Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Short versus long drug regimens for Chagas disease.","authors":"Samanta Díaz Menai, Lucia B Varela, Camila Micaela Escobar Liquitay, Marilina Santero, Javier Bracchiglione, Luis Garegnani","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD016172","DOIUrl":"10.1002/14651858.CD016172","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of short versus long drug regimens (trypanocidal schemes) for Chagas disease in chronic asymptomatic stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":"5 ","pages":"CD016172"},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12063201/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143971508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustained-release naltrexone for opioid dependence.","authors":"Hege Kornør, Philipp Paul K Lobmaier, Nikolaj Kunøe","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD006140.pub3","DOIUrl":"10.1002/14651858.CD006140.pub3","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Opioid dependence is a severe and often lifelong disorder with a high risk of overdose and premature death, as well as severe psychosocial difficulties. Sustained-release naltrexone is a treatment option that works by blocking the euphoric and overdose effects of opioids. When injected intramuscularly, naltrexone provides blockade for one month, while the blocking effects with implants can last for up to six months.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To assess the benefits and harms of sustained-release naltrexone for the treatment of opioid dependence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Search methods: &lt;/strong&gt;For this update, we searched the following databases from 2007 up to 20 December 2023: the Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Specialised Register of Trials, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, ISI Web of Science, LILACS, ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. We manually searched the reference lists of identified studies, published reviews and relevant websites.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Selection criteria: &lt;/strong&gt;Randomised controlled trials comparing the effects of injectable or implantable naltrexone with other treatment, no treatment or placebo in adults with opioid dependence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Data collection and analysis: &lt;/strong&gt;Primary outcomes were illicit opioid use, retention in treatment, treatment acceptability and adverse events. Secondary outcomes were opioid craving, recreational use of substances other than opioids, mental health, quality of life and criminal activity. We assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB 1). We combined the results of individual trials through meta-analysis where possible using a random-effects model. Two review authors independently assessed the certainty of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Main results: &lt;/strong&gt;We identified 22 studies (3416 participants) that met our inclusion criteria. Three studies compared sustained-release naltrexone with opioid agonist treatment, five with oral naltrexone, six with placebo, nine with treatment as usual and one with psychosocial intervention. Sustained-release naltrexone compared with opioid agonist treatment We found moderate-certainty evidence that sustained-release naltrexone probably increases in-treatment illicit opioid use slightly (risk ratio (RR) 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01 to 1.31; 1 study, 570 participants). The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of sustained-release naltrexone on retention in treatment (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.76; 3 studies, 773 participants) and treatment acceptability (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.16; 3 studies, 773 participants). There was low-certainty evidence that sustained-release naltrexone may increase serious adverse events slightly in comparison with opioid agonist treatment for serious adverse events (RR 1.40,","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":"5 ","pages":"CD006140"},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12063202/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143977421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interventions for idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children.","authors":"Isaac D Liu, Narelle S Willis, Jonathan C Craig, Elisabeth M Hodson","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD003594.pub7","DOIUrl":"10.1002/14651858.CD003594.pub7","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Nephrotic syndrome is a condition in which the glomeruli of the kidney leak large amounts of protein from the blood into the urine. Most children who present with their first episode of nephrotic syndrome achieve remission with corticosteroids. Children who fail to respond to corticosteroids in the first episode of nephrotic syndrome (initial resistance) or develop resistance after one or more responses to corticosteroids (delayed resistance) may be treated with immunosuppressive agents, including calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporin or tacrolimus), and with non-immunosuppressive agents, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. However, response to these agents is limited, so newer agents, including anti-CD20 antibodies (rituximab, ofatumumab) and dual endothelin-angiotensin receptor antagonists (sparsentan), are being assessed for efficacy and safety. This is an update of a review first published in 2004 and updated in 2006, 2010, 2016 and 2019.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To evaluate the benefits and harms of different interventions used in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, who do not achieve remission following four weeks or more of daily corticosteroid therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Search methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The Cochrane Kidney and Transplant (CKT) Information Specialist searched the CKT Register of Studies to 28 January 2025 using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Selection criteria: &lt;/strong&gt;We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs that compared different immunosuppressive or non-immunosuppressive agents with placebo, prednisone or another agent given orally or parenterally in children aged three months to 18 years with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). We included studies that enrolled children and adults, in which paediatric data could not be separated from adult data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Data collection and analysis: &lt;/strong&gt;Two review authors independently screened the search results, determined study eligibility, assessed risk of bias and extracted study data. We expressed dichotomous outcomes as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and continuous outcomes as mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs. We used a random-effects model to pool data, and GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence. The main outcomes of interest were treatment response (complete, partial, or complete or partial remission), kidney failure and adverse events.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Main results: &lt;/strong&gt;We included 29 studies (1248 evaluated children). Sixteen studies were at low risk of bias for sequence generation and allocation concealment. Seven and 21 studies were at low risk of performance and detection bias, respec","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":"5 ","pages":"CD003594"},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12060654/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143971485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proton pump inhibitors for the prevention of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced ulcers and dyspepsia.","authors":"Luis Garegnani, Gisela Oltra, Mariana Andrea Burgos, Diego Ivaldi, Lucia B Varela, Samanta Díaz Menai, Miguel Puga-Tejada, Camila Micaela Escobar Liquitay, Juan Va Franco","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD014585.pub2","DOIUrl":"10.1002/14651858.CD014585.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rationale: &lt;/strong&gt;Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most frequently prescribed medicines, commonly used to mitigate pain, inflammation, and cardiovascular prevention, among others. Chronic NSAID consumption increases the risk of acute renal failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, and gastrointestinal toxicity, ranging from mild dyspepsia to serious ulcer complications such as bleeding, obstruction, and perforation. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may exert a gastroprotective effect from NSAID gastroduodenal injury by reducing gastric acid secretion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To assess the effects of proton pump inhibitors on the prevention of dyspepsia and ulcers in people with chronic consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Search methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), and two trial registers up to 23 October 2023, as well as reference checking, citation searching, and contact with study authors to identify additional studies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eligibility criteria: &lt;/strong&gt;We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster-RCTs comparing PPIs taken orally versus placebo, histamine 2-receptor antagonists, misoprostol, or sucralfate in adults and children with chronic consumption of NSAIDs for four weeks or longer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Outcomes: &lt;/strong&gt;Our outcomes were global symptoms of dyspepsia, incident ulcer, adverse events, ulcer complications, and quality of life.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Risk of bias: &lt;/strong&gt;We used the Cochrane RoB 2 tool for RCTs and the tool extension for cluster-RCTs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Synthesis methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We conducted meta-analyses using random-effects models to calculate risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences (MD) and 95% CIs for continuous outcomes. Due to statistical heterogeneity, we conducted meta-analyses for all but two outcomes. We summarised the certainty of evidence according to GRADE methods.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Included studies: &lt;/strong&gt;We included 12 studies with 8760 participants. All studies were conducted in an outpatient setting in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Central America, South America, and Australia. They were published between 1996 and 2014. All studies measured outcomes in the short term (up to 12 months).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Synthesis of results: &lt;/strong&gt;PPI versus placebo PPIs may have little to no effect on global symptoms of dyspepsia assessed as a dichotomous outcome, but the evidence is very uncertain (meta-analysis was not possible due to high and unexplained statistical heterogeneity and point estimates of RR ranged from 0.36 to 1.13; 8 studies; 4944 participants; very low-certainty evidence). PPIs probably result in a slight reduction in global symptoms of dyspepsia assessed as a continuous outcome (MD -0.56, 95% CI -0.74 to -0.38; 2 studies, 1149 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). PPIs probably result in a reduction in","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":"5 ","pages":"CD014585"},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12060214/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143983923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pain and sedation management for screening or treatment of retinopathy of prematurity.","authors":"Emma Olsson, Olga Romantsik, Pia Lundgren, Michelle Fiander, Alexandra Snellman, Ann Hellstrom, Matteo Bruschettini","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD016171","DOIUrl":"10.1002/14651858.CD016171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the benefits and harms of pain and sedation management for screening or treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants compared to placebo, no intervention, or other interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":"5 ","pages":"CD016171"},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12056892/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143989249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic factors for return to work in breast cancer survivors.","authors":"Sietske J Tamminga, Astrid de Wind, Michiel A Greidanus, Pieter Coenen, Emilie Friberg, Hester S A Oldenburg, Saskia Fa Duijts, Angela Gem de Boer","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD015124.pub2","DOIUrl":"10.1002/14651858.CD015124.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women around the world. Large numbers of people diagnosed with breast cancer are working at the time of diagnosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that breast cancer survivors participate less often in paid work compared to others. Return to work among breast cancer survivors is multifactorial. It is currently unknown which factors are associated with return to work in breast cancer survivors. Therefore, it is important to systematically review and synthesize the literature on the association between sociodemographic, breast cancer-related, other health-related, personal, and work-related factors and return to work in this group of people.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;The objective is to systematically review and synthesize the literature on the association between sociodemographic, breast cancer-related, other health-related, personal, and work-related factors and return to work in the 24 months following breast cancer diagnosis among breast cancer survivors having paid work at the time of diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Search methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The search strategy included electronic searches in OVID/MEDLINE, Embase.com, EBSCOhost/CINAHL with Full Text, EBSCOhost/PsycINFO, Clarivate Analytics/Web of Science Core Collection and Wiley/Cochrane Library from inception up to 20 January 2023, as well as handsearching references of relevant reviews, included studies, and Google Scholar.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Selection criteria: &lt;/strong&gt;The following inclusion criteria were applied: - The type of study is a prospective cohort study, retrospective cohort study with time lag between assessment of prognostic factor and outcome, or prognosis study based on a randomized controlled trial. - The study sample included people diagnosed with breast cancer, having paid work at the time of their breast cancer diagnosis. - At least one variable as specified in our variable framework was studied. - Return to work (yes/no), or time to return to work was assessed somewhere between one and 24 months of follow-up. - The article type is an original research article (commentaries, reviews, and editorials were excluded). - Full text of the article is available. - The article was published in a peer-reviewed journal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Data collection and analysis: &lt;/strong&gt;Study characteristics and estimates of unadjusted and adjusted associations between one of the variables from the pre-defined variable framework and return to work were extracted. Risk of bias was assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool. When at least four adjusted or four unadjusted measures of association (e.g. Odds Ratio (OR)) were available and more or less comparable in terms of how the measures of association were included in the analysis of the original study, a meta-analysis was conducted.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Main results: &lt;/strong&gt;The systematic searches yielded 14,799 records with 2 identified via other sources.","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":"5 ","pages":"CD015124"},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12056893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143993924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socio-economic equity in the impact of population-based interventions to reduce alcohol consumption.","authors":"Mandy Roheger, Diana Gürtler, Jennifer Eidswick, Till Ittermann, Jennis Freyer-Adam, Sophie Baumann","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD016015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD016015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the differential effects of public health interventions aimed at reducing alcohol consumption in the general population across SEP as defined by education, occupation, or income. Outcomes will be evaluated using the RE-AIM framework, considering dimensions of reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance.</p>","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":"5 ","pages":"CD016015"},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12056891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143971780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motor interventions initiated prior hospital discharge to prevent neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants.","authors":"Anna Badura, Jana Hiekel, Agustina Saladino, Delfina Murature, Mikaela Lenells, Michelle Fiander, Sven Wellmann, Matteo Bruschettini","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD016170","DOIUrl":"10.1002/14651858.CD016170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the benefits and harms of motor interventions initiated prior hospital discharge to prevent neurodevelopmental and motor impairment in preterm infants compared to standard care, post-discharge motor interventions, and different modalities of the same motor intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":"5 ","pages":"CD016170"},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12056890/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143970545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical outcomes of out-of-office versus in-office blood pressure monitoring in adults with hypertension.","authors":"Victoria Roncal-Belzunce, Fernanda Ramón-Espinoza, Marta Gutiérrez-Valencia, Leire Leache, Luis Carlos Saiz, Juan Erviti","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD015304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of out-of-office compared to in-office blood pressure (BP) monitoring for improving clinical outcomes in adults with hypertension.</p>","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":"5 ","pages":"CD015304"},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12053464/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143964782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Typhoid conjugate vaccines for preventing typhoid fever (enteric fever).","authors":"Natasha R Gloeck, Trudy D Leong, Mashudu Mthethwa, Chinwe Juliana Iwu-Jaja, Patrick Dmc Katoto, Charles S Wiysonge, Tamara Kredo","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD015746.pub2","DOIUrl":"10.1002/14651858.CD015746.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rationale: &lt;/strong&gt;Typhoid fever is a major cause of enteric disease-related morbidity and mortality. Vaccination reduces disease burden and prevents outbreaks, but policies and programmes should be informed by the most recent evidence as newer vaccines become available.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To assess the benefits and harms of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) compared to no vaccine, placebo, typhoid-inactive agents (vaccines for another disease) or other typhoid vaccines for preventing morbidity and mortality associated with typhoid fever in adults and children.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Search methods: &lt;/strong&gt;In April 2024, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Global Index Medicus, United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and the World Health Organization vaccine repository for randomised controlled trials (RCTs), with no restrictions. We also searched clinical trial registries for ongoing trials (www.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clinicaltrials: &lt;/strong&gt;gov and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform), grey literature, bibliographic citations of reviews and key articles for additional studies. We contacted study authors for information about ongoing studies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eligibility criteria: &lt;/strong&gt;We included RCTs and cluster-RCTs of children and adults living in typhoid-endemic areas or travelling to typhoid-endemic areas. We included studies comparing TCVs to controls (i.e. no vaccine, placebo or vaccines for another disease), non-conjugated typhoid vaccines or other TCVs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Outcomes: &lt;/strong&gt;Outcomes included acute typhoid fever, defined by laboratory-confirmed isolation of Salmonella typhi, all-cause mortality, adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Risk of bias: &lt;/strong&gt;Review authors independently assessed risk of bias for all outcomes, using the Cochrane RoB 2 tools. We resolved disagreements through discussion or adjudication. We assessed the intention-to-treat effect and used the overall RoB judgement to assess the certainty of evidence for each outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Synthesis methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Three review authors independently screened titles and abstracts for eligible studies, followed by full-text assessment. Disagreements were resolved through discussion or adjudication by a fourth author. Four authors independently extracted characteristics of included studies and outcome data using a piloted, standardised data extraction form. We synthesised results for each outcome where possible, using the Mantel-Haenszel statistical method and random-effects analysis model. Where meta-analysis was not possible due to the nature of the data, we planned to synthesise results based on direction of effect. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence for each outcome, assessing risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision and other bias.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Included studies: &lt;/strong&gt;We included 19 t","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":"5 ","pages":"CD015746"},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12053466/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143971509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}