of screwed rod fitted with nuts and washers at each end. This assembly became loose, thereby allowing air under pressure to enter the waterside of the cooler and expel the water, leading to overheating and ultimately to the damage described.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116823237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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