Day 2 Wed, March 27, 2019最新文献

{"title":"A Semi-Analytical Model for Complex Fracture Geometries with Fracture Hits","authors":"Zhiming Chen, Jianyong Xie, X. Liao, Xiaofeng Li, Jiali Zhang, Rongtao Li, Lang Li","doi":"10.2523/IPTC-19112-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-19112-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this study, we develop a new model for the complex fracture geometries with fracture hits using an efficient semi-analytical model. The semi-analytical model has the capability to simulate shale well performance by considering complex non-planar hydraulic fractures and fracture hits. By combining nodal analysis and Laplace transforms, the pressure transient solution of the diffusivity equation is obtained. The semi-analytical model is verified against the numerical models. Then, we apply the model to analyze pressure testing data of a parent well and a child well. Results show that the flow regimes of complex fracture geometries with fracture hits include wellbore storage, skin effect, fracture bilinear flow, \"fluid feed\", pseudo-boundary dominated flow, unconnected fracture (UF) impact, and pseudo radial flow. During the flow regime of UF impact, the pressure derivative curves exist a second \"V-shape\", as the UF improve the matrix permeability and the pressure depletion will be reduce once the flow reaches the UF. Those flow regimes provide good guidelines for identification of complex fracture networks with fracture hits.","PeriodicalId":105730,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 27, 2019","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115372985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Conversion of Waste CO2 to Intermediated Petrochemical Product","authors":"Taradon Piromchart, Valerio D’Elia","doi":"10.2523/IPTC-19047-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-19047-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Excess anthropogenic CO2 emissions are a global environmental issue and a matter of concern for gas production in the Gulf of Thailand (GoT). The aim of this study is to develop a catalyst that can be used to convert CO2 obtained from a CO2 removal membrane by the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 to epoxides leading to industrially attractive cyclic carbonates. The results show that by using a suitable catalytic system, the reaction can be carried out in high yields under mild condition (Temperature range 25-120 °C and pressure range 4-9 barg). The conversion rate is 98 – 100% under optimized conditions.","PeriodicalId":105730,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 27, 2019","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124122141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Saving a Challenging Sidetrack Through Optimizing the Trajectory by Accurately Predicting the Fracture Gradient","authors":"Z. Fang, Norshah Zamikhan, Pieter Huver, Waznah Ali, Hanisah Ahmadiah","doi":"10.2523/IPTC-19306-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-19306-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Whilst drilling an exploration well through shallow depleted reservoirs, the heavily deviated intermediate hole section encountered uncontrollable losses, hole pack off, and ultimately was abandoned. A replacement sidetrack was proposed and the asset team requested an assessment of the drilling risks for the proposed trajectory. An integrated geomechanics approach was developed to analyze the fracture initiation pressures (FIP) of wellbores, which are dependent on well trajectories except on the field stresses and formation pressures. An FG model was elaborated with the integrated geomechanics approach analyzing the field data and the drilling history of the lost hole section. It predicted the FIPs of the initially proposed sidetrack trajectory with a value lower than the minimum required by the drilling team. The sidetrack trajectory was revised as instructed by the FG model analyses, which resulted in an increased FIP value slightly above the minimum required. The revised sidetrack trajectory observed minor losses with the ECD slightly exceeded the predicted FIP value during drilling, but the remaining section was successfully drilled by controlling the ECD under the predicted FIP value. If the primarily proposed sidetrack trajectory had been drilled, there could have been another lost-hole event due to the unmanageable drilling operation window. The integrated geomechanics approach eventually saved the challenging sidetrack through optimizing the trajectory by accurately predicting the FIPs.","PeriodicalId":105730,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 27, 2019","volume":"191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123380348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical Model of Acid Wormhole Expansion When Combining Diverting Acid with Solid Diverting Agent","authors":"Nianyin Li, Jia Kang, Qian Zhang, Yu Wu, Zhang Haotian","doi":"10.2523/IPTC-19304-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-19304-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Considering characteristics of complex carbonate reservoirs (e.g., high depth, high temperature, and fracture cave development), this paper simulates expansion of the acid wormhole when combining diverting acid and a solid diverting agent for acid fracturing. Using the theory of reaction kinetics, tests of diverting acid reaction kinetics, and flow reaction experiments on the long core and parallel core, this paper presents tests of the acid–rock reaction for a mathematical model of acid diversion. On the basis of a rheological behavior test of diverting acid, we studied the influences of Ca2+ concentration, pH, fiber concentration, and temperature on acid system viscosity. Then, we established a mathematical model of changes in diverting acid viscosity under a multi-factor cooperative control mechanism. On the basis of the kriging method, we established a three-dimensional (3D) geological model involving a random normal distribution and spatial correlation of multi-fracture and pore-permeability properties. We used four models (acid rock reaction rate, viscosity change, 3D acid wormhole expansion, and fluid–solid coupling) of a complex system to study dynamic cooperation characterization of diverting acid and a solid diverting agent under multiple factors. Simulation results show that the temporary plugging of acid and expansion of acid wormholes are mutually restricted. The solid diverting agent blocked the fracture, and a dense filter cake formed at the start of the fracture; thus, the physical flow direction of diverting acid changed, the acid wormhole length increased, and filtration of diverting acid declined to improve the acid's effect. Diverting acid and solid diverting agent work more effectively together. This paper is novel because we consider the respective influences of Ca2+ concentration, pH, flow rate, diverting acid rheological properties, injection parameters, and solid diverting agent concentration on the synergistic steering of steering acid and a solid diverting agent. We then establish a mathematical model to reflect complex stratigraphic conditions and objectively describe the acid flow reaction. We also innovatively solve the problem of predicting acid wormhole expansion given complex fractures and uneven pore distribution. Findings provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the application of acid fracturing in complex carbonate reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":105730,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 27, 2019","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121114978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Drilling Simulation Computation Performance with Smart Logic and Machine Learning","authors":"Chao Mu, Jitang Liu, Rongbing Chen, P. Bolchover, H. Suryadi, Tao Yu","doi":"10.2523/IPTC-19179-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-19179-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Modeling and simulation play a key role in well construction planning, which can help to evaluate and optimize the engineering designs for a well. Today, many simulations use finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model complex dynamic downhole conditions and behaviors of drilling tools. However, one challenge is that the complex simulation may take a few hours to run, which limits the usage to only a few well planning jobs. This limitation also poses as barrier in real-time monitoring applications, where under one second computation speed is required. In this paper, two approaches are presented for improving the performance of drilling simulations: smart depth selection logic for BHA tendency calculation, and reduced order model using machine learning for motor optimization modeling.","PeriodicalId":105730,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 27, 2019","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128543734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of Seismic Data Processing Techniques in Deepwater Slope","authors":"Qingshou Li","doi":"10.2523/IPTC-19490-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-19490-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Seismic data processing in deep-water slope belt area has always been a challenge for marine seismic data processing. Steep slopes could induce strong diffraction multiples, difficult velocity modelling, weaker illumination. This paper will introduce three key methods on dual direction acquisition seismic data imaging for slope belt area.\u0000 The first key method is joint multiple attenuation, this method uses 3D SRME,vertex drift high-precision radon multiple attenuation, super CDP gather median filter to multiple attenuation; The second key method is geological constrained velocity modeling. This method uses geological information to restrict the initial velocity which could reduce the impact of rapid land surface change on velocity modeling; The third method is dual direction data merge. After PSDM, this method uses fast and slow wave velocity correction and advantage data to get a dual direction merging data stack section.\u0000 Joint multiple attenuation could eliminate diffraction multiples effectively, and it can improve the signal to noise ratio which will be benefit for the velocity analysis and final imaging; Constrained velocity modeling could improve the velocity model accuracy in the steep slope area, which can help final imaging to avoid imaging distortion under steep seabed; To get a dual direction merging data stack section is a relabel way to increase data folds and illumination and improve the quality of imaging faults.\u0000 The successful application of these three methods shows that dual direction acquisition data processing provides an effective way to solve the imaging difficulties in steep slopes in deep water.","PeriodicalId":105730,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 27, 2019","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125433925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful Delivery of Decommissioning Project via Artificial Reefing Option in Malaysia","authors":"M. Z. Sulaiman, M. I. M. Ros, Zainuddin B. Kamarudin, M. R. A. Rahman, Zakaria Kasah, M. H. Yusof","doi":"10.2523/IPTC-19554-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-19554-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper will discuss further on the recent decommissioning project of fields which has been completed on November 2017. These two platforms had been totally removed and became an artificial reef at Sarawak water in Malaysia. This paper will show the activities and best practices; the team had gone through from early stage until completion of the process based on the decommissioning phases. The decommissioning framework consists of five phases starting from Late Life Planning and Preparation; Regulatory, Compliance and Permitting; Facilities Hook-down and wells make safe; Removal and Remediation and lastly, Post Remediation. In baseline inspection, the underwater inspection had provided some information to the contractor on the scope and revealed some of the uncertainties about the decommissioning project. On an important note, an engineering study is critical to ensure safe operation. After our observation, we noted that actual operation is similar to the engineering's simulation where the team had to follow the engineering accordingly. Reefing engineering crucially needed to be performed to ensure the facilities been placed at the right location and position. During offshore execution removal of facilities, there were challenges we faced such as malfunction of the cutting/dredge equipment which led to a back up plan and innovative solution. We had to utilize other available equipments available onboard (Diamond wire cutter, abrasive waterjet internal cutter, dredger, soil plug removal, airlift, cutting torch etc.). Selection of cutting tools also needed to be considered to minimize the pinch effect of the facilities. Finally, Post decommissioning survey had been carried during the Post Remediation phase to assess the successful of the project. The post-decommissioning/reefing survey had been carried out and the result observed new marine growth and numbers of fishes at the reefed platform. It had been concluded that this decommissioning reefing project was successful. This paper should be an interest to those who will be exploring abandonment and decommissioning project which includes reefing as one of the decommissioning options. This paper will also show on decommissioning process through Engineering, Preparation, Removal and Disposal (EPRD) approach contract. The novelty in this paper is on the assurance that had been made by Company via baseline and post reefing survey to ensure environment aspect had been considered.","PeriodicalId":105730,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 27, 2019","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116991691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydraulic Fracture Calibration for Unconventional Reservoirs: A New Methodology for Predictive Modelling","authors":"P. Pankaj, P. Shukla, W. Wang","doi":"10.2523/IPTC-19209-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-19209-MS","url":null,"abstract":"Hydraulic fracture calibration in an unconventional environment is a complex process and is inconsistently practiced. Automated calibration methods are not effective or efficient in accounting for the heterogeneity and variation of constraining parameters. However, it is important to build a consistent methodology to calibrate hydraulic fractures incorporating the observed data. This paper covers the systematic \"Seismic to Simulation\" workflow for unconventional reservoirs to constrain a hydraulic fracture model to obtain a calibrated result. For the hydraulic fracture calibration, injection fall-off tests, sonic logs and image logs are commonly used as the primary inputs to calibrate the geomechanical model. A new workflow is developed to be used consistently incorporating the learnings from the traditional fracture calibration methods. Impact of high stress barriers and height and pinchouts of fractures are incorporated in a geomechanical-flow model. Simultaneous matching of the observed net pressure trend, incorporating the effect of reservoir laminations on fracture height growth is made using a complex fracture model. The effect of the natural fracture networks (NFN) on pressure losses and proppant transport is also accounted for in the fracture geometry. Further, hydraulic fracture geometry is calibrated using the microseismic data. The production behavior was validated using numerical simulation for production history matching. A case study from the Permian basin is considered for the paper. The fracture geometry and footprint obtained using the calibration workflow match very closely the observed surface and downhole measurements. We constrained the model by matching the net pressures and achieved simulated production to match within 10% error compared to the actual oil and gas production. The fracture geometry was calibrated using microseismic data and controlled by incorporating the effect of weak interfaces and laminations. This workflow successfully demonstrates hydraulic fracture model calibration using pressure matching, microseismic data and production history matching. Systematically and consistently using this workflow provides solutions for infill well planning and well spacing for asset optimization. This paper explains a systematic fracture calibration procedure that can be easily adopted by the operators to obtain reliable results in unconventional wells. The effect of reservoir laminations and impact of natural fracture in calibrating the fracture geometry and fracture pressure trend is uniquely demonstrated in this study.","PeriodicalId":105730,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 27, 2019","volume":"225 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114224871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Application of CBM Case Library Based on Data Mining","authors":"Maoxin Qiu, Huazhen Zhang, Huanzhi Zhang, Jia Liu, Yan-kang He, Lu Wang, Jiaming Zhang","doi":"10.2523/IPTC-19185-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-19185-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The development of China's coalbed methane (CBM) industry is restricted by the complex geological conditions, unmatched technology and lack of development experience. To solve this problem, a case library covering typical CBM fields at home and abroad is established. Through data analysis and mining, the differences between domestic and foreign CBM fields are compared and the influence factors of CBM single well production were analyzed.\u0000 This study includes the data preparation of CBM fields, the establishment of the case library system, the establishment of data analysis model and the result analysis. The data of case library covers the geological conditions, development history, main technology and economy of CBM field. The case library is based on the MVC development idea and adopts the object-oriented method. The analysis of data includes correlation analysis of single well production and quantitative gap analysis.\u0000 The case library contains a number of typical case data, such as San Juan, Black warrior, Bowen, Surat, Qinshui, Hancheng, etc. The relevant parameters of different CBM fields can be quickly compared by using the case library. By mining the data such as coal rank, permeability, thickness, depth, gas content and proved reserves, the influence factors of single well production of CBM well are analyzed quantitatively. It is found that the thickness and permeability of coal seam have the greatest influence on single well production. Quantitative gap analysis shows that there is a large gap between the coal seam thickness, permeability, the gas drainage technology and well production improvement technology of domestic CBM fields compared with the foreign fields with the best development effect.\u0000 Through the application of CBM case library, data is analyzed and utilized effectively and data values are fully exploited. This study provides an effective way to analyze the gap of CBM in China and draw lessons from abroad.","PeriodicalId":105730,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 27, 2019","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114447139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resolving Shallow Reef Effect with New Water Layer Demultiple Method and Diving Wave Tomography: A Case Study from South China Sea","authors":"Jiao He, Rong Li, Sherman Yang, Zheng Liu, M. Zhu","doi":"10.2523/IPTC-19134-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-19134-MS","url":null,"abstract":"The survey with shallow reef is located at the Pearl River Mouth Basin of South China sea. Water depth is around 100 meters but variable across the survey. The shallow reef is in the middle of survey. It is about 14km width and 10km length spatial size. With such huge spatial size, it had posed big challenges to subsurface reservoir imaging. Firstly, the variable water bottom generates complicated water layer related multiples, especially at the shallow reef area. Meanwhile, with limited near offset information in the legacy NAZ data, accurate water layer multiple model is very difficult to predict with conventional methods. Secondly, the shallow reef mainly composed of carbonates, which have higher velocity compared to surrounding sediments. This high velocity carbonates thus cause severe distortion to the wave field propagated through and severely distorted the underlying reflections. Without correct imaging of reef at shallow, little confidence can be brought to deeper structures imaging, and interpretation.","PeriodicalId":105730,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 27, 2019","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125601682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}