Toxicology Research最新文献

{"title":"Oral toxicity evaluation of <i>Bacillus clausii</i> M31 isolated from the children's feces in the northern province of Vietnam.","authors":"Nguyen Quynh Anh Ngo, Huong Thi Nguyen, Xuan Thanh Dam, Dinh Nhi Bui, Thi Thao Minh","doi":"10.1093/toxres/tfae152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfae152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the acute and repeated 28-day dose toxicity profiles of <i>Bacillus clausii</i> M31, isolated from children's feces, in Swiss rats and New Zealand rabbits. To investigate acute toxicity, rats were given varied doses of <i>B. clausii</i> M31 (1 × 10¹¹ CFU/mL, 3 × 10¹¹ CFU/mL, and 5 × 10¹¹ CFU/mL) orally once daily for 14 days, in accordance with OECD recommendations No. 423. To evaluate toxicity, rabbits were given either a low dosage (1 × 10¹¹ CFU/mL) or a high dose (5 × 10¹¹ CFU/mL) during a 28-day period using the OECD Test Guideline 407 protocol. Neither death nor significant abnormalities were observed in the rats during the experiment. The microscopic examination of key organs revealed no substantial changes in organ morphology. Furthermore, analyses of serum biochemistry and hematological parameters did not reveal any treatment-associated variations. In sum, these findings suggest that the oral intake of <i>B. clausii</i> M31 at concentrations up to 5 × 10¹¹ CFU/mL for 28 days poses no discernible risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":105,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research","volume":"13 5","pages":"tfae152"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11420515/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142337532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective attenuation of Paraquat induced oxidative stress and Genotoxicity in testicular germ cells by vitamin E in Caprines.","authors":"Vishavjeet Rathee, Prerna Bikal, Anshu Siwach, Jitender Kumar Bhardwaj","doi":"10.1093/toxres/tfae153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfae153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxicological empirical research suggests that excessive utilization of paraquat, an herbicide, shows detrimental consequences on mammalian reproductive toxicity. The current study aims to study it as a reproductive toxin on the caprine testicular cells at 4- and 6-hour exposure duration. Paraquat treatment decreased the cell viability percentage and induced histological architectural alterations such as disruption of germinal epithelium, vacuolization, and pyknotic nuclei in the testis. The differential EB/AO staining also revealed an increased incidence of apoptosis after paraquat treatment at both dosages, i.e. 10 mM and 100 mM. Paraquat also induces oxidative stress, as evident via increased Malondialdehyde levels (a byproduct of lipid peroxidation) and a decline in the antioxidant capacity (FRAP). However, co-administration of Vitamin E significantly reduced the paraquat-mediated decline in cell viability percentage, histological alterations, and apoptosis incidences and generated oxidative stress, indicating its antioxidative properties against paraquat exposure. This research concludes that Vitamin E co-administration considerably reduced the toxicity of paraquat elicited in testicles, suggesting that Vitamin E may have advantageous potential in preventing the male gonadotoxicity caused by paraquat use in agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":105,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research","volume":"13 5","pages":"tfae153"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11420516/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142337569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A toxicogenomics-based identification of potential mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in PFCs-induced cancer in human.","authors":"Zahra Dehghani, Sara Ranjbar, Farbod Shahabinezhad, Pooria Sabouri, Afshin Mohammadi Bardbori","doi":"10.1093/toxres/tfae151","DOIUrl":"10.1093/toxres/tfae151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The number of new diagnosed cancer cases and cancer deaths are increasing worldwide. Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are synthetic chemicals, which are possible inducers of cancer in human and laboratory animals. Studies showed that PFCs induce breast, prostate, kidney, liver and pancreas cancer by inducing genes being involved in carcinogenic pathways.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This study reviews the association between PFCs induced up-regulation/down-regulation of genes and signaling pathways that are important in promoting different types of cancer. To obtain chemical-gene interactions, an advanced search was performed in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database platform.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five most prevalent cancers were studied and the maps of their signaling pathways were drawn, and colored borders indicate significantly differentially expressed genes if there had been reports of alterations in expression in the presence of PFCs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In general, PFCs are capable of inducing cancer in human via altering PPARα and PI3K pathways, evading apoptosis, inducing sustained angiogenesis, alterations in proliferation and blocking differentiation. However, more epidemiological data and mechanistic studies are needed to better understand the carcinogenic effects of PFCs in human.</p>","PeriodicalId":105,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research","volume":"13 5","pages":"tfae151"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11420517/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142337568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy metals and probabilistic risk assessment via <i>Prunella vulgaris</i> (food and medicine homology) consumption in Guangdong Province, China.","authors":"Rui Huang, Shaowei Chen, Ping Wang, Pan Zhu, Xiumin Xu, Zihui Chen, Jiewen Peng","doi":"10.1093/toxres/tfae142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfae142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Prunella vulgaris</i> is widely used as the main ingredient of herb tea in Southeast Asia, as well as a traditional Chinese medicine. However, the heavy metal contaminations such as arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead in <i>P. vulgaris</i> may be a cause for concern due to the environment pollution around, plantation and processing contamination. Thus, this study intented to assess both non-carcinogenic risks and carcinogenic risks attributed to cumulative exposure to the four heavy metals in <i>P. vulgaris.</i> The contaminations levels of heavy metals were determined in 90 batches of <i>P. vulgaris.</i> And the consumption level was obtained through a questionnaire survey among a total of 6,235 adult participants in Guangdong province. This study estimated the probabilistic health risks using Monte Carlo simulation, and found that the estimated mean and the 95th percentile values for cumulative noncarcinogenic risk (HI value) and carcinogenic risk (TCR value) of <i>P. vulgaris</i> were all within the acceptable risk. And the assessment results indicated that arsenic was the primary contributors to both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks through <i>P. vulgaris</i> consumption. These findings and continuing the surveillance of heavy metals in <i>P. vulgaris</i> will be particularly relevant to both consumers and policy makers.</p>","PeriodicalId":105,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research","volume":"13 5","pages":"tfae142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11420550/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142337571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective paclitaxel: <i>β</i>-Cyclodextrin-based formulation boosts <i>in vitro</i> anti-tumor potential and lowers toxicity in zebrafish.","authors":"Sautan Show, Debanjan Dutta, Upendra Nongthomba, Mahadesh Prasad A J","doi":"10.1093/toxres/tfae150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfae150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Paclitaxel (PCTX) is one of the most prevalently used chemotherapeutic agents. However, its use is currently beset with a host of problems: solubility issue, microplastic leaching, and drug resistance. Since drug discovery is challenging, we decided to focus on repurposing the drug itself by remedying its drawbacks and making it more effective. In this study, we have harnessed the aqueous solubility of sugars, and the high affinity of cancer cells for them, to entrap the hydrophobic PCTX within the hydrophilic shell of the carbohydrate <i>β</i>-cyclodextrin. We have characterized this novel drug formulation by testing its various physical and chemical parameters. Importantly, in all our <i>in vitro</i> assays, the conjugate performed better than the drug alone. We find that the conjugate is internalized by the cancer cells (A549) via caveolin 1-mediated endocytosis. Thereafter, it triggers apoptosis by inducing the formation of reactive oxygen species. Based on experiments on zebrafish larvae, the formulation displays lower toxicity compared to PCTX alone. Thus, our \"Trojan Horse\" approach, relying on minimal components and relatively faster formulation, enhances the anti-tumor potential of PCTX, while simultaneously making it more innocuous toward non-cancerous cells. The findings of this study have implications in the quest for the most cost-effective chemotherapeutic molecule.</p>","PeriodicalId":105,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research","volume":"13 5","pages":"tfae150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11417963/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142337570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overexpression of DTX1 inhibits D-GalN/TNF-α-induced pyroptosis and inflammation in hepatocytes by regulating NLRP3 ubiquitination.","authors":"Mingshui Liu, Jing Gu, Li Chen, Wei Sun, Xiaoping Huang, Jianhe Gan","doi":"10.1093/toxres/tfae145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfae145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acute liver injury (ALI) is characterized by massive hepatocyte death and has high mortality and poor prognosis. Hepatocyte pyroptosis plays a key role in the pathophysiology of ALI and is involved in the inflammatory response mediated by NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. Deltex 1 (DTX1) is a single transmembrane protein with ubiquitin E3 ligase activity and is closely involved in cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, as well as intracellular signal transduction. However, little is known about the influence of DTX1 on ALI. This study aimed to investigate the role of DTX1 in pyroptosis and inflammation induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α) in human hepatocytes (LO2 cells) in vitro.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cell pyroptosis was measured by flow cytometry. The levels of DTX1, pyroptosis-associated proteins, and inflammatory cytokines were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunofluorescence staining, co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination, and luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to detect the regulation between DTX1 and NLRP3 or hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α). Analysis of variance was performed to compare groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that DTX1 was decreased in D-GalN/TNF-α-induced LO2 cells. DTX1 overexpression significantly inhibited D-GalN/TNF-α-induced cell pyroptosis and inflammation. DTX1 interacted with NLRP3 and induced NLRP3 ubiquitination and degradation. Furthermore, by targeting NLRP3, DTX1 knockdown significantly induced cell pyroptosis and inflammation. In addition, HNF4α promoted DTX1 transcription by binding with its promoter.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study revealed that DTX1 suppressed D-GalN/TNF-α-induced hepatocyte pyroptosis and inflammation by regulating NLRP3 ubiquitination.</p>","PeriodicalId":105,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research","volume":"13 5","pages":"tfae145"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11417960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142337533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urinary kallikrein reverses neuropathic pain by inhibiting ectopic neural discharges, neural inflammation and oxidative stress.","authors":"Mingsheng Chen, Jinze Wu, Yafei Gao, Yunlei Li, Shiming He, Jungong Jin","doi":"10.1093/toxres/tfae146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfae146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neuropathic pain is a refractory disease and badly impacts the lives of patients. Urinary kallikrein (UK) acted as a glycoprotein has been discovered to play a pivotal role in neuroprotection. However, the regulatory impacts and correlative pathways of UK in the progression of neuropathic pain remain dimness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The chronic constriction injury (CCI) rat model was firstly established to mimic neuropathic pain. The withdrawal threshold was measured through the Von Frey test. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were determined through ELISA. The levels of ROS, GSH, SOD and GSH-Px were examined through the commercial kits. The ectopic discharges were assessed. The protein expressions were inspected through western blot.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was demonstrated that withdrawal threshold was reduced in CCI rat model, but this change was reversed after UK treatment, indicating that UK relieved mechanical allodynia. Moreover, UK alleviated the inflammatory response through reducing TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels. It was uncovered that oxidative stress was strengthened in CCI rat model, but this impact was restrained after UK treatment. Additionally, UK suppressed ectopic discharge. At last, it was proved that UK triggered the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in CCI rat model.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study manifested that UK reversed neuropathic pain by inhibiting ectopic neural pathways, neural pathways and oxidation via the Nrf2/ARE pathway. This study may offer useful proofs the regulatory functions of UK in the cure of neuropathic pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":105,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research","volume":"13 5","pages":"tfae146"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11417958/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142337534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurotoxic effects associated with chronic inhalation and oral exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide IN adult rats.","authors":"Renata M S Bifaroni, Giovanna D Binotti, Karen P Bruneri, Maria Eduarda A Tavares, Rose Meire R Ueda, Renata C Rossi, Giovana R Teixeira, Camila Renata Corrêa, Gisele Alborghetti Nai","doi":"10.1093/toxres/tfae148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfae148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) for agricultural production has increased substantially around the world, as have their residues in the environment. Its effects on the central nervous system and neurotoxicity pathways are still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neurotoxic effect of chronic exposure to a GBH in adult rats. Sixty adult male albino Wistar rats were allocated into 6 groups, 2 control groups, and four GBH exposure groups (n = 10/group). The animals were exposed to two concentrations of GBH, orally and by inhalation: 2.99 × 10^-3 grams of active ingredient per hectare (g.a.i./ha) and 7.48 × 10^-3 g.a.i./ha. The animals were exposed for six months. Behavioral studies were performed. Brain tissue was collected for histopathological, immunohistochemical, and oxidative stress analyses. Animals exposed by inhalation to GBH spent more time in the central area of the open field test, whereas animals exposed to a high oral concentration of GBH spent less time in the open arms in the elevated plus-maze test. Tissue hyperemia occurred only in animals exposed to high concentrations of GBH. There was a greater thickness of the cerebral cortex and an increase in the expression of the BCL-2 in the animals exposed by inhalation to GBH. There was no difference in the doses of malonaldehyde and protein carbonylation between exposed and unexposed groups. The exposure to GBH caused increased levels of anxiety, regardless of the route, high concentrations caused hyperemia and inhalation exposure cause increased cortex thickness and increased BCl-2 expression.</p>","PeriodicalId":105,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research","volume":"13 5","pages":"tfae148"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11417962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142337531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the toxicity and safety concerns of transgenic maize seeds expressing immunogenic F and HN protein genes against Newcastle disease virus.","authors":"Muhammad Saad Bhutta,Naila Shahid,Sara Ajmal,Sana Shakoor,Zainab Khursheed,Ibrahim B Salisu,Sheraz Ahmad,Saira Azam,Aneela Yasmeen,Ayesha Latif,Abdul Qayyum Rao","doi":"10.1093/toxres/tfae143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfae143","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionThe presented study investigated the potential toxicity and safety concerns associated with transgenic maize seeds expressing immunogenic F and HN protein genes against Newcastle disease virus (NDV).MethodologyThe experiment involved feeding Sprague-Dawley rats with transgenic maize seeds formulated into standard diets at levels of 30% (w/w) for a duration of 90 days. The rats were divided into three groups, with 10 rats per group. We assessed various parameters including overall appearance, feed consumption, body weight, organ weight, hematological parameters, serum chemistry, and histopathology.ResultsThe results of these assessments were compared between the control group and the treatment groups. The study findings revealed that there were no significant differences between the control and treatment groups in terms of overall appearance, feed consumption, body weight, organ weight, hematological parameters, serum chemistry, microscopic histopathology, and gross appearance of tissues. These observations suggest that the consumption of transgenic maize seeds did not lead to any treatment-related adverse effects or toxicological issues. Furthermore, the transgenic maize seeds were found to be nutritionally equivalent to their non-transgenic counterpart.ConclusionOverall, no physiological, pathological, or molecular toxicity was observed in the Rats fed with transgenic feed.However, it is important to note that this study focused specifically on the parameters measured and the outcomes observed in Sprague-Dawley rats, and further research and studies are necessary to fully evaluate the safety and potential applications of transgenic edible vaccines in humans or other animals.","PeriodicalId":105,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"tfae143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sterile inflammation induced by respirable micro and nano polystyrene particles in the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases.","authors":"Laganà Antonio, Giuseppa Visalli, Alessio Facciolà, Caterina Saija, Maria Paola Bertuccio, Barbara Baluce, Consuelo Celesti, Daniela Iannazzo, Angela Di Pietro","doi":"10.1093/toxres/tfae138","DOIUrl":"10.1093/toxres/tfae138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sterile inflammation is involved in the lung pathogenesis induced by respirable particles, including micro- and nanoplastics. Their increasing amounts in the ambient and in indoor air pose a risk to human health. In two human cell lines (A549 and THP-1) we assessed the proinflammatory behavior of polystyrene nanoplastics (nPS) and microplastics (mPS) (Ø 0.1 and 1 μm). Reproducing environmental aging, in addition to virgin, the cells were exposed to oxidized nPS/mPS. To study the response of the monocytes to the inflammatory signal transmitted by the A549 through the release of soluble factors (e.g. alarmins and cytokines), THP-1 cells were also exposed to the supernatants of previously nPS/mPS-treated A549. After dynamic-light-scattering (DLS) analysis and protein measurements for the assessment of protein corona in nPS/mPS, real-time PCR and enzyme-linked-immunosorbent (ELISA) assays were performed in exposed cells. The pro-inflammatory effects of v- and ox-nPS/mPS were attested by the imbalance of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in A549, which was able to trigger the inflammatory cascade, inhibiting the immunologically silent apoptosis. The involvement of NFkB was confirmed by the overexpression of p65 after exposure to ox-nPS and v- and ox-mPS. The fast and higher levels of IL-1β, only in THP-1 cells, underlined the NLPR3 inflammasome activation.</p>","PeriodicalId":105,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research","volume":"13 5","pages":"tfae138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11368663/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142131267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}