Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Antipsychotic drugs for anorexia nervosa.","authors":"Kazufumi Yoshida, Hissei Imai, Ethan Sahker, Yan Luo, Shino Kikuchi, Yasushi Tsujimoto, Ioannis Michopoulos, Toshi A Furukawa, Norio Watanabe","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD014834","DOIUrl":"10.1002/14651858.CD014834","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of antipsychotic drugs (both first- and second-generation antipsychotics) compared to placebo on body weight gain, psychological symptoms, acceptability, and adverse events for people with anorexia nervosa.</p>","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11539189/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Galantamine for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment.","authors":"Amanda Wei Yin Lim, Lon Schneider, Clement Loy","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD001747.pub4","DOIUrl":"10.1002/14651858.CD001747.pub4","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Dementia leads to progressive cognitive decline, and represents a significant health and societal burden. Its prevalence is growing, with Alzheimer's disease as the leading cause. There is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, but there are regulatory-approved pharmacological interventions, such as galantamine, for symptomatic relief. This review updates the 2006 version.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To assess the clinical effects, including adverse effects, of galantamine in people with probable or possible Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment, and to investigate potential moderators of effect.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Search methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We systematically searched the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group's Specialised Register on 14 December 2022 using the term 'galantamine'. The Register contains records of clinical trials identified from major electronic databases (including CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and Embase), trial registries, grey literature sources, and conference proceedings. We manually searched reference lists and collected information from US Food and Drug Administration documents and unpublished trial reports. We imposed no language restrictions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Selection criteria: &lt;/strong&gt;We included double-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trials comparing oral galantamine with placebo for a treatment duration exceeding four weeks in people with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease or with mild cognitive impairment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Data collection and analysis: &lt;/strong&gt;Working independently, two review authors selected studies for inclusion, assessed their quality, and extracted data. Outcomes of interest included cognitive function, change in global function, activities of daily living, functional disability, behavioural function, and adverse events. We used a fixed-effect model for meta-analytic synthesis, and presented results as Peto odds ratios (OR) or weighted mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals. We used Cochrane's original risk of bias tool (RoB 1) to assess the risk of bias in the included studies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Main results: &lt;/strong&gt;We included 21 studies with a total of 10,990 participants. The average age of participants was 74 years, and 37% were male. The studies' durations ranged from eight weeks to two years, with 24 weeks being the most common duration. One newly included study assessed the effects of galantamine at two years, and another newly included study involved participants with severe Alzheimer's disease. Nineteen studies with 10,497 participants contributed data to the meta-analysis. All studies had low to unclear risk of bias for randomisation, allocation concealment, and blinding. We judged four studies to be at high risk of bias due to attrition and two due to selective outcome reporting. Galantamine for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease We summarise only the results for galantamine given at 8 to 12 mg twice daily (total galantamine","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11536474/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis.","authors":"Mark R Marshall, Millie Yue Wang, Alain C Vandal, Joanna L Dunlop","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD011204.pub3","DOIUrl":"10.1002/14651858.CD011204.pub3","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the leading cause of death in dialysis patients and is strongly associated with fluid overload and hypertension. It is plausible that low dialysate sodium ion concentration [Na+] may decrease total body sodium content, thereby reducing fluid overload and hypertension and ultimately reducing CV morbidity and death. This is an update of a review first published in 2019.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;This review evaluated the harms and benefits of using a low (&lt; 138 mM) dialysate [Na+] for maintenance haemodialysis (HD) patients.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Search methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies up to 1 October 2024 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Selection criteria: &lt;/strong&gt;Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), both parallel and cross-over, of low (&lt; 138 mM) versus neutral (138 to 140 mM) or high (&gt; 140 mM) dialysate [Na+] for maintenance HD patients were included.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Data collection and analysis: &lt;/strong&gt;Two authors independently screened studies for inclusion and extracted data. Statistical analyses were performed using the random-effects model, and results expressed as risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes, and mean differences (MD) or standardised MD (SMD) for continuous outcomes, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Confidence in the evidence was assessed using Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Main results: &lt;/strong&gt;We included 17 studies randomising 509 patients, with data available for 452 patients after dropouts. All but three studies evaluated a fixed concentration of low dialysate [Na+], with one using profiled dialysate [Na+] and two using individualised dialysate [Na+]. Five were parallel group studies, and 12 were cross-over studies. Of the latter, only six used a washout between intervention and control periods. Most studies were short-term with a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 4 (4 to 16) weeks. Two were of a single HD session and two of a single week's HD. Seven studies were conducted prior to 2000, and six reported the use of obsolete HD practices. Other than for indirectness arising from older studies, risks of bias in the included studies were generally low. Compared to neutral or high dialysate [Na+] (≥ 138 mM), low dialysate [Na+] (&lt; 138 mM) reduces interdialytic weight gain (14 studies, 515 participants: MD -0.36 kg, 95% CI -0.50 to -0.22; high certainty evidence) and antihypertensive medication use (5 studies, 241 participants: SMD -0.37, 95% CI -0.64 to -0.1; high certainty evidence), and probably reduces left ventricular mass index (2 studies, 143 participants","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11536490/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statins for the primary prevention of venous thromboembolism.","authors":"Zixin Wang, Peng Zhang, Jinhui Tian, Peizhen Zhang, Kehu Yang, Lun Li","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD014769.pub2","DOIUrl":"10.1002/14651858.CD014769.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Venous thromboembolism (VTE) involves the formation of a blood clot in a vein, and includes deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE). The annual incidence for VTE varies from 0.75 to 2.69 per 1000 individuals, with about 40 million people worldwide impacted by VTE. Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-coenzyme A (CoA) reductase inhibitors, inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis and display several vascular-protective effects, including antithrombotic properties. However, the potential role of statins in the primary prevention of VTE is still not clear.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To evaluate the benefits and risks of statins in preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) in individuals with no prior history of VTE.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Search methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We used standard Cochrane search methods. The search was last updated on 13 March 2023.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Selection criteria: &lt;/strong&gt;We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing statins with any control intervention (including placebo and usual care) in healthy individuals or participants with conditions other than VTE. There were no restrictions on the dose, duration, route, or timing of statins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Data collection and analysis: &lt;/strong&gt;We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were VTE, DVT, and PE. Our secondary outcomes were serious adverse events, adverse events, and mortality. We used the trial sequential analysis (TSA) method to judge whether the evidence was sufficient, and we used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Main results: &lt;/strong&gt;We included 27 RCTs involving 122,601 adults (aged 18 years and above) who were healthy, had various medical conditions (e.g. hypercholesterolemia), or were at risk for cardiovascular disease. Both males and females were included in all studies. Two studies focused solely on participants over 60 years of age. We deemed four studies to have a low risk of bias overall, while 19 were at high risk of bias, and four were unclear. The 27 studies compared use of statins versus placebo or usual care in individuals who had never experienced VTE. The statins used in the studies were atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, fluvastatin, and simvastatin. Twenty-three studies followed up participants for over a year, with six of those extending follow-ups for over five years. Twenty-five studies were based in hospitals, and 24 studies were funded by industry. Only one study used VTE as a primary endpoint. The median incidence of VTE in the statins group was 0.72% (ranging from 0% to 10.53%), and in the control group it was 0.89% (ranging from 0% to 6.83%). Our pooled analysis of the 27 studies showed that, relative to control groups, statins may slightly reduce the overall incidence of VTE (odds ratio (OR) 0.86, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.76 to 0.98; 27 studies, 122,601 participants; low-certainty evidence). Of ","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11536507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Larger versus smaller red blood cell volume per transfusion in hospitalized adults, children, and preterm neonates.","authors":"Nadia Roumeliotis, George Sabbagh, Philippe Dodin, Genevieve Du Pont-Thibodeau, Jeannie Callum, Marisa Tucci, François Martin Carrier, Jacques Lacroix","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD015898","DOIUrl":"10.1002/14651858.CD015898","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: The objective of this review is to compare the effectiveness and safety of larger versus smaller RBC volume per transfusion for anemia in hospitalized adults, children, and preterm neonates.</p>","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11536488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-incision versus conventional multi-incision laparoscopic appendicectomy for suspected uncomplicated appendicitis.","authors":"Ahmer Irfan, Ahsan Rao, Irfan Ahmed","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD009022.pub3","DOIUrl":"10.1002/14651858.CD009022.pub3","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Appendicectomy is a well-established surgical procedure to manage acute appendicitis. The operation was historically performed as an open procedure and is currently performed using minimally invasive surgical techniques. A recent development in appendicectomy technique is the introduction of single-incision laparoscopic surgery. This incorporates all working ports (either one multi-luminal port or multiple mono-luminal ports) through a single skin incision; the procedure is known as single-incision laparoscopic appendicectomy or SILA. Unanswered questions remain regarding the efficacy of this novel technique, including its effects on patient benefit and satisfaction, complications, and long-term outcomes, when compared to multi-incision conventional laparoscopy (CLA). This is an update of a review published in 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To assess the effects of single-incision laparoscopic appendicectomy compared with multi-incision laparoscopic appendicectomy, on benefits, complications, and short-term outcomes, in patients with acute appendicitis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Search methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials (CENTRAL, the Cochrane Library 2018 Issue 2), Ovid MEDLINE (1983 to January 2024), Ovid Embase (1983 to January 2024), the WHO International Clinical Trial Register (January 2024), and Clinicaltrials.gov (January 2024). We also searched reference lists of relevant articles and reviews, conference proceedings, and ongoing trial databases. The searches were carried out on 20 January 2024.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Selection criteria: &lt;/strong&gt;We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the single-incision procedure SILA against CLA for patients (male and female) over the age of 10 years, diagnosed with appendicitis, or symptoms of appendicitis, and undergoing laparoscopic appendicectomy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Data collection and analysis: &lt;/strong&gt;Two review authors independently selected studies for inclusion, extracted data into a standardised form, and assessed the risk of bias in the studies. We extracted data relevant to the predetermined outcome measures. Where appropriate, we calculated a summary statistic: odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dichotomous data and mean difference (MD) with 95% CI for continuous data. We used Review Manager Web for our statistical analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Main results: &lt;/strong&gt;This review was first published in 2011, when there was no RCT evidence available. For this update, we identified 11 RCTs involving 1373 participants (689 in the SILA groups and 684 in the CLA groups). The participants were similar at baseline in terms of age (mean 31.7 (SILA) versus 30.9 years (CLA)) and sex (female: 53.0% (SILA) versus 50.3% (CLA)). Diagnosis of appendicitis was based on clinical assessment; none of the studies used a diagnosis confirmed by imaging as part of their inclusion criteria. The certainty of the evide","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11536430/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implants versus autologous tissue flaps for breast reconstruction following mastectomy.","authors":"Nicola Rocco, Giuseppe F Catanuto, Giuseppe Accardo, Nunzio Velotti, Paolo Chiodini, Michela Cinquini, Francesca Privitera, Corrado Rispoli, Maurizio B Nava","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD013821.pub2","DOIUrl":"10.1002/14651858.CD013821.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Women who have a mastectomy for breast cancer treatment or risk reduction may be offered different options for breast reconstruction, including use of implants or the woman's own tissue (autologous tissue flaps). The choice of technique depends on factors such as the woman's preferences, breast characteristics, preoperative imaging, comorbidities, smoking habits, prior chest or breast irradiation, and planned adjuvant therapies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To assess the effects of implants versus autologous tissue flaps for postmastectomy breast reconstruction on women's quality of life, satisfaction, and short- and long-term surgical complications.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Search methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We searched the Cochrane Breast Cancer Group's Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and two trials registries in July 2022.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Selection criteria: &lt;/strong&gt;We included studies that compared implant-based reconstruction with autologous tissue-based reconstruction following mastectomy for breast cancer treatment or risk reduction. The minimum eligible sample size was 100 participants.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Data collection and analysis: &lt;/strong&gt;Two review authors independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data using standard Cochrane procedures. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Main results: &lt;/strong&gt;Thirty-five non-randomised studies with 57,555 participants met our inclusion criteria. There were nine prospective cohort studies and 26 retrospective cohort studies. We judged 26 studies at serious overall risk of bias and the remaining studies at moderate overall risk of bias. Some studies measured quality of life and satisfaction using the BREAST-Q (scale of 0 to 100, higher is better). Implants may reduce postoperative psychosocial well-being compared with autologous tissue flaps (mean difference (MD) -4.26 points, 95% confidence interval (CI) -4.91 to -3.61; I² = 0%; 6 studies, 3335 participants; low-certainty evidence). Implants may reduce or have little to no effect on postoperative physical well-being compared with autologous tissue flaps, but the evidence is very uncertain (MD -1.92 points, 95% CI -4.44 to 0.60; I² = 87%; 6 studies, 3335 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Implants may reduce postoperative sexual well-being compared with autologous reconstruction (MD -6.63 points, 95% CI -7.55 to -5.72; I² = 0; 6 studies, 3335 participants; low-certainty evidence). Women who undergo breast reconstruction with implants versus autologous tissue flaps may be less satisfied with the breast, but the evidence is very uncertain (MD -8.17 points, 95% CI -11.41 to -4.92; I² = 90%; 6 studies, 3335 participants; very low-certainty evidence). This outcome refers to a woman's satisfaction with breast size, bra fit, appearance in the mirror (clothed or unclothed), and how the breast feels to touch. Women who undergo breast reconstruction with implants versus autologous t","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11526434/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142544140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prophylactic antibiotics for manual removal of retained placenta in vaginal birth.","authors":"Kiattisak Kongwattanakul, Porjai Pattanittum, Apiwat Jongjakapun, Jen Sothornwit, Chetta Ngamjarus, Nampet Jampathong, Termtem Waidee, Pisake Lumbiganon","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD004904.pub4","DOIUrl":"10.1002/14651858.CD004904.pub4","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rationale: &lt;/strong&gt;Retained placenta is a potentially life-threatening condition because of its association with postpartum haemorrhage. Manual removal of the placenta increases the likelihood of infectious complications of the uterine cavity. So, prophylactic antibiotics are recommended by some experts, and commonly administered to reduce these risks. However, the evidence supporting this decision is limited. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics for manual removal of retained placenta after vaginal birth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To compare the effectiveness and adverse effects of routine prophylactic antibiotics for the manual removal of placenta after vaginal birth. To identify appropriate prophylactic antibiotic regimens.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Search methods: &lt;/strong&gt;For this update, we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and two trials registries, in addition to screening the reference lists of retrieved studies and systematic reviews. The last search was 14 May 2024.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eligibility criteria: &lt;/strong&gt;All randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies comparing prophylactic antibiotics to no treatment or to another prophylactic antibiotic to prevent postpartum endometritis after manual removal of placenta after vaginal birth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Outcomes: &lt;/strong&gt;The critical outcome in our review was postpartum endometritis. Other important outcomes were puerperal morbidity, perineal infection, duration of hospital stay, sepsis, any infection, blood loss, postpartum haemorrhage, secondary postpartum haemorrhage, readmission to hospital, adverse effects of the drugs, women's satisfaction, and neonatal outcomes, such as jaundice, sepsis, neonatal intensive care unit admission, et cetera.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Risk of bias: &lt;/strong&gt;The risk of bias was assessed at the outcome level. We used the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomised Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool to assess the risk of bias in non-randomised studies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Synthesis methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We carried out statistical analysis using Review Manager. We used a fixed-effect meta-analysis to synthesise the results, and GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Included studies: &lt;/strong&gt;We included four retrospective cohort studies with a total of 974 participants. Studies were conducted in Germany, Bulgaria, Norway, and Israel, between 1983 and 2017.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Synthesis of results: &lt;/strong&gt;Prophylactic antibiotics versus no antibiotics was the only comparison in our analysis. Postpartum endometritis We do not know whether prophylactic antibiotics have an impact on postpartum endometritis (risk ratio (RR) 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.48 to 1.85; 4 studies, 974 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Postpartum haemorrhage The evidence suggests that prophylactic antibiotics may result in little to no difference in postpartum haemorrhage (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.29; 1 study, 325 ","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11523221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142544142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toe-brachial index and toe systolic blood pressure for the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease.","authors":"Peta E Tehan, Joseph Mills, Sarah Leask, Christopher Oldmeadow, Benjamin Peterson, Mathew Sebastian, Viv Chuter","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD013783.pub2","DOIUrl":"10.1002/14651858.CD013783.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) of the lower limbs is caused by atherosclerotic occlusive disease in which narrowing of arteries reduces blood flow to the lower limbs. PAD is common; it is estimated to affect 236 million individuals worldwide. Advanced age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes and concomitant cardiovascular disease are common factors associated with increased risk of PAD. Complications of PAD can include claudication pain, rest pain, wounds, gangrene, amputation and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is therefore clinically important to use diagnostic tests that accurately identify PAD. Accurate and timely detection of PAD allows clinicians to implement appropriate risk management strategies to prevent complications, slow progression or intervene when indicated. Toe-brachial index (TBI) and toe systolic blood pressure (TSBP) are amongst a suite of non-invasive bedside tests used to detect PAD. Both TBI and TSBP are commonly utilised by a variety of clinicians in different settings, therefore a systematic review and meta-analysis of their diagnostic accuracy is warranted and highly relevant to inform clinical practice.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To (1) estimate the accuracy of TSBP and TBI for the diagnosis of PAD in the lower extremities at different cut-off values for test positivity in populations at risk of PAD, and (2) compare the accuracy of TBI and TSBP for the diagnosis of PAD in the lower extremities. Secondary objectives were to investigate several possible sources of heterogeneity in test accuracy, including the following: patient group tested (people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, people with renal disease and general population), type of equipment used, positivity threshold and type of reference standard.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Search methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The Cochrane Vascular Information Specialist searched the MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, LILACS, Zetoc and DARE databases and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and ClinicalTrials.gov trials registers to 27 February 2024.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Selection criteria: &lt;/strong&gt;We included diagnostic case-control, cross-sectional, prospective and retrospective studies in which all participants had either a TSBP or TBI measurement plus a validated method of vascular diagnostic imaging for PAD. We needed to be able to cross-tabulate (2 x 2 table) results of the index test and the reference standard to include a study. To be included, study populations had to be adults aged 18 years and over. We included studies of symptomatic and asymptomatic participants. Studies had to use TSBP and TBI (also called toe-brachial pressure index (TBPI)), either individually, or in addition to other non-invasive tests as index tests to diagnose PAD in individuals with suspected disease. We included data collected by photoplethysmography, laser Doppler, continuous wave Doppler, sphygmomanometers (both manua","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11523229/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142544143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First-line therapy for high-risk people with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a network meta-analysis.","authors":"Kenichi Miyamoto, Akihiro Ohmoto, Daisuke Yoneoka, Md Obaidur Rahman, Erika Ota","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD015169","DOIUrl":"10.1002/14651858.CD015169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: Primary objective: to assess the benefits and harms of currently recommended regimens as the first-line therapy in high-risk people with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, using network meta-analysis Secondary objectives: to assess whether the benefits and harms of the recommended regimens differ according to sex, Rai stage, or genetic mutation status to estimate the ranking of treatments for overall survival, progression-free survival, objective response rate, complete response rate, minimal residual disease, and serious adverse events to estimate the overall rate of adverse events and serious adverse events.</p>","PeriodicalId":10473,"journal":{"name":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11523224/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142544139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}