Clinical & Experimental Metastasis最新文献

{"title":"Loss of IL13RA2 promotes metastatic tumor growth in triple-negative breast cancer via increased AKT and NF-κB signaling.","authors":"Wendy E Bindeman, Kevin C Corn, Marjan Rafat, Barbara Fingleton","doi":"10.1007/s10585-025-10362-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10585-025-10362-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Triple-negative breast cancer is associated with poor patient prognosis and high rates of distant metastasis. These patients are at elevated risk of brain metastasis, which remains a major therapeutic challenge. IL13RA2, a high-affinity receptor for IL13, is highly expressed in primary brain cancers, many extracranial solid tumors, and in lung- and brain-seeking metastatic variant cell lines. However, the relationship between IL13RA2 and patient prognosis is variable, and the biological function of this receptor in cancer remains controversial. We sought to define the role of IL13RA2 in triple-negative breast cancer growth and metastasis, with an emphasis on breast-to-brain metastasis. We generated IL13RA2-CRISPR knockout derivatives of the human brain-seeking breast cancer cell line MDA231BrM2, as well as murine 4T1 cells, and evaluated changes in gene expression, proliferation, survival, and metastatic growth in vivo. Both IL13RA2-deficient models demonstrate enhanced cell survival in vitro, as well as augmented metastatic tumor growth and worsened animal survival in intracardiac models of brain metastasis. Concordantly, elevated IL13RA2 mRNA expression is positively correlated with overall survival in patients with basal-like breast cancer. Mechanistically, IL13RA2-deficient cells exhibit increased AKT and NF-κB signaling. These cells are sensitive to inhibition of either pathway, but especially AKT, which may represent a clinically useful vulnerability for patients with IL13RA2-low tumors. Our data suggest that inhibition of IL13RA2, though promising in other tumor contexts, may be deleterious in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":10267,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Experimental Metastasis","volume":"42 5","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12263738/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144636337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prognostic significance of histopathological growth patterns in liver metastases undergoing surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Xiang-Yu Wang, Bo Zhang, Yin-Chen Gu, Mei Yang, Bao-Rui Tao, Rong-Quan Sun, Yi-Tong Li, Zhen-Mei Chen, Sen-Feng Ying, Chen-He Yi, Yan Geng, Rui Zhang, Jie Fan, Jin-Hong Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10585-025-10361-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-025-10361-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Histopathological growth pattern (HGP) is emerging as a promising pathological biomarker in liver metastases, with potential associations to prognosis and response to antiangiogenic therapy. Nonetheless, its prognostic role requires further elucidation for substantial heterogeneity of previous studies. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library for studies comparing the overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) between different HGPs in liver metastases from various cancer types. Data were pooled using hazard ratios (HRs) along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) according to fixed or random-effects models. Subgroup analysis was also performed to adjust critical confounders. In total, 36 studies were included in the final analysis. It was demonstrated that desmoplastic HGP (dHGP) was associated with favorable OS compared with non-dHGP (HR, 0.59; 95% CI 0.54-0.64), replacement HGP (rHGP, HR, 0.60; 95% CI 0.49-0.74) and pushing HGP (pHGP, HR, 0.63; 95% CI 0.43-0.92), respectively. Similarly, dHGP also demonstrated improved DFS compared with non-dHGP (HR, 0.58; 95% CI 0.52-0.65), rHGP (HR, 0.61; 95% CI 0.49-0.77) and pHGP (HR, 0.51; 95% CI 0.31-0.83), respectively. In subgroup analysis, dHGPs remains an independent prognostic factor regardless of critical confounders, such as the preoperative systemic therapy, cancer types and HGP categorization criteria. This study confirmed the prognostic role of HGPs in liver metastases receiving surgical resection. Clinically, adding HGPs in prognostic models may provide further optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":10267,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Experimental Metastasis","volume":"42 5","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144636338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The challenge of disappearing colorectal liver metastasis: balancing considerations between tumor biology and clinical consequence for liver surgery.","authors":"Daniel Ansari, Jenny Rystedt, Kjetil Søreide, Maria Lindberg, Roland Andersson","doi":"10.1007/s10585-025-10357-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10585-025-10357-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The modern use of neoadjuvant and conversion systemic therapy in patients with colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) has improved resection rates and changed the borders between \"resectable\" and \"unresectable\" disease. Also, the use of preoperative systemic therapy has resulted in an increased frequency of disappearing liver metastasis (DLM). The optimal management of DLM is still controversial. In this review, we explore the current literature and highlight key findings relating to the tumor biology, diagnosis and treatment options of DLM. The definition of DLM should be based on hepatobiliary contrast MRI, which is the most sensitive preoperative imaging method. Patients with DLM are younger and more often have normalized their CEA-levels, and they have a better survival than those without DLM, likely reflecting favorable tumor biology and effective treatment response. Recent data indicate that molecular profiling (e.g. APC mutations) may predict CRLM at highest risk for vanishing after chemotherapy. However, just because the lesion has disappeared on imaging does not mean that there is a complete histopathological response. However a \"watch and wait\" strategy for patients with DLM is not associated with a reduced survival compared to resected DLM, but may be associated with a higher rate of recurrence often available for \"rescue therapy\", i.e. ablation or resection at the time when DLM recur and become visible. Furthermore, very few of \"blind resections\" of DLM contain viable tumor cells. International surveys among practicing hepatobiliary surgeons have revealed a widespread variation in the clinical management of DLM. In the future, biopsy and sequencing of metastases may be considered for therapeutic decision making in patients with CRLM considering the intricate tumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution of the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":10267,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Experimental Metastasis","volume":"42 4","pages":"39"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12255583/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144616571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Renal cell carcinoma with metastasis to the pancreas: a model for oligometastasis, oligoprogression and metastatic organotropism.","authors":"Kjetil Søreide, Elen Martine Hauge, Maria Nyre Vigmostad","doi":"10.1007/s10585-025-10359-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10585-025-10359-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metastatic cancer has been considered uniformly fatal in the past with very poor outcomes for most cancer sites. However, novel systemic and targeted therapies have rendered unique responses with longer survival across several cancer types and metastatic sites. In addition, improved surgical experience and safety with good outcomes has made metastasectomy as an alternative curative-intent treatment across multiple organ sites. The pancreas is an uncommon site for metastasis, even if >30 different primary tumor entities have been described to metastasize to the pancreas. More than half of all resected metastasis in the pancreas are from renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RCC demonstrates a particular capacity to metastasize to nearly any site in the body-including uncommon sites like the tongue, salivary glands, spleen, testes, and pancreas-and, have remarkable plasticity and specific molecular trajectories with clinical implications. Cancer cells have a propensity to metastasize to specific organ sites, such as the lungs, liver or skeleton, called \"organotropism\" and the inherent tumor biology as well as the concept of 'oligometastatic' disease is still controversial and conflicting. Pancreatic metastasis has a very different biology from other RCC metastatic sites. Clinical observations suggest an indolent biology that warrants further investigation. Survival times are very long and approaching up to 10 years in recent series. In this paper we discuss the specific situation of pancreatic metastasis from RCC, the relation to oligometastasis and organotropism and how this can be viewed as a model to better understand cancer biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":10267,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Experimental Metastasis","volume":"42 4","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12226702/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144552494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CD18 and CD36 expression in neutrophils from tumors and tumor-draining lymph nodes: implications for metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma.","authors":"Sandra Ekstedt, Eduardo I Cardenas, Krzysztof Piersiala, Vilma Liljeström, Marianne Petro, Monika Ezerskyte, Pedro Farrajota Neves da Silva, Susanna Kumlien Georén, Lars-Olaf Cardell","doi":"10.1007/s10585-025-10356-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10585-025-10356-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neutrophil infiltration in tumors and tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) influences oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression and metastasis. Neutrophils can exhibit an immunosuppressive phenotype, with CD18 and CD36 potentially linked to this. This study characterizes CD18/CD36 expression on neutrophils from different OSCC microenvironments and their association with metastasis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We assessed CD18 and CD36 expression on neutrophils from OSCC tumors, TDLNs, and healthy lymph nodes using flow cytometry. We also examined whether co-culture with the CAL27 oral cancer cell line influenced CD18/CD36 expression in blood neutrophils from healthy donors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Neutrophils from OSCC tumors and TDLNs exhibited higher CD18 expression than those from healthy lymph nodes, while CD36 was increased only in OSCC tumors. The highest CD18/CD36 expression was observed in metastasis. In vitro co-culture with CAL27 cells prolonged neutrophil survival and enhanced CD18 expression but had no impact on CD36 levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Increased CD18/CD36 expression in OSCC neutrophils, particularly in metastasis, suggests their role in tumorigenesis. The elevated CD18 expression in TDLNs highlights enhanced neutrophil-lymphocyte interactions during cancer progression. Our in vitro findings underscore the ability of cancer cells to modulate neutrophil lifespan and phenotype, though this may not fully replicate the tumor microenvironment. This study provides insight into neutrophil contributions to OSCC progression and supports their potential as therapeutic targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":10267,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Experimental Metastasis","volume":"42 4","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12185613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stereotactic radiotherapy for oligometastatic mediastinal lymph-nodes: a multicentre retrospective experience.","authors":"Francesco Cuccia, Marina Campione, Gianluca Mortellaro, Gianluca Ferini, Valentina Zagardo, Anna Viola, Antonio Piras, Antonino Daidone, Mariella Truglio, Giuseppe Iatì, Giacomo Ferrantelli, Silvana Parisi, Giuseppe Ferrera, Stefano Pergolizzi","doi":"10.1007/s10585-025-10355-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10585-025-10355-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mediastinal oligometastases represent a clinical and technical challenge, due to the need to combine optimal treatment with the risk of severe toxicity. In this retrospective multicentre experience, we report the data of a cohort of patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for oligometastatic mediastinal lymph-nodes. Inclusion criteria of the study were: written informed consent for the treatment, ECOG PS ≤ 2, diagnosis of oligometastatic mediastinal lymph-nodes up to 5 lesions being the mediastinum the only active site of disease, patients treated with radiotherapy schedules applying a minimum 6 Gy per fraction. Prior radiotherapy to the mediastinum was not considered as an exclusion criterion. A total of 63 lymph-node metastases in 49 patients with median age of 69.5 years (range 47-83 years) received SBRT between September 2020 and April 2024, for a median total dose of 30 Gy (range 21-50 Gy) in 5 fractions (range 3-5). With a median follow-up of 15 months, 1- and 2-year local control rates were 96.9% and 91.8%, while distant progression-free survival rates were 66.7% and 30.2%. Median time to new systemic therapy was 12 months, while 1- and 2-year polymetastatic-free survival (PMFS) and overall survival (OS) were respectively 78% and 64%, and 86.2% and 75.8%. At statistical analysis, patients who develop a further oligoprogression treated with a second course of SBRT have a longer time to new systemic treatment (p = 0.017), being genitourinary and gynecological malignancies related to improved PMFS and OS at univariate analysis. Only one late G3 adverse event was observed, consisting of dysphagia treated with intravenous steroids. In our series, SBRT for oligometastatic mediastinal lymph-nodes was safe with a single G3 late adverse event, with promising results in terms of local control and time to activation of a new systemic therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10267,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Experimental Metastasis","volume":"42 4","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144324611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MRI-guided stereotactic radiotherapy for oligometastatic peritoneal carcinomatosis: toward integrative oncologic approaches.","authors":"Angela Romano, Giuditta Chiloiro, Luca Boldrini, Giulia Panza, Ilaria Castanò, Maura Campitelli, Isabella Costamagna, Irene Moretti, Matteo Nardini, Marco Valerio Antonelli, Claudio Votta, Lorenzo Placidi, Maria Antonietta Gambacorta","doi":"10.1007/s10585-025-10354-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-025-10354-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10267,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Experimental Metastasis","volume":"42 4","pages":"35"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting cancer cell stiffness and metastasis with clinical therapeutics.","authors":"Alexa M Gajda, Raymundo Rodríguez-López, Ekrem Emrah Er","doi":"10.1007/s10585-025-10353-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10585-025-10353-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tumorigenesis and metastasis of solid tumors are coupled to profound biophysical changes that alter cancer cells' mechanobiology, critically impacting metastatic progression. In particular, cell stiffness determines the ability of cancer cells to invade surrounding tissues, withstand shear fluid stress and evade immune surveillance. Here, we summarize the biological factors, pathological factors, and therapeutic modalities that affect the mechanobiology of cancer cells. We focus on clinically utilized chemotherapeutics and targeted therapies that show direct and indirect modulation of cancer cells' stiffness and discuss how these treatments can be used in combination with other treatment modalities to improve patient outcomes. Finally, we list the outstanding challenges in the field and provide a perspective on expanding the clinical utilization of experimental therapeutics that can act as \"mechanotherapeutics\" by regulating mechanobiology of cancer cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":10267,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Experimental Metastasis","volume":"42 4","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12159105/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144265413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiotherapy for patients with brain metastases and leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: prognostic factors and clinical outcomes.","authors":"Lena Maria Blattmann, Rami El Shafie, Stephanie Bendrich, Sandra Donath, Olga Knaus, Andrea Hille, Tammam Abboud, Manuel Guhlich, Martin Leu, Markus Anton Schirmer, Mahalia Zoe Anczykowski, Laura Anna Fischer, Benedikt Kieslich, Philipp Jung, Stefan Rieken, Carla Marie Zwerenz, Leif Hendrik Dröge","doi":"10.1007/s10585-025-10352-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10585-025-10352-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brain metastases and leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LC) are complications of advanced-stage malignancies, associated with a poor prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the role of prognostic factors and radiotherapy (RT) treatment approaches while taking toxicity into account. We performed a retrospective study and compared clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, toxicities and outcomes in patients with (1) parenchymal brain metastases (PM) (n = 275) vs. LC (n = 35) and (2) in patients with whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) (n = 52) vs. WBRT + boost (n = 201). We found poorer survival (OS) of the LC group compared to PM patients in univariable analysis (not in multivariable analysis). LC patients predominantly underwent WBRT only, received surgical resection before RT less frequently and had more RT discontinuations than PM patients. OS was better in the WBRT + boost group than in the WBRT only group. In patients who received WBRT + boost, the primary tumor was more often controlled, and the number of PM was lower compared to the WBRT only group. WBRT + boost was associated with higher rates of alopecia than WBRT only. Patients with LC had a worse prognosis compared to patients with PM. WBRT + boost resulted in higher toxicity than WBRT only but resulted in better OS in the presented study. WBRT + boost patients had more favorable prognostic factors prior to RT, so OS improvement is not likely due to boost. Treating brain metastases requires a careful assessment of benefits and risks. Optimal RT planning should consider prognostic factors and potential side effects individually.</p>","PeriodicalId":10267,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Experimental Metastasis","volume":"42 4","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130157/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144207825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospective multicentre study of patients with cutaneous metastases from breast cancer treated with electrochemotherapy.","authors":"Francesco Russano, Giacomo Corrado, Antonio Bonadies, Emilia Migliano, Raimondo di Giacomo, Emanuela Esposito, Claudio Zamagni, Ada Ala, Luca Campana, Tommaso Fabrizio, Matteo Ghilli, Dante Palli, Mariuccia Renne, Roberta Cabula, Fabio Pelle, Barbara Silvestri, Maria Vittoria Dieci, Valentina Guarneri, Marco Rastrelli","doi":"10.1007/s10585-025-10350-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10585-025-10350-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a local treatment combining chemotherapy with electroporation. This prospective multicentre study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ECT in the treatment of patients with skin metastases from breast cancer and confirm whether \"luminal A-like\" tumors are more responsive to treatment. One-hundred and ninety-five patients were included in the analysis. 55% achieved complete response, 27% partial response (objective response OR 82%); 12% stable disease and 5% experienced progressive disease. The analysis by tumor phenotype showed a significant better response rate in Luminal A-like (p = 0.0060) and Luminal B-like (p = 0.0271) groups compared to Triple-Negative. Patients were divided into 4 groups based on the number and size of cutaneous metastases. Higher response rate was observed in patients with small (≤ 3 cm), single or multiple, metastases (OR rate 95% and 90%, respectively); larger tumors (> 3 cm) showed an OR rate of 85%. Tumor response was not affected by the presence of distant metastases, whereas patients with large cutaneous lesions and distant metastases showed a OR rate of 58%. One-year local progression-free survival (LPFS) was 86% (C.I. 82-89%). In the multivariate analysis, patient age and response to ECT were significantly associated with longer LPFS. This study confirms the efficacy of ECT in small-volume cutaneous metastases from breast cancer regardless the presence of systemic disease and suggests higher efficacy in patients with luminal A- and luminal B-like tumors. ECT can be utilized not only as a palliative measure but also as an alternative treatment for patients not eligible for standard treatments, or in combination with them. Trial registered on https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06683404 (date of registration 11/11/2024) retrospectively registered.</p>","PeriodicalId":10267,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Experimental Metastasis","volume":"42 4","pages":"32"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12122555/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144172960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}