Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Advanced Imaging Supports the Mechanistic Role of Autoimmunity and Plaque Rupture in COVID-19 Heart Involvement.","authors":"Maria Elena Laino,&nbsp;Angela Ammirabile,&nbsp;Francesca Motta,&nbsp;Maria De Santis,&nbsp;Victor Savevski,&nbsp;Marco Francone,&nbsp;Arturo Chiti,&nbsp;Lorenzo Mannelli,&nbsp;Carlo Selmi,&nbsp;Lorenzo Monti","doi":"10.1007/s12016-022-08925-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-022-08925-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cardiovascular system is frequently affected by coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), particularly in hospitalized cases, and these manifestations are associated with a worse prognosis. Most commonly, heart involvement is represented by myocarditis, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism, while arrhythmias, heart valve damage, and pericarditis are less frequent. While the clinical suspicion is necessary for a prompt disease recognition, imaging allows the early detection of cardiovascular complications in patients with COVID-19. The combination of cardiothoracic approaches has been proposed for advanced imaging techniques, i.e., CT scan and MRI, for a simultaneous evaluation of cardiovascular structures, pulmonary arteries, and lung parenchyma. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cardiovascular injury, and among these, it is established that the host immune system is responsible for the aberrant response characterizing severe COVID-19 and inducing organ-specific injury. We illustrate novel evidence to support the hypothesis that molecular mimicry may be the immunological mechanism for myocarditis in COVID-19. The present article provides a comprehensive review of the available evidence of the immune mechanisms of the COVID-19 cardiovascular injury and the imaging tools to be used in the diagnostic workup. As some of these techniques cannot be implemented for general screening of all cases, we critically discuss the need to maximize the sustainability and the specificity of the proposed tests while illustrating the findings of some paradigmatic cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":10423,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology","volume":"64 1","pages":"75-89"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8796606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9177560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Application of Antibody Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2: Comprehensive Review on Immunoassay and Immunotherapy.","authors":"Zhangkai J Cheng,&nbsp;Bizhou Li,&nbsp;Zhiqing Zhan,&nbsp;Zifan Zhao,&nbsp;Mingshan Xue,&nbsp;Peiyan Zheng,&nbsp;Jiali Lyu,&nbsp;Chundi Hu,&nbsp;Jianxing He,&nbsp;Ruchong Chen,&nbsp;Baoqing Sun","doi":"10.1007/s12016-021-08912-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-021-08912-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current COVID-19 global pandemic poses immense challenges to global health, largely due to the difficulty to detect infection in the early stages of the disease, as well as the current lack of effective antiviral therapy. Research and understanding of the human immune system can provide important theoretical and technical support for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19, the clinical implementations of which include immunoassays and immunotherapy, which play a crucial role in the fight against the pandemic. This review consolidates the current scientific evidence for immunoassay, which includes multiple methods of detecting antigen and antibody against SARS-CoV-2. We compared the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, and clinical applications of these three detection techniques. In addition to detecting viral infections, knowledge on the body's immunity against the virus is desirable; thus, the immunotherapy-based neutralizing antibody (nAb) detection methods were discussed. We also gave a brief introduction to the new immunoassay technology such as biosensing. This was followed by an in-depth and extensive review on a variety of immunotherapy methods. It includes convalescent plasma therapy, neutralizing antibody-based treatments targeting different regions of SARS-CoV-2, immunotherapy targeted on the host cell including inhibiting the host cell receptor and cytokine storm, as well as cocktail antibodies, cross-neutralizing antibodies, and immunotherapy based on cross-reactivity between viral epitopes and autoepitopes and autoantibody. Despite the development of various immunological testing methods and antibody therapies, the current global situation of COVID-19 is still tense. We need more efficient detection methods and more reliable antibody therapies. The up-to-date knowledge on therapeutic strategies will likely help clinicians worldwide to protect patients from life-threatening viral infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":10423,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology","volume":"64 1","pages":"17-32"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8760112/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10607712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Parameters Representative of Immune Dysfunction in Patients with Severe and Fatal COVID-19 Infection: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Rundong Qin, Li He, Zhaowei Yang, Nan Jia, Ruchong Chen, Jiaxing Xie, Wanyi Fu, Hao Chen, Xinliu Lin, Renbin Huang, Tian Luo, Yukai Liu, Siyang Yao, Mei Jiang, Jing Li","doi":"10.1007/s12016-021-08908-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12016-021-08908-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abnormal immunological indicators associated with disease severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19 have been reported in several observational studies. However, there are marked heterogeneities in patient characteristics and research methodologies in these studies. We aimed to provide an updated synthesis of the association between immune-related indicators and COVID-19 prognosis. We conducted an electronic search of PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, Willey, Web of Science, Cochrane library, and CNKI for studies reporting immunological and/or immune-related parameters, including hematological, inflammatory, coagulation, and biochemical variables, tested on hospital admission of COVID-19 patients with different severities and outcomes. A total of 145 studies were included in the current meta-analysis, with 26 immunological, 11 hematological, 5 inflammatory, 4 coagulation, and 10 biochemical variables reported. Of them, levels of cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IgA, IgG, and CD4⁺ T/CD8⁺ T cell ratio, WBC, neutrophil, platelet, ESR, CRP, ferritin, SAA, D-dimer, FIB, and LDH were significantly increased in severely ill patients or non-survivors. Moreover, non-severely ill patients or survivors presented significantly higher counts of lymphocytes, monocytes, lymphocyte/monocyte ratio, eosinophils, CD3⁺ T,CD4⁺T and CD8⁺T cells, B cells, and NK cells. The currently updated meta-analysis primarily identified a hypercytokinemia profile with the severity and mortality of COVID-19 containing IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Impaired innate and adaptive immune responses, reflected by decreased eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, B cells, NK cells, T cells, and their subtype CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, and augmented inflammation, coagulation dysfunction, and nonpulmonary organ injury, were marked features of patients with poor prognosis. Therefore, parameters of immune response dysfunction combined with inflammatory, coagulated, or nonpulmonary organ injury indicators may be more sensitive to predict severe patients and those non-survivors.</p>","PeriodicalId":10423,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology","volume":"64 1","pages":"33-65"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8763427/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10608207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Persistent Post-COVID Syndrome (PPCS).","authors":"Bryan Oronsky,&nbsp;Christopher Larson,&nbsp;Terese C Hammond,&nbsp;Arnold Oronsky,&nbsp;Santosh Kesari,&nbsp;Michelle Lybeck,&nbsp;Tony R Reid","doi":"10.1007/s12016-021-08848-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-021-08848-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Persistent post-COVID syndrome, also referred to as long COVID, is a pathologic entity, which involves persistent physical, medical, and cognitive sequelae following COVID-19, including persistent immunosuppression as well as pulmonary, cardiac, and vascular fibrosis. Pathologic fibrosis of organs and vasculature leads to increased mortality and severely worsened quality of life. Inhibiting transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), an immuno- and a fibrosis modulator, may attenuate these post-COVID sequelae. Current preclinical and clinical efforts are centered on the mechanisms and manifestations of COVID-19 and its presymptomatic and prodromal periods; by comparison, the postdrome, which occurs in the aftermath of COVID-19, which we refer to as persistent post-COVID-syndrome, has received little attention. Potential long-term effects from post-COVID syndrome will assume increasing importance as a surge of treated patients are discharged from the hospital, placing a burden on healthcare systems, patients' families, and society in general to care for these medically devastated COVID-19 survivors. This review explores underlying mechanisms and possible manifestations of persistent post-COVID syndrome, and presents a framework of strategies for the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected or confirmed persistent post-COVID syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":10423,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology","volume":"64 1","pages":"66-74"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12016-021-08848-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10679076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk and Protective Factors for COVID-19 Morbidity, Severity, and Mortality.","authors":"Jin-Jin Zhang, Xiang Dong, Guang-Hui Liu, Ya-Dong Gao","doi":"10.1007/s12016-022-08921-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12016-022-08921-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become an evolving global health crisis. Currently, a number of risk factors have been identified to have a potential impact on increasing the morbidity of COVID-19 in adults, including old age, male sex, pre-existing comorbidities, and racial/ethnic disparities. In addition to these factors, changes in laboratory indices and pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as possible complications, could indicate the progression of COVID-19 into a severe and critical stage. Children predominantly suffer from mild illnesses due to COVID-19. Similar to adults, the main risk factors in pediatric patients include age and pre-existing comorbidities. In contrast, supplementation with a healthy diet and sufficient nutrition, COVID-19 vaccination, and atopic conditions may act as protective factors against the infection of SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 vaccination not only protects vulnerable individuals from SARS-CoV-2 infection, more importantly, it may also reduce the development of severe disease and death due to COVID-19. Currently used therapies for COVID-19 are off-label and empiric, and their impacts on the severity and mortality of COVID-19 are still unclear. The interaction between asthma and COVID-19 may be bidirectional and needs to be clarified in more studies. In this review, we highlight the clinical evidence supporting the rationale for the risk and protective factors for the morbidity, severity, and mortality of COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":10423,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology","volume":"64 1","pages":"90-107"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8767775/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10608212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Memory in Aging: a Wide Perspective Covering Microbiota, Brain, Metabolism, and Epigenetics.","authors":"Ozlem Bulut,&nbsp;Gizem Kilic,&nbsp;Jorge Domínguez-Andrés","doi":"10.1007/s12016-021-08905-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-021-08905-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-specific innate and antigen-specific adaptive immunological memories are vital evolutionary adaptations that confer long-lasting protection against a wide range of pathogens. Adaptive memory is established by memory T and B lymphocytes following the recognition of an antigen. On the other hand, innate immune memory, also called trained immunity, is imprinted in innate cells such as macrophages and natural killer cells through epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming. However, these mechanisms of memory generation and maintenance are compromised as organisms age. Almost all immune cell types, both mature cells and their progenitors, go through age-related changes concerning numbers and functions. The aging immune system renders the elderly highly susceptible to infections and incapable of mounting a proper immune response upon vaccinations. Besides the increased infectious burden, older individuals also have heightened risks of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, which have an immunological component. This review discusses how immune function, particularly the establishment and maintenance of innate and adaptive immunological memory, regulates and is regulated by epigenetics, metabolic processes, gut microbiota, and the central nervous system throughout life, with a focus on old age. We explain in-depth how epigenetics and cellular metabolism impact immune cell function and contribute or resist the aging process. Microbiota is intimately linked with the immune system of the human host, and therefore, plays an important role in immunological memory during both homeostasis and aging. The brain, which is not an immune-isolated organ despite former opinion, interacts with the peripheral immune cells, and the aging of both systems influences the health of each other. With all these in mind, we aimed to present a comprehensive view of the aging immune system and its consequences, especially in terms of immunological memory. The review also details the mechanisms of promising anti-aging interventions and highlights a few, namely, caloric restriction, physical exercise, metformin, and resveratrol, that impact multiple facets of the aging process, including the regulation of innate and adaptive immune memory. We propose that understanding aging as a complex phenomenon, with the immune system at the center role interacting with all the other tissues and systems, would allow for more effective anti-aging strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10423,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology","volume":"63 3","pages":"499-529"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8671603/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39604458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Contemporary Update on the Diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.","authors":"Xin Huang,&nbsp;Qing Zhang,&nbsp;Huilin Zhang,&nbsp;Qianjin Lu","doi":"10.1007/s12016-021-08917-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-021-08917-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complicated autoimmune disease with female susceptibility. It is characterized by over-activation of the immune system and deposit of autoimmune complex in multiple organs. High heterogeneity, unpredictable disease course of SLE as well as the lack of specific and sensitive biomarkers posed diagnostic challenges to clinicians. Despite the complicated clinical presentation and pathogenesis of SLE, research regarding this disease has made many significant breakthroughs over the past decades. Some new learning can potentially be translated into clinical practice. In addition, new classification criteria to increase diagnostic accuracy were defined in 2019 by the European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology (EULAR/ACR). Real-world studies have accumulated evidence for the adoption of this new classification criteria. Abundant classification criteria, improved recognition of organ-specific manifestations, and updated knowledge about lupus autoantibodies enable earlier diagnosis and more personalized medicine. Thus, it is important to update our knowledge about the latest clinical practices for lupus diagnosis. This review provides new insight into the diagnosis of SLE by summarizing recent advances in epidemiology, etiology, classification criteria, clinical manifestations, and study of autoantibodies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10423,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology","volume":"63 3","pages":"311-329"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39849017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Mechanistic Advances in FcεRI-Mast Cell-Mediated Allergic Signaling.","authors":"Yang Li,&nbsp;Patrick S C Leung,&nbsp;M Eric Gershwin,&nbsp;Junmin Song","doi":"10.1007/s12016-022-08955-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-022-08955-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mast cells originate from the CD34⁺/CD117⁺ hematopoietic progenitors in the bone marrow, migrate into circulation, and ultimately mature and reside in peripheral tissues. Microbiota/metabolites and certain immune cells (e.g., Treg cells) play a key role in maintaining immune tolerance. Cross-linking of allergen-specific IgE on mast cells activates the high-affinity membrane-bound receptor FcεRI, thereby initiating an intracellular signal cascade, leading to degranulation and release of pro-inflammatory mediators. The intracellular signal transduction is intricately regulated by various kinases, transcription factors, and cytokines. Importantly, multiple signal components in the FcεRI-mast cell-mediated allergic cascade can be targeted for therapeutic purposes. Pharmacological interventions that include therapeutic antibodies against IgE, FcεRI, and cytokines as well as inhibitors/activators of several key intracellular signaling molecues have been used to inhibit allergic reactions. Other factors that are not part of the signal pathway but can enhance an individual's susceptibility to allergen stimulation are referred to as cofactors. Herein, we provide a mechanistic overview of the FcεRI-mast cell-mediated allergic signaling. This will broaden our scope and visions on specific preventive and therapeutic strategies for the clinical management of mast cell-associated hypersensitivity reactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":10423,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology","volume":"63 3","pages":"431-446"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9575623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33517269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimitochondrial Antibodies: from Bench to Bedside.","authors":"Francesca Colapietro,&nbsp;Ana Lleo,&nbsp;Elena Generali","doi":"10.1007/s12016-021-08904-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-021-08904-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) are directed against the E2 subunits of the 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes (PDC-E2) and are the typical biomarkers of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), being present in 90-95% of patients, with increasing sensitivity at increasing titers. Albeit being highly specific for PBC diagnosis, AMA can be detected in less than 1% of healthy subjects, and thus the management subjects with no sign or symptom of liver disease is still a challenge and data concerning clinical risk of developing PBC in this subgroup of patients are controversial. Moreover, AMA can also be detected in patients affected by overlap syndrome, as well as hepatic diseases (i.e., NASH and viral hepatitis), while the association with autoimmune diseases, in particular Sjögren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, is well established. Furthermore, new associations are being identified with inflammatory myositis and heart disease. AMA are directed towards the pyruvate dehydrogenase multi enzyme complex (PDC-E2) subunit, which represents an epithelial specific autoantigen for PBC. This review focuses on the main characteristics of AMA, their association with autoimmune diseases and liver diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":10423,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology","volume":"63 2","pages":"166-177"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8480115/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10516050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Significance of Antinucleolar Antibodies: Biomarkers for Autoimmune Diseases, Malignancies, and others.","authors":"Minoru Satoh,&nbsp;Angela Ceribelli,&nbsp;Tomoko Hasegawa,&nbsp;Shin Tanaka","doi":"10.1007/s12016-022-08931-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-022-08931-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nucleolar staining is one of the standard patterns in immunofluorescence antinuclear antibodies (ANA), seen in 5-9% of ANA in various conditions. Antinucleolar antibodies (ANoA) are classified into 3 patterns in the International Consensus on ANA Patterns (ICAP) classification; AC-8 homogeneous pattern, AC-9 clumpy pattern, and AC-10 punctate pattern. Specificities known to show AC-8 include anti-Th/To, -PM-Scl, -nucleophosmin/B23, -nucleolin/C23, -No55, and others. AC-9 is seen by anti-fibrillarin/U3RNP and AC-10 by anti-RNA polymerase I and hUBF/NOR-90. ANoA has been classically known to be associated with scleroderma (SSc) and the characterization of nucleolar antigens identified several autoantigens recognized by SSc autoantibodies. The clinical association of anti-Th/To, PM-Scl, fibrillarin/U3RNP, and RNA polymerase I with SSc or SSc-overlap syndrome is well established, and commercial assays are developed. Anti-hUBF/NOR90, nucleophosmin/B23, and nucleolin/C23 are known for decades and reported in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs), malignancies, graft versus host disease (GVHD), and others; however, their clinical significance remains to be established.</p>","PeriodicalId":10423,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology","volume":"63 2","pages":"210-239"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10516857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}