Baltic Carbon Forum最新文献

{"title":"Screening of future carbon storage sites – selecting the best spots","authors":"M. Neumaier","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2022.22931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2022.22931","url":null,"abstract":"Subsurface carbon storage can occur in depleted oil and gas fields, in water-wet structures, or in open aquifers. All three types of storage sites present advantages and inconveniences, which will be reviewed in this talk. The selection of future sites for carbon storage balances storage capacity (how much CO2 can be stored), injectivity (how efficiently or fast CO2 can be stored), and containment risk (how safely CO2 can be stored). We present a rigorous uncertainty-based approach involving estimates of pore volume, pressure and temperature conditions and resulting fluid properties, and sealing and containment behaviour, to highlight areas with best potential for safe and effective carbon storage.","PeriodicalId":102917,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115683472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building CCS momentum in the Baltic states","authors":"Ervinas Škikūnas","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2022.22893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2022.22893","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is a challenge which is currently being faced by everyone. In this regard CCS could play a major role in mitigating the impact of climate change. To promote CCS requires collaborative efforts and momentum is currently being built in Baltic States to promote CCS. We will provide details of the findings from the Baltic states on the project CCS4CCE: Building momentum for the long-term CCS deployment in the CEE region. We will review actions that may be beneficial in developing the CCS value chain in the broader decarbonization context. The project, #CCS4CEE, focuses on the renewal of the discussion on the long-term deployment of CCS in the CEE region, leading to new policies and joint projects. Project also examines the socio-economic and socio-political aspects of CCS deployment in several European countries, including the Baltic States.","PeriodicalId":102917,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"206 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117099503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New attempt of the implementation of CCS technology in Poland","authors":"S. Nagy, A. Wójcicki","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2022.22926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2022.22926","url":null,"abstract":"After 2013 when the PGE Bełchatów demo CCS project was canceled and the EU CCS directive implemented into Polish law (in a way generally obstructing the development of CCS projects in Poland), no significant effects in that field have occurred till 2021. In 2021 the draft of a new law on change of Polish geological and mining law and some other laws (Polish CCS law) was prepared and is being proceeded – it is expected to be accepted soon by the Council of Ministers and then submitted to the Parliament. Generally, the law is to facilitate the development of CCUS technologies in Poland (commercial projects, both onshore and offshore storage in saline aquifers and depleted/depleting hydrocarbon fields – including EHR, no exploration permits/concessions, just storage permits as required by the directive, transport modes). Concurrently, in August/September 2021 Polish Minister of Climate and Environment appointed an advisory board – the Team on Development of CCUS technologies, where representatives of government, industry and research organizations were invited to facilitate CCUS technologies implementation in Poland. One of the Team's tasks resulted in the development of several prefeasibility studies on the full CCS value chain of newly constructed power and CHP blocks (mainly gas fired) carried out by a consortium led by AGH. Similar studies are being developed or considered in the case of other industry sectors, especially cement and chemical plants. In the storage part of these studies, the national project “Assessment of formations and structures for CO2 geological storage including monitoring plans” (completed in 2012/2013 by a consortium led by PGI-NRI) and its update completed upon request of the Ministry in 2021 have been utilized. In the case of the complete CCS value chain, results of pre-feasibility studies carried out in 2009-2013, together with assumptions and results of the new AGH-important project CCUS.pl initiated in May 2021, have been utilized. Several other international projects (financed by Norway Funds) oriented on CCS/CCS have been started (e.g., Agastor, SltPreCO2 project) in Poland. These developments might contribute to creating Polish CCS cluster (or clusters) where various emission sources and transport and storage infrastructure will be integrated, possibly within a decade.","PeriodicalId":102917,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127472954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socio-political development of CC(U)S in the Baltic Sea region","authors":"Farid Karimi","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2022.22872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2022.22872","url":null,"abstract":"According to EU goals and the Paris Agreement, an urgent need exists to reduce CO2 emissions while still securing energy supply. Thus, the timely deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) is seemingly unavoidable, especially for the cement and steel industries. However, diverse perceptions of CCS among stakeholders such as experts, politicians, and laypeople exist that could hinder the deployment of the technology, not least in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR). Hence, this research discusses these diverse perceptions and their roots. Furthermore, when it comes to political developments of CCS, after the unprovoked Russian invasion of Ukraine, the whole process of the energy transition in the region is under shadow for the seemingly mid-term while the approach to the energy security and security of supply needs to be revisited. In other words, the countries of the BSR need to manage the energy crisis in the region while following their plans for decarbonisation. In this light, CCS is, therefore, an option to secure energy supply from undesired alternatives like fossil fuels for the short-term and also biomass while curbing CO2 emissions. In sum, this research also discusses the role of CCS in energy security and security of supply concerning the Russian invasion of Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":102917,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121916725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decarbonisation options of existing thermal power plant burning natural gas","authors":"O. Linkevičs, Polina Grebesa, J. Andersons","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2022.22934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2022.22934","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays power industry faces deepest crises ever with unprecedented prices shocks and climate challenges at the same time. From one hand we realise the need of energy transformation of power industry towards more sustainable future with climate neutral technologies. From the other hand it become obvious that this change could not happen immediately, and transition period is needed with some fossil fuel technology still playing an important role as a back-up for renewable energy sources. The biggest question what the best and cost-efficient way is to decarbonise existing thermal power generation. We try to address it on the example of existing combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plant fuelled by natural gas. Clearly the following possible options were identified: 1) replacement of natural gas with alternative gases, such as green hydrogen, bio or synthetic methane, 2) carbon capture and underground storage (CCS) in geological formations, 3) carbon capture, liquefaction and export, 4) carbon capture and utilization (CCU) or 5) replacement of power generation technology. In this publication we try to compare these different options, despite they are not clearly comparable. For the analysis we take natural gas fired CCGT plant Riga TPP-2 in Latvia with installed capacity of 881 MW (in condensing mode).Option 1. In order to completely (100 % in energy values) replace natural gas by green hydrogen, we need electroliers with capacity of at least 2600 MW. Very roughly this is an investment of at least 2,6 billion EUR for hydrogen production, storage and supply. Additionally, we shall take into account necessary modernisation of CCGT plant to be capable for 100 % hydrogen firing as well as necessity to construct additional wind or solar capacity. Conversion efficiency from power to gas is approximately 60 %, while from gas to power – around 55-57 %. Overall conversion efficiency is 33-35 %. The main advantages of this option are a) possibility for wide use of renewable energy sources (wind and solar) in hydrogen production, b) avoidance of carbon dioxide emissions during the electricity production, c) possibility to supply a surplus of hydrogen to transport sector and industry, d) avoidance of all problems associated with CCS option, including the ban for geological storage of CO2. The main disadvantages of this option: a) very high costs of hydrogen production, b) very low conversion efficiency, c) necessity to convert CCGT plant for hydrogen combustion and to install considerable wind and solar capacity.","PeriodicalId":102917,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127632127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-CCS as a policy measure to achieve climate goals – the pioneering support scheme in Sweden","authors":"Svante Söderholm, Nicki Carnbrand Håkansson","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2022.22885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2022.22885","url":null,"abstract":"By 2045, Sweden is to have zero net emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. After 2045, Sweden should achieve negative emissions. To accomplish this, the use of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (bio-CCS) will be important. Sweden should aim to capture and store two million tonnes of biogenic carbon dioxide per year by 2030. However, the feasible potential for bio-CCS in Sweden amounts to at least 10 million tonnes of biogenic carbon dioxide per year in a 2045 perspective. To support the development and deployment of CCS the Swedish energy Agency has been given two governmental assignments.1. The first task/assignment, given in December 2020, was to establish a national centre for CCS. This task entails planning, coordination and promotion of CCS throughout the country. The Swedish Energy Agency will carry out its work in dialogue with both national and international stakeholders: industries, academia, governmental authorities and the Government Offices of Sweden. The present tasks for the centre are to implement a support system for bio-CCS and ensure that it is line with international conventions, such as the UN Convention on Biological Diversity and its moratorium on geo-engineering, and the London Convention and the London Protocol. The centre is also working with questions related to the accounting and reporting of negative carbon dioxide emissions in relation to national and international climate goals as well as following the emergence of a carbon market – voluntary and/or regulated – for negative emissions.2. The second assignment was to roll-out the support system earlier proposed by the agency. The Swedish Energy Agency has concluded that a reverse action as the most cost-effective support system as well as to be compatible with EU state aid rules. The support system for bio-CCS has a budget framework of 3.6 billion €. A reverse auction means that, for example, a pulp and paper industry or a combined heat and power plant can submit a bid on how much carbon dioxide they can capture and store, and at what cost. The one who can deliver bio-CCS according to the stipulated requirements at the lowest cost, wins the auction. The Swedish Energy Agency hope to launch the first round of auction in 2023 and have the first storage of Swedish captured carbon dioxide taking place in 2026.Other countries can use Sweden’s knowledge and experiences when implementing bio-CCS. Exchanging knowledge, experiences and ideas with other countries are important to achieve large-scale deployment of bio-CCS in the Nordic-Baltic region and net-zero emissions in 2045.","PeriodicalId":102917,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"226 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134575691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greensand project – transport and offshore storage of CO2 in Denmark – status, outlook and challenges","authors":"Søren Poulsen","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2022.22866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2022.22866","url":null,"abstract":"The Greensand project includes, beside from safe and efficient geological offshore CO2 storage, offshore transport by ship and/or pipeline of CO2 from key side onshore facilities established to capture, liquefy, onshore transport and temporarily store the CO2 before offloading to storage site. The Greensand project builds on the usage of the offshore Siri complex sandstone reservoirs no longer in use for oil and gas production. The storage sites, offloading and injection systems and transportation means are currently being technically matured. The target is to be able to offer customers safe and reliable transport and storage services from the start of 2026. Currently meanwhile maturing a technical concept, commercial and regulatory activities are ongoing in parallel. The Greensand partners INEOS Energy and Wintershall Dea have also decided to perform an offshore pilot test of injecting liquified CO2 into a particular reservoir serving as candidate for future long terms storage of CO2. Along the pilot testing offshore project, material testing and deployment of monitoring techniques are being matured. The Pilot testing offshore planned to take place late 2022 with a 3-months duration.","PeriodicalId":102917,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"193 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116111345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New CO2 and Hydrogen storage site marketing: How to make your storage site unique and attractive?","authors":"K. Shogenov, A. Shogenova","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2022.22840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2022.22840","url":null,"abstract":"Today we met the situation, when our knowledge and expertise are far away from marketing – an ability to sell our knowledge to the end-user (public, policymakers, governments, and small and big enterprises). This study aimed to attract stakeholders by proposing new techno-ecological synergy concept of geological storage of CO2 (CGS) and hydrogen (UHS) in a cost-competitive, self-supporting storage site.The “story of success” of the offshore geological structure E6 in Latvia has started from an invisible point on the European map, oil-bearing but not very promising geological structure to the unique and one of the best cost-competitive, self-supporting, conceptual techno-ecological examples of a possible synergy of storage concepts with renewables energies.Using detailed petrophysical, mineralogical and geochemical analyses of the Cambrian Series 3 Deimena Formation reservoir sandstones in this structure, the CO2 storage capacity was estimated with different levels of reliability from a conservative 158 Mt (106-252 Mt) up to an average optimistic average of 396 Mt (264-631 Mt). The theoretical CO2 storage capacity in the oil-bearing limestones of the Upper Ordovician Saldus Formation was estimated at the end of the Enhanced Oil Recovery cycle using the CO2 (CO2-EOR) as an average of 110 Mt (65-144 Mt). The E6 structure was estimated as the most prospective and the largest for CO2 geological storage in the Baltic Region with a total average CO2 storage capacity of about 500 Mt.Time-lapse numerical seismic modelling was applied to analyze the feasibility of CO2 storage monitoring in the E6. The novelty of this approach was the coupling of the chemically induced petrophysical alteration effect of CO2-hosting rocks, measured in the laboratory during the CO2 injection-like experiment, with time-lapse numerical seismic modelling. According to changes in the amplitude and two-way travel times in the presence of CO2, reflection seismic could detect CO2 injected into the deep aquifer formations even with low CO2 saturation values. Our results showed the effectiveness of the implemented time-lapse rock physics and seismic methods in the monitoring of the CO2 plume evolution and migration in the E6.The new concept of techno-ecological synergy of the CCUS project with different eco-friendly renewable energy recovery technologies, which support circular economy targets, is presented. The concept of the CCUS project includes six innovative elements of techno-ecological synergy: (1) CGS, (2) Geothermal energy recovery during CO2 geological storage (CPG), (3) CO2-EOR, (4) underground hydrogen storage (UHS), (5) solar energy and (6) wind energy recovery. This concept should maximise efficiency, minimize the carbon footprint of the full-chain CCUS process and demonstrate the “winx” situation (where “x” is a number of additional benefits of the project).We demonstrated an example of the project supporting also a win5 global situation (that is, a win-win scenario wit","PeriodicalId":102917,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125091882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The importance of a realistic leakage evaluation to support public awareness and acceptance for carbon capture and storage","authors":"Andreas Busch","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2022.22854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2022.22854","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon Capture and Storage is not only highly recommended by the IPCC as a mechanism to significantly lower carbon emissions to the atmosphere, it is now also gaining traction in terms of large-scale implementation. Its importance is increasing in many parts of the world to directly decrease emissions from industrial sources, but also to lower the carbon footprint of blue hydrogen production.With most CCS projects being planned for offshore locations, public acceptance is less of a determining factor than it used to be 10-20 years ago, where discussions were rather for onshore locations. CO2 leakage has always been a risk highlighted in the public debate, while no or minimal leakage has been reported for current CCS projects worldwide. However, as scientific community, we need to realistically highlight the risk of leakage across sealing units for CO2 stored to inform various stakeholders like regulators, the public and of course also operating companies.Caprock leakage needs to be studied across various length and time scales, considering the undisturbed matrix as well as fracture networks and faults; we need to consider advective and diffusive flow and transport and incorporate mineral alterations, potentially leading to changes in hydraulic or mechanical properties.This talk will highlight the current state of research, advancements and future research required for a realistic evaluation of caprock leakage. It will be based on past research related to matrix transport as well as current research focusing on single and multiphase flow along faults and fractures.","PeriodicalId":102917,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122939808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Höegh LNG and Altera Infrastructure is scaling up large scale CCS infrastructure","authors":"T. Lunde","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2022.22844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2022.22844","url":null,"abstract":"In a joint initiative, called “Stella Maris CCS” Altera Infrastructure and Höegh LNG are working together to provide cost efficient floating Carbon Capture and Storage infrastructure solutions for a global market, not limited to size or geographical location.Valuable infrastructure experience is brought together; with FPSO (Floating Production, Storage and Offloading) and Dynamically Positioned Shuttle Tankers from Altera and FSRU’s (Floating Storage Regasification Unit) from Höegh. We intend to continue to build on our heritage and experience, using our combined skills to contribute to carbon emission reduction around globe. With the “Stella Maris CCS” project, we will essentially be doing what we are doing today, only in reverse. Our solution, initiated in 2019 as the first of its kind, will offer a large-scale floating infrastructure for collection, transport, and injection of CO2 into subsea reservoirs/aquifers.Our infrastructure concept consists of 2-3 Carbon Collection Storage Units (CCSU) to aggregate volumes at different key locations, 3-4 CO2 Shuttle Carriers and one Floating Storage and Injection Unit, the total amount of CO2 injected with these assets can reach up to 10 million tons per year.In order to realize large scale CCS, the unit costs must come down, and the barriers for emitting industries to invest in capture plants must be lowered. With Stella Maris we are addressing these hurdles. The larger ship design enables carrying volumes of CO2 at low pressure and will allow for greater economies of scale in the absence of a pipeline which places less limitations on distance to reservoir and ultimate flow capacity. Having a centralized conditioning of CO2 in a CCSO hub allows more flexibility for on-site capture design from multiple onshore industrial emission sources with shared port access. To defray high logistics cost in e.g. the Baltic region, a hub and spoke transportation approach enables collection in smaller parcels, milk-run gathering and conditioning for large scale transfer for storage in an offshore subsea reservoir on the Norwegian Continental shelf.","PeriodicalId":102917,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127748429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}