Norms beyond Empire最新文献

Finding Norms for the Chinese Mission: The Hat Controversy in the Canton Conference of 1667/1668 为中国使团寻找规范:1667/1668年广州会议上的帽子之争

Norms beyond Empire Pub Date : 2021-11-05 DOI: 10.1163/9789004472839_010

Marina Torres Trimállez

引用次数: 0

Catholics and Non-Christians in the Archbishopric of Goa 果阿总教区的天主教徒和非基督徒

Norms beyond Empire Pub Date : 2021-11-05 DOI: 10.1163/9789004472839_005

Patricia Souza de Faria

{"title":"Catholics and Non-Christians in the Archbishopric of Goa","authors":"Patricia Souza de Faria","doi":"10.1163/9789004472839_005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004472839_005","url":null,"abstract":"In 1567, the First Provincial Council of Goa was held in the city that became the seat of the homonymous Archbishopric and capital of the Portuguese conquests located in Asia. Within the scope of the Portuguese overseas empire, the Provincial Councils of Goa stand out for the relative regularity with which they were held, totaling five councils celebrated between 1567 and 1606, and for their role in the production of ecclesiastical legislation to be applied in territories and societies as diverse as those under the jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Goa. This chapter analyzes how the relationship between Catholics and non-Christians was intended to be governed by the Church and the Portuguese Crown in the Archbishopric of Goa. By analyzing the decrees of the Provincial Councils of Goa as well as some specific regulations utilized in the Estado da Índia, the actions aimed at promoting the conversion of local populations and eradicating non-Christian beliefs can be examined. Simultaneously, it is necessary to consider the multiple concrete circumstances in which Catholics and non-Christians coexisted and interacted in the territories of the Estado da Índia. The first section discusses the nature of the Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean and its establishments, demonstrating that the ecclesiastical organization of the Estado da Índia was built amid a diversity of establishments and communities under the influence—directly or indirectly—of the Portuguese Crown. The second section summarizes the historical contexts and main products of the five Provincial Councils of Goa. Additionally, the essence of the decrees contained in the Second Action of the minutes from these councils are analyzed, with attention to the regulations aimed at dealing with non-Christian social groups and the idealized means for promoting conversions to Catholicism in the Archbishopric of Goa. The determinations","PeriodicalId":102272,"journal":{"name":"Norms beyond Empire","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122548175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

“Que los indios no puedan vender sus hijas para contraer matrimonio”: Understanding and Regulating Bridewealth and Brideservice in the Spanish Colonial Period of the Philippines “印第安人不能为了结婚而出卖女儿”:菲律宾西班牙殖民时期对新娘财富和新娘服务的理解和规范

Norms beyond Empire Pub Date : 2021-11-05 DOI: 10.1163/9789004472839_006

M. Camacho

{"title":"“Que los indios no puedan vender sus hijas para contraer matrimonio”: Understanding and Regulating Bridewealth and Brideservice in the Spanish Colonial Period of the Philippines","authors":"M. Camacho","doi":"10.1163/9789004472839_006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004472839_006","url":null,"abstract":"In his seminal work on the process of hispanization in the first century and a half of Spanish rule in the Philippines, John Leddy Phelan concluded that the Spaniards had succeeded in Christianizing matrimony; however, he acknowledged that socioeconomic aspects of prehispanic marriage persisted in the first century of Spanish colonization, particularly those of brideprice and bride-gift. According to Phelan, these practices “smacked of fathers selling their daughters, perhaps against the latter’s will, to the highest bidder”.1 While Phelan differentiated between dowry and brideprice as Philippine indigenous practices, an examination of Spanish sources, ethnographic and otherwise, shows that what the Spaniards called ‘dowry’ (dote) corresponds to brideprice; that is, these two marriage prestations were actually the same. The application of European nomenclature obscured the meaning of the original indigenous referent (bugay in Bisaya and bigay-kaya in Tagalog, two Philippine languages), and so, like early modern Spanish authors in the field, Phelan appears to have confused these terms. This chapter problematizes the conceptual translation of indigenous marriage prestations. It explores the perspectives of moral theologians and clergymen, and traces the normative means, both ecclesiastical and secular, and their juridical and moral underpinnings, to make native customs conform to Catholic matrimonial law and values. Likewise, it examines normative literature and judicial sources to discern the indigenous response to these efforts at transformation in the late 17th to 18th century. In sum, it traces the ways in which the institutions of bugay/bigay-kaya were practised, interpreted, contested, and integrated into the colonial matrimonial order.","PeriodicalId":102272,"journal":{"name":"Norms beyond Empire","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133571284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Time as Norm: The Ritual Dimension of the Calendar Book and the Translation of Multi-Temporality in Late Imperial China 以时间为规范:历书的仪式维度与中国帝制晚期多时性的翻译

Norms beyond Empire Pub Date : 2021-11-05 DOI: 10.1163/9789004472839_011

Fupeng Li

{"title":"Time as Norm: The Ritual Dimension of the Calendar Book and the Translation of Multi-Temporality in Late Imperial China","authors":"Fupeng Li","doi":"10.1163/9789004472839_011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004472839_011","url":null,"abstract":"The Great Voyage not only triggered the geographical connectivity of the Iberian Peninsula to the world, but also brought about a global reconciliation of temporal order through the circulation of Western astronomical knowledge.1 In the face of intercultural encounters between China and the Iberian empires, two types of normative knowledge were spread by missionaries, but with diametrically opposed outcomes in the Chinese context, thus forming a tale of two cities: Portuguese Macau and Beijing, concerning religion and science, respectively.2 In contrast to the prohibition of Christianity due to the Rites Controversy over the religiosity of Confucianism,3 the scientific knowledge of astronomy was incorporated into Chinese traditional ritual practices by the Jesuits serving at the imperial court, in the formulation of calendar books, after the German Jesuit Adam Schall von Bell (1591–1666) was appointed as director of the Imperial Observatory (欽天監) in 1644. By focusing on the distinct ways of marking time in China and Christianity, this chapter, first, demonstrates the differences between the two genres of knowledge—Jesuit astronomy and traditional Chinese numerology—by revisiting the calendrical controversies during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties so as to redefine the Chinese calendar as a manual of rituals for guiding the actions and decision-making process of daily life. Second, the chapter","PeriodicalId":102272,"journal":{"name":"Norms beyond Empire","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124540608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Decentering Law and Empire: Law-Making, Local Normativities, and the Iberian Empires in Asia 去中心化的法律与帝国:亚洲的法律制定、地方规范与伊比利亚帝国

Norms beyond Empire Pub Date : 2021-11-05 DOI: 10.1163/9789004472839_002

引用次数: 1

Theology in the Dark: The Missionary Casuistry of Japan Jesuits and Dominicans during the Tokugawa Persecution (1616–1622) 黑暗中的神学:德川迫害时期日本耶稣会士和道明会士的传教诡辩(1616-1622)

Norms beyond Empire Pub Date : 2021-11-05 DOI: 10.1163/9789004472839_009

Rômulo da Silva Ehalt

引用次数: 0

Village Normativities and the Portuguese Imperial Order: The Case of Early Modern Goa 村落规范与葡萄牙帝国秩序:近代早期果阿的个案

Norms beyond Empire Pub Date : 2021-11-05 DOI: 10.1163/9789004472839_003

Â. Xavier

{"title":"Village Normativities and the Portuguese Imperial Order: The Case of Early Modern Goa","authors":"Â. Xavier","doi":"10.1163/9789004472839_003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004472839_003","url":null,"abstract":"Upon visiting the villages of the ‘Old Conquests’ of Goa today—the territories that included Tiswadi, Salcete, and Bardez—it would be clear that they are very different from those of Portugal. Dominated by the Portuguese for 450 years, one could conceivably expect more similarities. Their ‘Indianness’, particularly in what concerns their religious normativity, was reconstructed during the 19th and 20th centuries. However, before the 19th century, the ‘Lusitanization’ of these villages—that is to say, the incorporation of Portuguese-style practices into village life—was more explicit in very specific dimensions, namely the administrative, legal, and religious ones. This chapter addresses some of the dimensions of this process from the perspective of the life and afterlife of a Portuguese imperial document of 1526, the Foral dos usos e costumes dos Gancares e Lavradores da Ilha de Goa e outras annexas a ella, better known as Foral de Mexia, henceforth referred to as Foral.1 Since the 16th century, Portuguese imperial administrators and, later, scholars have collected a large body of knowledge about Goan normative orders and their cultural differences in relation to the Portuguese normative orders they were familiar with (which included their African dominions). Following this, European travelers, missionaries, and merchants have also registered information about the rules that operated in different parts of Western India, particularly those relating to religion, marriage, hereditary offices, and land. The relationship between these normativities and the Portuguese imperial order, however, still needs further study. Normativities, as defined by Thomas Duve, are the sets of juridical, religious, social, and economic norms which guide individuals, groups, and peoples in","PeriodicalId":102272,"journal":{"name":"Norms beyond Empire","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122654633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

On Gentilidade as a Religious Offence: A Specificity of the Portuguese Inquisition in Asia? Gentilidade作为一种宗教罪行:葡萄牙宗教裁判所在亚洲的特殊性?

Norms beyond Empire Pub Date : 2021-11-05 DOI: 10.1163/9789004472839_008

M. R. Lourenço

{"title":"On Gentilidade as a Religious Offence: A Specificity of the Portuguese Inquisition in Asia?","authors":"M. R. Lourenço","doi":"10.1163/9789004472839_008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004472839_008","url":null,"abstract":"The transfer of the Iberian Inquisitions to the overseas territories of Portugal and Spain in 1560 and 1569–71 impacted the functioning of these tribunals in ways that were by no means superficial—to the extent that this institution was challenged by problems that it had not anticipated and for which it was only minimally prepared. Despite being an institution that was intended to be uniform in its organization and procedures, in African, American, and Asian contexts, the Inquisition was forced to adjust its models of surveillance as they were practiced in the Iberian Peninsula. The territories where the Crown—and by extension, the Holy Office— claimed jurisdiction encompassed large geographies that contrasted with the Iberian/European background that provided the social and religious matrix on which the jurisprudence practiced by the inquisitorial courts was based. Modern Inquisitions were heirs to a centuries-old process of adapting, employing, and defining the vocabulary relating to transgression and orthodoxy. Drawing from different social settings of Greek-Roman society, early Christian authors employed terms such as “sect”, “heresy”, or “superstition” to structure the basic discourse on faith and religion.1 The theological sophistication that ensued from the need to differentiate Christian orthodoxy from other groups claiming doctrinal authority also fostered a heresiological discourse that named, classified, and defined religious dissention to the point that it resulted in the production of handbooks on heresies, while Roman courts were making use of their own terminology to address charges of religious dissention.2 Thus, the","PeriodicalId":102272,"journal":{"name":"Norms beyond Empire","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126619648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Principales of Philip II: Vassalage, Justice, and the Making of Indigenous Jurisdiction in the Early Colonial Philippines 菲利普二世的原则:早期殖民菲律宾的藩属、司法和土著司法的形成

Norms beyond Empire Pub Date : 2021-11-05 DOI: 10.1163/9789004472839_004

Abisai Perez Zamarripa

{"title":"The Principales of Philip II: Vassalage, Justice, and the Making of Indigenous Jurisdiction in the Early Colonial Philippines","authors":"Abisai Perez Zamarripa","doi":"10.1163/9789004472839_004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004472839_004","url":null,"abstract":"In early May, 1590, native chief Don Felipe Tuliao of Guagua (Pampanga, the Philippines) testified, at the request of Spanish Governor Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas, about the current state of local justice. A year before, Dasmariñas had mandated to summarily conduct, i.e. resolve orally without keeping written records, all the local lawsuits, and he requested that the Crown make his order irrevocable. To achieve his goal, the governor resorted to the testimonies of principales, as the Spaniards called the indigenous rulers of the Philippines. According to principal Tuliao, since “the lawsuits are determined verbally without writing”, natives no longer filed “unjust lawsuits proven with false witnesses” or spent their goods on “the many fees that the judges and their officials” required. In Tuliao’s opinion, a royal confirmation of summary justice “would be a particular merced (favor) to these islands” because it dealt with two obstacles in the dispensing of justice explored in this paper: the shortage of colonial magistrates and the abuses that they performed against the natives.1 Tuliao’s testimony provides insight into the dispensing of justice by the Spanish Crown to its Philippine subjects—a key strategy for keeping the newly conquered islands under its control. Thus, the question arises, which principles governed the administration of justice in the early colonial Philippines and how did the Crown manage this?","PeriodicalId":102272,"journal":{"name":"Norms beyond Empire","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125348129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Janus Face of Normativities in a Global Mirror: Viewing 16th-Century Marriage Practices in Japan from Christian and Japanese Traditions 从基督教和日本传统看16世纪日本的婚姻习俗

Norms beyond Empire Pub Date : 2021-11-05 DOI: 10.1163/9789004472839_007

Luísa Silva

{"title":"The Janus Face of Normativities in a Global Mirror: Viewing 16th-Century Marriage Practices in Japan from Christian and Japanese Traditions","authors":"Luísa Silva","doi":"10.1163/9789004472839_007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004472839_007","url":null,"abstract":"Since the 13th century, the Ashikaga clan governed Japan as shōguns (military rulers). During the rule of Ashikaga Yoshiharu, the 12th shōgun of the Muromachi period (1336–1573), Japan was amid the turmoil of a civil war. Due to the lack of political articulation, the effective power of the shōgun was diminishing considerably day by day. To complicate this scenario, something unique happened for the first time on Japanese soil: in 1543, Portuguese travelers arrived in the island of Tanegashima aboard Chinese junk ships, making the first contact between Japan and Europe.1 Six years later, the first Jesuits in Japan, Francisco Xavier, Cosme de Torres, and Juan Fernández, landed in today’s Kagoshima, at that time part of the Satsuma fief, and began the Christian mission in Japan. After these events, an increasing number of missionaries came to Japan, developed their evangelical mission, and attempted to forge alliances with daimyōs (local warlords) and shōguns. From that moment, Christians began to document their life, their preaching, and their mission in Japan. Today, this corpus of sources can be found in different parts of the world in Jesuit, Franciscan, and Dominican archives. Descriptions about early Christian life in Japan can also be found in national archives around the world: in Tokyo, Madrid, Mexico City, Lisbon, Seville, and Manila, to name a few. This includes official correspondence with monarchs in Europe, histories of Japan, descriptions and letters, and instructions for the captains of the official trips from China to Japan.2 The same, however, cannot be said about Japanese sources about the Christians written in the same period. Many factors account for this imbalance, with the most significant one being the systematic persecution of Christians since","PeriodicalId":102272,"journal":{"name":"Norms beyond Empire","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126358975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1