Orient Journal of Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Pattern of Motorcycle Accident-Associated Injuries in Port Harcourt – A Hospital-Based Study","authors":"A. U. Ekere, Sydney E. Ibeanusi","doi":"10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29044","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To document some of the determinants and types of motorcycle-accident associated injuries in patients attending a private orthopaedic practice in Port Harcourt. \u0000Method: This is a 12 month prospective study starting March 2001. Relevant data was collected by the attending surgeon in a questionnaire previously prepared for the purpose. Frequency distribution tables were generated manually from this data. \u0000Results: One hundred and eighty six (186) road accident victims were seen out of which 47.3% were motorcycle accidents. The peak age of the victims was 20 – 39years and these made up 68.2% of the patients. The male/female ratio was 2:1. All 26 cyclists in the series were males; and pillion passengers were at the greatest risk of being injured. \u0000Most of the injuries occurred between Friday and Saturday (40.91%), and during the rainy season (47.7%). The largest proportion of the accidents occurred in the Diobu area Port Harcourt (28.4%). \u0000Most cases presented in the hospital immediately or after attention in other medical facilities (76.1%), while 23.9% sought traditional bonesetters' help before presenting. The latter group often presented as late as a week after the injury. \u0000Injuries to the extremities constituted the bulk of the injuries (54.3%). Motorcycle-car collisions were the commonest mechanism of injury (56.8%), while indirect or secondary injuries were commonest types (59.1%) of injuries. \u0000Conclusion: Motorcycle accidents cause a high proportion of road accident related injuries presenting to the Rehoboth Specialist Hospital, Port Harcourt. \u0000Recommendation: Safety precaution is still the gold standard for prevention of motorcycle accident related injuries. Key Words: Motorcycle, Cyclists, Pillion riders, Pedestrians Orient Journal of Medicine Vol.15(1&2) 2003: 36-40","PeriodicalId":104404,"journal":{"name":"Orient Journal of Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128585108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Enantia chlorantha extracts in Laboratory-Induced Convulsion and Inflammation","authors":"E. Agbaje, A. Tijani, Oo Braimoh","doi":"10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29050","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: It was decided to investigate the effect of boiled and evaporated extracts of enantia chlorantha in reversing bicucculine-induced convulsions and carrageenan-induced inflammation in rodents. \u0000Methods: For the anticonvulsant study, intra-peritoneal doses of 130.0 – 550.0mg/kg of the herbal preparation, or 2 -6mg/kg of phenobarbitone, or distilled water were administered to groups of the animals (15 – 20g, n = 10) prior to the injection of 7.5mg/kg bicucculine 30minutes later. The latent period before the onset of convulsions in each group of animals was determined. \u0000For the anti-inflammatory study, intra-peritoneal doses of either 50.0 – 250.0mg/kg of various extracts of the herbal preparation or 30 – 100mg/kg aspirin or distilled water was administered to groups of rats of either sex (200 – 250g, n = 10). Each of the groups of rats then received 0.1ml of 1% of carrageen into the plantar tissue of the right hand paw. The resultant inflammatory oedema was assessed by measuring the percentage increase in the paw diameter. \u0000Results: While the evaporated aqueous herbal drug increased the latency of convulsion in all the treated animals, the aqueous extract did not, behaving rather similar to the control mice given distilled water. E. chlorantha did not compare well with phenobarbitone (2.0 – 6.0mg/kg) which protected all the animals from seizure. \u0000On the other hand, a dose dependent anti-inflammatory action of evaporated extract of E. Chlorantha (50.0 – 250.0mg/kg) in carrageenan induced inflammation was obtained showing a better efficacy than the boiled aqueous preparation and compared favorably with aspirin. E. chlorantha showed statistically significant activity at doses of 100.0 and 250.0mg/kg, exhibiting 67% and 90% inhibition respectively post 6h induction of inflammation. No inhibition was observed in the control group. \u0000Conclusion: E. chlorantha , especially the evaporated extract, exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effect on carrageenan-induced inflammatory oedema in rats. This effect is more gradual and more sustained than a similar effect of aspirin. E. chlorantha also prolonged the latency of bicucculine-induced convulsions in rats. Key Words: Inflammation, Convulsion, Enantia-Chlorantha extract Orient Journal of Medicine Vol.15(1&2) 2003: 68-71","PeriodicalId":104404,"journal":{"name":"Orient Journal of Medicine","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116679410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Pattern of Acute Renal Failure in Ilorin, Nigeria","authors":"A. Chijioke","doi":"10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29041","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Acute renal failure is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. The early detection and prompt treatment of acute insults to the kidneys may prevent renal failure which is capital intensive in its management. Majority of Nigerians cannot afford the cost of renal substitution therapy which is scarce and expensive. There is no renal replacement therapy subsidy and the National Health Insurance Scheme is yet to be implemented. These underscore the need for some form of preventive nephrology in order to reduce and possibly avoid renal failure. In line with the foregoing, a 9-year (1990-1998) retrospective appraisal of causes, management and outcome of acute renal failure (ARF) was undertaken in our centre. \u0000Methods: All the ARF patients that presented primarily to the nephrology unit or were referred to the unit from other departments of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital for intervention were studied. \u0000Results: A total of 86 patients (40 males and 46 females) with age range between 3 and 65 years were reviewed. About 79% of the patients were less than 40 years of age and most were females. Sixty three (75%) patients were oliguric at presentation while 23 (26.7%) were non-oliguric. Altered sensorium, vomiting, and hiccups were present in 87%, 40%, and 23% respectively. Severe anaemia that necessitated blood transfusion was present in 41 (48%). \u0000The major Aetiological factors were septicaemia (36%), severe gastroenteritis (22%), acute glomerulonephritis (9.3%); drug induced (8%) and obstructive uropathy (6%). Thirteen patients had haemodialysis with 31% mortality, 9 had peritoneal dialysis with a mortality of 67% while 58 were managed conservatively with 64% deaths. \u0000The important poor prognostic factors identified were extremes of age, severe infections, late presentation, delayed intervention therapy and underlying/concurrent medical illness. The main factors that influenced the mode of therapy were severity of ARF and financial constraint. Haemodialysis appears to be the preferred method of substitution therapy in our environment for severe ARF. An urgent need for the formation of a National preventive nephrology policy is again reemphasized. \u0000Conclusion: A significant number of the patients are under 40 years old. The major causes of renal failure in Ilorin are preventable and treatable conditions. Haemodialysis is the preferred mode of intervention. Key Words: Acute renal failure, causes, management and prognosis Orient Journal of Medicine Vol.15(1&2) 2003: 18-23","PeriodicalId":104404,"journal":{"name":"Orient Journal of Medicine","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124853098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and Utilization of Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) among Mothers in Enugu, Nigeria: A Health Facility Survey","authors":"S. Uwaezuoke, B. Tagbo, B. Okoro","doi":"10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29046","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives A health-facility survey was done to determine the knowledge and utilization of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) among 400 mothers resident in Enugu. \u0000Methods A systematic sample from a list of mothers attending the immunization clinic of the Institute of Child Health (ICH) of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu was interviewed using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. \u0000Results A pre-survey awareness of ORT was noted among 97.5% of the mothers. The beneficial effects of ORT were seen by 57.3% of the mothers as replenishment of lost energy and 37.5% as fluid and salt replacement. Although 77.0% of the respondents could not describe correctly the preparation of salt-sugar solution (SSS)/oral rehydration salt solution (ORS), a high ORT utilization rate of 74.6% was recorded. ORT as a modality of managing childhood diarrhoea remained totally acceptable to 89.5% of the mothers. \u0000Conclusion Many Mothers, although they accept and use ORT/SSS, could not accurately describe the methods of preparation of ORS/SSS. It is recommended that maternal perception of the role of ORT should be utilized by health personnel to promote its use, while routine training of caregivers on the preparation of SSS/ORS should be intensified during health education sessions. Key Words: Knowledge of ORT, utilization of ORT, mothers, routine training. Orient Journal of Medicine Vol.15(1&2) 2003: 45-48","PeriodicalId":104404,"journal":{"name":"Orient Journal of Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122626907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Distribution of Presbyopia in the Eye Clinic of the Eastern Nigeria Medical Centre, Enugu","authors":"U. Ezepue","doi":"10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29043","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: As few data on presbyopia among Nigerians is available, it was decided to review the distribution and characteristics of presbyopia in a Nigerian private eye clinic population. \u0000Methods: Patients presenting for the first time with symptoms of presbyopia in the eye clinic of the Eastern Nigeria Medical Center, Enugu were recruited. Standard methods of assessment of the refraction for both distance and near were used to arrive at each patient's presbyopic correction. \u0000Results: The mean age at first presentation with symptoms of presbyopia was found to be 39 ± 0.5 years; slightly earlier in females (34.9 ± 0.8 years) than for the males(42.0 ± 0.7 years); and a wide range of ages (25 to 78 years) at first presentation. The mean power of plus lens required by the patients was found to be 2.1 ± 0.1D (males 2.1 ± 0.2D and females 1.8 ± 0.2D) with a wide range of individual variation (1.0 ± 0.6D to 3.0 ±1.7D). \u0000Conclusion: Nigerian presbyopes at first presentation require higher power plus lenses than Caucasians of comparable age. \u0000There is a need for a study of a larger series to establish the Nigerian standards as results obtained from other populations may be inappropriate. The wide variation of required lens power noted emphasizes the need for the individualization of presbyopic correction rather than prescription based on assumed changes with age. Key Words: Presbyopia, Refraction, Presentation of presbyopia, Age at presbyopia Orient Journal of Medicine Vol.15(1&2) 2003: 32-35","PeriodicalId":104404,"journal":{"name":"Orient Journal of Medicine","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131300822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum Calcium, Inorganic Phosphates and some Haematological Parameters in Sickle Cell Disease in Enugu Metropolis","authors":"S. Ureme, F. Ejezie, G. Ibegbulam, E. Ibeh, Ij Nwanya","doi":"10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29038","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Sickle cell disease has long been associated with bone deformities and pain. Mineral salts such as calcium and inorganic phosphate are critical in bone formation and metabolism. This investigation was designed to study the serum concentration of these minerals as well as some haematological parameters in persons who suffer from sickle cell disease. \u0000Methods: Forty five patients who have sickle cell disease (HbSS) attending the sickle cell clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, were recruited for the study after obtaining informed consent. Twenty healthy persons (HbAA) served as controls. Serum calcium level was determined by EDTA titration, inorganic phosphate by spectrophotometric method of Goldberg and the Haematological parameters by Bain method. \u0000Results: The age range of both test subjects and controls was 3 to 26 years. There were no significant differences in calcium and inorganic phosphate levels of test and control subjects (p>0.05). There were however, significant differences when values of haematological parameters were compared in tests and control subjects (p \u0000Conclusion: The results suggest that serum calcium and phosphate levels may not be affected significantly in sickle cell disease. Key Words: Calcium, phosphate, sickle cell disease, haematological parameters Orient Journal of Medicine Vol.15(1&2) 2003: 5-8","PeriodicalId":104404,"journal":{"name":"Orient Journal of Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127940382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fever and Leucocytosis in Children in Clinical Practice in South East Nigeria: The Roles Played by Malaria and Bacterial Infection","authors":"E. Obidike, D. Nwagbo","doi":"10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29049","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The study was conducted with a view to determining the veracity of the assumption in clinical practice in the tropics that fever with a neutrophilic leucocytosis is more likely due to bacterial infection than to malaria. \u0000Method: A retrospective analysis of case files of children aged over 3 months who had fever of >38.5 oC and leucocytosis with a final empirical therapeutic diagnosis of either malaria or bacterial infection, seen over a 3yr period in a paediatric private practice was done. A total of 186 patients comprising 118 treated for malaria and 68 treated for bacterial infection fitted the criteria and were analyzed. \u0000Results: In all the patients with leucocytosis of 11 to 1 4x I09/l, malaria accounted for 81.7% and a further 60.5% of those with leucocytosis greater than14 to 17x109/1. Bacterial infection accounted for 52% and 53.2% of patients with leucocytosis of>17 to 20x109/1 and >20x109/1 respectively (X2=18.64, X23,0.05=7.81. P \u0000Considering the neutrophils, malaria accounted for 77.9% of patients with neutrophils of 75%. Again, 95.8% of all malaria patients had neutrophils of 75% neutrophil percent. \u0000Further analysis showed that 78.9% of malaria patients with Hb 17x109/l (X2=35.4, X2 3,0.05=7.81 P \u0000Conclusion: Non-neutrophilic leucocytosis of moderate degree in febrile children in this environment is seen to be due mainly to malaria and this is more so if such patients are anaemic. Care should therefore be taken when interpreting such results. Key Words: Fever, Febrile illness, children, tropics, leucocytosis Orient Journal of Medicine Vol.15(1&2) 2003: 64-67","PeriodicalId":104404,"journal":{"name":"Orient Journal of Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130281967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum Copper and Caeruloplasmin levels in Pregnant, Lactating and Non-Pregnant Nigerian women","authors":"I. Onwuameze, S. Okereke, M. Ugonabo","doi":"10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29039","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To determine the serum levels of copper and caeruloplasmin in pregnant and lactating women from South Eastern Nigeria. \u0000Methods Serum copper and Caeruloplasmin levels from 60 pregnant women at various stages of pregnancy and sixty (60) nursing mothers in their immediate postnatal period, all aged between 20 and 45 years were determined. \u0000For control, a total of 60 healthy non-pregnant women matched for age were used for the study. \u0000Results: A comparison of the results obtained from the subjects with that from the control group showed that the mean serum copper levels in the 2nd and 3rd trimester groups were significantly higher than the non-pregnant and control groups. Interestingly, the mean values obtained from the post-natal group, though lower than those for the 3rd trimester group, were still higher than the values for the controls. For example, mean serum copper in umol/L for 2nd trimester (n=60) is 20.3 ± 5.9 (p \u0000Similarly, mean serum caeruloplasmin levels in all the pregnant groups as well as in the post-natal group were significantly higher than in the control group. Mean serum caeruloplasmin levels (g/L) in the 1st trimester is 0.73 ± 0.16; in the 2nd trimester 0.98 ± 0.18 (p \u0000Conclusion: Serum copper and caeruloplasmin is elevated in all stages of pregnancy and in lactating women, the increase being highest in the third trimester of pregnancy. Key Words: Copper, Caeruloplasmin, Pregnancy Orient Journal of Medicine Vol.15(1&2) 2003: 9-12","PeriodicalId":104404,"journal":{"name":"Orient Journal of Medicine","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133715801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Pre-medication with Atropine on the Blood Pressure of Parturient Undergoing Caesarian Section under Spinal Anaesthesia","authors":"P. Nze","doi":"10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29037","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The effect of atropine given as a prophylactic intravenous bolus on the incidence and severity of hypotension was studied in 30 patients undergoing Caesarian section under spinal (subarachnoid) anaesthesia between January and September 1999. \u0000Method: Following the establishment of spinal anaesthesia, the patients were randomized to receive an immediate intravenous bolus of normal saline (Group A, n = 12) or 0.6mg of atropine sulphate (Group B, n = 18) in 2ml. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were recorded every 3 minutes. The patients were asked to report any symptoms of nausea or fainting. \u0000Results: Both the incidence and severity of hypotension were reduced in the patients that had atropine prophylaxis (Group B) compared with the control group that received normal saline (Group A). The difference, however, did not reach statistical significance when tested with Chi-square statistic. \u0000Conclusion: In view of the improved maternal haemodynamic parameters, parturients undergoing Caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia may benefit from a prophylactic intravenous bolus of atropine. Key Words: Obstetric anaesthesia, Spinal Anaesthesia, Subarachnoid anaesthesia, Atropine prophylaxis. Orient Journal of Medicine Vol.15(1&2) 2003: 1-4","PeriodicalId":104404,"journal":{"name":"Orient Journal of Medicine","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129089489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vehicular Road Deaths in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: A Referral Centre's Experience","authors":"D. Seleye-fubara, A. U. Ekere","doi":"10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/OJM.V15I1.29045","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To highlight the consequences of increasing road traffic accidents in the Nigerian Niger Delta. \u0000Method: Medico legal autopsies were done in 358 cases in a 6-year period covering 1995 to 2000 at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, UPTH, a major referral centre in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. \u0000Results: Most of the road related deaths came from motorcycle accidents – 53.1%. Car and truck passenger and pillion passengers were at more risk of dying than the drivers and cyclists respectively. The ratio was 3:1 in car and truck users and 2:1 in motorcycle users. The 10 – 49 years age group suffered the greatest setback constituting 66.5% of the victims. The male/female ratio was 1.4:1 and the injuries resulting in most deaths affected the head region – 43.3%. Multiple and limb injuries followed at 27.4% and 20.1% respectively. Up to 22 out of 43 pedestrians died from cars and trucks related accidents with more males involved – 28.15%. \u0000Conclusion: Road related deaths have become a major scourge in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Key Words: Road accidents; Death on the road; Niger Delta, Nigeria Orient Journal of Medicine Vol.15(1&2) 2003: 41-44","PeriodicalId":104404,"journal":{"name":"Orient Journal of Medicine","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134311812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}