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A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests最新文献

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Clinical scenarios 临床场景
A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198702467.003.0015
W. Kinnear, J. Hull
{"title":"Clinical scenarios","authors":"W. Kinnear, J. Hull","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198702467.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198702467.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the typical pattern of abnormality seen on a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in different clinical conditions. The difficulty of differentiating deconditioning from mild disease is discussed. The effects of obesity and anaemia on CPET results are described. Classical patterns are recognized for conditions affecting the lungs, heart, pulmonary vasculature, peripheral vasculature, and muscles. Few subjects display all the classical features.","PeriodicalId":102843,"journal":{"name":"A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121167354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exercise prescription 运动处方
A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198702467.003.0014
W. Kinnear, James H. Hull
{"title":"Exercise prescription","authors":"W. Kinnear, James H. Hull","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198702467.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198702467.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines the health benefits of exercise. A cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) can reassure the subject that exercise is safe for them. Exercise can be prescribed using heart rate zones derived from the CPET. Exercise should be taken for at least 30 minutes each day, or more intense exercise for 20 minutes three times per week. A common daily target for steps is 10,000.","PeriodicalId":102843,"journal":{"name":"A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124060147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 83
Pre-test assessment 预先测试评估
A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198834397.003.0002
W. Kinnear, J. Hull
{"title":"Pre-test assessment","authors":"W. Kinnear, J. Hull","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198834397.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198834397.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Pre-test assessment describes the next step after deciding to do a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). The indication for the test must be defined, with clear end points. A CPET is a very safe test. There are well-defined conditions which increase the risk. The most serious side effects are related to heart problems, most commonly seen in subjects with unstable heart disease. Careful scrutiny of the resting electrocardiogram (ECG) is imperative prior to the test. If the subject is unwell, e.g. with a viral illness or an exacerbation of asthma, the test should be postponed. On the day of the test, the subject should take their usual medication. Caffeine and alcohol should be avoided on the day of a CPET. A light meal should be taken at least 30 minutes beforehand.","PeriodicalId":102843,"journal":{"name":"A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130190386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Oxygen uptake 耗氧量
A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198702467.003.0003
W. Kinnear, J. Hull
{"title":"Oxygen uptake","authors":"W. Kinnear, J. Hull","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198702467.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198702467.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes how the most important parameter measured during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is the volume of oxygen taken up by the body at peak exercise. This is called the maximum oxygen uptake, or VO2max. Sometimes the terms ‘peak’ and ‘maximal’ are also used to describe oxygen uptake. It is measured by looking at the volume of air inspired and the oxygen content of the expired air. Predicted values depend on age and sex. A VO2max of more than 80% of predicted makes significant heart or lung disease unlikely. The lower the VO2max, the worse the prognosis.","PeriodicalId":102843,"journal":{"name":"A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128792396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Heart rate 心率
A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_863
S. Orbell, Havah E. Schneider, Sabrina A. Esbitt, Jeffrey S. Gonzalez, Erica Shreck, Abigail Batchelder, Y. Gidron, Sarah D. Pressman, Emily D. Hooker, Deborah J. Wiebe, Deborah Rinehart, Laura L. Hayman, Luigi Meneghini, Hiroe Kikuchi, Tamer F. Desouky, L. McAndrew, Pablo A. Mora, Bonnie Bruce, T. Luger, Peter Allebeck, O. Carrasquillo, Alfred L. McAlister, Kristine M. Molina, Stephen Birch, Amiram Gafni, Linda C. Baumann, A. Karel, Howard Sollins, C. Hjortsberg, Lee Sanders, E. Marcus, Vincent Tran, Maartje Wit, T. Hajós, S. Rarback, Margaret L. Wallhagen, Siqin Ye, Jonathan Newman, William Whang, Mark Hamer, Timothy W. Smith, S. Deberard, Peter A. Shapiro, Y. Chida, Valerie Sabol, Annie T. Ginty, Julian F. Thayer, Y. Kanda, Carrie Brintz, Timothy Whittaker, Jennifer Wessel, L. Rodríguez-Murillo, R. Salem, Yutaka Matsuyama, J. Rick Turner, Neil Schneiderman, John Ruiz, M. Garza, Lauren Smith, Nicole Overstreet, Jason W. Mitchell, Osvaldo Rodriguez, J. Gaab, Oliver T. Wolf, Andrea R. Croom, Hollie B. Pel
{"title":"Heart rate","authors":"S. Orbell, Havah E. Schneider, Sabrina A. Esbitt, Jeffrey S. Gonzalez, Erica Shreck, Abigail Batchelder, Y. Gidron, Sarah D. Pressman, Emily D. Hooker, Deborah J. Wiebe, Deborah Rinehart, Laura L. Hayman, Luigi Meneghini, Hiroe Kikuchi, Tamer F. Desouky, L. McAndrew, Pablo A. Mora, Bonnie Bruce, T. Luger, Peter Allebeck, O. Carrasquillo, Alfred L. McAlister, Kristine M. Molina, Stephen Birch, Amiram Gafni, Linda C. Baumann, A. Karel, Howard Sollins, C. Hjortsberg, Lee Sanders, E. Marcus, Vincent Tran, Maartje Wit, T. Hajós, S. Rarback, Margaret L. Wallhagen, Siqin Ye, Jonathan Newman, William Whang, Mark Hamer, Timothy W. Smith, S. Deberard, Peter A. Shapiro, Y. Chida, Valerie Sabol, Annie T. Ginty, Julian F. Thayer, Y. Kanda, Carrie Brintz, Timothy Whittaker, Jennifer Wessel, L. Rodríguez-Murillo, R. Salem, Yutaka Matsuyama, J. Rick Turner, Neil Schneiderman, John Ruiz, M. Garza, Lauren Smith, Nicole Overstreet, Jason W. Mitchell, Osvaldo Rodriguez, J. Gaab, Oliver T. Wolf, Andrea R. Croom, Hollie B. Pel","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_863","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":102843,"journal":{"name":"A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117006146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ventilatory equivalents 通气的等价物
A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198834397.003.0011
W. Kinnear, James H. Hull
{"title":"Ventilatory equivalents","authors":"W. Kinnear, James H. Hull","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198834397.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834397.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter shows how dividing the minute ventilation (VE) by the volume of carbon dioxide exhaled, or the volume of oxygen taken up, gives the ventilatory equivalents (VeqCO2 or VeqO2, respectively). VeqCO2 show how much ventilation is needed to get a given volume of carbon dioxide out of the body. In a normal subject, the VeqCO2 fall gradually during exercise, as ventilation–perfusion matching improves, to a value of <30. In lung disease, the lowest value remains >30. Beyond the anaerobic threshold (AT), VE increases in order to get rid of CO2 produced from buffering of lactic acid. Since there is no corresponding increase in VO2, the VeqO2 start to rise, giving one of several ways of looking at the AT.","PeriodicalId":102843,"journal":{"name":"A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests","volume":"355 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121711869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Why do a cardiopulmonary exercise test? 为什么要做心肺运动测试?
A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198834397.003.0001
W. Kinnear, J. Hull
{"title":"Why do a cardiopulmonary exercise test?","authors":"W. Kinnear, J. Hull","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198834397.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834397.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes how a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) assesses the exercise capacity of an individual. It identifies whether exercise is limited by the heart or lungs, or by another factor. The test can be used to elucidate the cause of symptoms such as breathlessness. By quantifying exercise capacity, a CPET can be used as a tool to plan physical training. Information from a CPET helps quantify the risk of a surgical intervention and is used in planning post-operative care. Performance in a CPET is a predictor of subsequent mortality. A CPET should be preceded by a full clinical history and a thorough clinical examination. The test is best interpreted alongside the results of simple preliminary investigations.","PeriodicalId":102843,"journal":{"name":"A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130137728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exercise prescription 运动处方
A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198834397.003.0020
James Moriarity
{"title":"Exercise prescription","authors":"James Moriarity","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198834397.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834397.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines the health benefits of exercise. A cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) can reassure the subject that exercise is safe for them. Exercise can be prescribed using heart rate zones derived from the CPET. Exercise should be taken for at least 30 minutes each day, or more intense exercise for 20 minutes three times per week. A common daily target for steps is 10,000.","PeriodicalId":102843,"journal":{"name":"A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124425149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Oxygen pulse 氧气脉冲
A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests Pub Date : 2020-02-02 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198702467.003.0005
W. Kinnear, James H. Hull
{"title":"Oxygen pulse","authors":"W. Kinnear, James H. Hull","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198702467.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198702467.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines how dividing the volume of oxygen uptake (VO2) by the pulse rate gives an estimate of the stroke volume of the heart. The amount of oxygen taken up with each heartbeat is called the oxygen pulse (O2 pulse). It should increase steadily on exercise to a value above 10 ml/beat and may continue to rise during the recovery phase. A low O2 pulse can be an indicator of low cardiac output. If the maximum VO2 (VO2max) is normal, caution should be used in the interpretation of a low O2 pulse. Sometimes the O2 pulse is abnormal because of a fall in peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) or mixed venous oxygen levels.","PeriodicalId":102843,"journal":{"name":"A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests","volume":"791 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123286269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Interpretative strategy 解释战略
A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests Pub Date : 2019-12-31 DOI: 10.1515/9781618118462-015
W. Kinnear, J. Hull
{"title":"Interpretative strategy","authors":"W. Kinnear, J. Hull","doi":"10.1515/9781618118462-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781618118462-015","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines the approach to producing a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) report. A CPET is rarely diagnostic and should be looked at in the context of the clinical background and what key question is being asked. Cardiovascular, ventilatory, and gas exchange responses are looked at in turn, then reviewed in a systematic and iterative way. If the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) is within the normal range, abnormalities seen in other parameters should be interpreted cautiously.","PeriodicalId":102843,"journal":{"name":"A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122606268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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