Tropical biomedicine最新文献

{"title":"Effect of secondary metabolites from Streptomyces sp. KSF103 on dengue virus 2 replication competency in C6/36 cells and identification of potent dengue virus 2 inhibitors.","authors":"Z H Amelia-Yap, V L Low, A S Azman, S S Sam, B T Teoh, W Y Vinnie-Siow, T K Tan, P Hassandarvish","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.3.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.42.3.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Streptomyces sp. KSF103 has demonstrated promising insecticidal properties, prompting a subsequent study to evaluate the in vitro effects of its ethyl acetate (EA) extract on dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) replication in Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells. Pre- and post-treatment assays revealed significant inhibition of viral replication, indicating that the EA extract disrupts both viral entry and adsorption in pre-treated cells, as well as intracellular replication in post-treated cells. Chemical profiling using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) identified several bioactive compounds in the extract, including pentanamide, C17 sphinganine, dichamanetin, dodemorph, and antillatoxin B. Further in silico molecular docking analysis targeting DENV-2 NS2B/NS3 protease, NS5 polymerase, and envelope (E) protein revealed that antillatoxin B and dichamanetin exhibit strong binding affinities, supporting their potential antiviral activity. These findings align with the observed inhibitory effects of the EA extract and highlight its potential as a source of potent DENV-2 inhibitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 3","pages":"291-300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repellent efficacy of Coleus amboinicus Lour. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) essential oil against Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae).","authors":"W N A Muhammad Ghazali, N K Jeyaprakasam, H Othman, S G H Tang, C D Chen","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.3.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.42.3.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue fever necessitates the development of effective and safe repellents. This study evaluated the repellent efficacy of Coleus amboinicus essential oil (CAEO) against Aedes aegypti, a primary vector of dengue in Malaysia. Essential oil was extracted via hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC-MS, revealing 17 compounds, with carbamic acid (30.75%) as the major constituent, followed by caryophyllene (6.52%) and ρ-cymene (6.40%). Repellency assays were conducted using human volunteers at concentrations of 2.5%, 5.0%, 10.0%, and 20.0% CAEO and DEET. Results indicated that CAEO exhibited a concentration-dependent repellent effect comparable to DEET, with 20% CAEO offering 95.83% repellency. Complete protection time evaluation showed CAEO provided 100% protection for 30 minutes and >80% efficacy for up to 3.5 hours, while DEET offered complete protection for 4 hours. The findings highlight CAEO's potential as a natural repellent alternative, although variability in composition and efficacy underscores the need for further research, including field trials and formulation enhancements to improve longevity and effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 3","pages":"301-306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145318920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic evaluation of soil-transmitted helminth infections among the Kensiu Negrito indigenous community.","authors":"I L Lee, N J Yap, M Z Tee, N Abdull-Majid, Y X Er, Y A L Lim","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.3.001","DOIUrl":"10.47665/tb.42.3.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections among the Kensiu Negrito indigenous community in Kampung Lubuk Legong, Kedah, Malaysia, before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 70 and 87 participants were examined in 2020 and 2022, respectively. STH infections were detected using the Kato-Katz and formalin-ether concentration methods. The overall prevalence declined from 85.7% in 2020 to 65.5% in 2022, a statistically significant reduction (p = 0.0054). Trichuris trichiura remained the most common STH infection (year 2020: 84.3%; year 2022: 63.2%), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (2020: 32.9%; 2022: 24.1%) and hookworm (2020: 21.4%; 2022: 25.3%). A statistically significant decrease was observed for T. trichiura overall (p = 0.0039) and in moderate infections (p < 0.0001), while the changes in A. lumbricoides and hookworm were not significant. The study employed a descriptive design and statistical comparisons were limited due to the small sample size. Despite this, the findings suggest an overall improvement in STH prevalence post-pandemic. Continued monitoring and culturally sensitive interventions remain essential to address persistent infection and promote long-term health improvements in Orang Asli communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 3","pages":"236-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145318959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of coumarin on carrion decomposition and its secondary bioaccumulation in Chrysomya rufifacies larvae.","authors":"M Othman, N A Abdul Rahim, Z Ngaini","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.3.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.42.3.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The presence of chemical substances can interfere with the insect activities, affecting the decomposition duration of carrion, thus under-estimating the minimum post-mortem interval. This study investigates the effects of coumarin an active ingredient in anti-coagulant rodenticide, on carrion decomposition and secondary bioaccumulation in fly larvae tissue. Twenty-four rat carcasses were divided into control (CR) and coumarin-treated (TR) groups, and their decomposition stages were observed under identical environmental conditions. Results indicate that coumarin delayed the decomposition by approximately four days, primarily due to its impact on insect arrival and larval activity. Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart, 1843) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) was the predominant species in both groups, with slower larval feeding on TR carcasses prolonging the transition from active to advanced decay. Secondary bioaccumulation of coumarin in third-instar larvae was detected using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). These findings highlight coumarin's potential to alter insect succession patterns and its implications for minimum post-mortem interval (minPMI) estimation in forensic investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 3","pages":"328-336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report of Giardia duodenalis assemblages A and B in wild hornbills.","authors":"T K Tan, V L Low, A L Yvonne Lim, H-L Ser, M Boyd, G Sivapragasam, R Kaur","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.3.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.42.3.015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary is internationally known for its biodiversity and is recognized as one of an Important Bird Area (IBA). There are eight species of hornbills that persist in the fragmented landscape of Kinabatangan, Sabah. While the lack of nesting sites, food resources and hunting threats have been well described, little is known about the health status of these birds in the wild. Accordingly, the present study aimed to determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotypes in the wild populations of hornbills in Sabah, East Malaysia as it may have implications to current conservation strategies. Understanding the distribution of parasites in wildlife is a crucial area of study, as parasites can have a substantial impact on the health and viability of wild animals, as well as zoonotic consequences. At the time of writing, the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia protozoa in wildlife has been understudied and poorly documented in Southeast Asia. This study provides the first molecular evidence of zoonotic Giardia duodenalis assemblages A and B in hornbills. These findings are important to assess the health of wild populations of endangered hornbills. In addition, to emphasize the importance of monitoring the distribution of assemblages of G. duodenalis with a broad host distribution as top priority for the development of appropriate public health policies to reduce the potential transmission of this enteric protozoan.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 3","pages":"356-360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pavement parasites: a preliminary environmental survey of cat parasites in Klang Valley public housing areas.","authors":"N AbuBakar, N A Othman, S N Mohd Zain, N Sahimin","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.3.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.42.3.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to their proximity and association, cats play a dual role in humans' lives, serving as common companion animals as well as strays. However, they also serve as a significant reservoir for various parasites, including gastrointestinal (GI) parasites. The global prevalence of GI parasites in cats is relatively high, raising concerns about their potential transmission to humans and the risk of causing diseases. Cat droppings are frequently found contaminating the environment and, admittedly, more often in low-income housing areas, posing additional risks to this marginalised group. Therefore, this study aimed to survey the preliminary environmental prevalence of GI parasites in the faecal samples of cats collected from urban poor neighbourhoods in Klang Valley, Malaysia. A total of one hundred cat faecal samples were collected from 10 low-cost housing neighbourhoods across Klang Valley, Malaysia. The samples were then screened using direct smear, concentration techniques, and Harada-Mori to determine the parasitic prevalence. The overall prevalence was 73.0% (n=73), with at least one parasite species infecting the cats. A total of six GI parasites were recovered, including Hookworm (n=63, 63.0%), Toxocara spp. (n=26, 26.0%), Cystoisospora spp. (n=7, 7.0%), Ascaris spp. (n=2, 2.0%), Balantidium coli (n=1, 1.0%), and Trichuris spp. (n=1, 1.0%). Understanding the prevalence of these parasites is crucial, particularly in marginalised communities where poor environmental hygiene and overcrowding are prevalent, to ensure that appropriate preventive and control measures are implemented due to the zoonotic potential of these infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 3","pages":"320-327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145318882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antiviral potential of Tualang honey in Chikungunya virus-infected human synoviocytes.","authors":"N A Mohamad, K K Banga Singh, N Mohd Redzwan, S M Wang, R H Shueb","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.3.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.42.3.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by chikungunya virus (CHIKV), characterised by fever, polyarthralgia, myalgia, rash, and headache, with chronic arthralgia persisting for months or years. Although vaccine is recently available, it is not widely used, and treatment focuses on symptom relief. Many natural products or their active compounds have been investigated for their anti-CHIKV activities on Vero cells which is irrelevant in CHIKV pathogenesis in human. Tualang Honey has also been shown to exert anti-CHIKV in Vero cells. This study advances the evaluation of Tualang honey's antiviral activity against CHIKV by utilising human fibroblast-like synoviocyte (HFLS) cells, a model more reflective of joint pathology in chronic infection. The maximum non-toxic dose (MNTD) of honey was determined using XTT assay. The effects of different concentrations and incubation times of honey were explored using pre-treatment and post-treatment assays, while anti-adsorption and anti-entry assays were used to investigate its antiviral activities. The MNTD of Tualang honey on HFLS cells was determined to be 50 mg/mL. Tualang honey at concentrations < 20 mg/mL exhibited variable prophylactic activity in the pre-treatment assay, reducing viral titres by 29.21% to 94.87%. Significant CHIKV inhibition (p < 0.05) was observed with 10 and 15 mg/mL pre-treatment for 6 and 12 hours before infection, respectively. Notably, its anti-CHIKV effects were stronger during pre-treatment than post-treatment assay. Posttreatment with honey caused minimal to strong CHIKV inhibition, lowering viral titres by 6.67%-72.46%, depending on the concentration and incubation time, although it was not statistically significant. Tualang honey showed stronger anti-entry than anti-adsorption effects, decreasing viral titres by up to 90.45% and 66.89%, respectively. This study highlights Tualang honey's anti-CHIKV activity through various mechanisms, although further research is needed to confirm its clinical relevance. Importantly, the effects of concentration and incubation time are essential factors in determining antiviral efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 3","pages":"250-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular epidemiology and antifungal susceptibilities of Cryptococcus neoformans in bird droppings from zoological gardens and public places in Peninsular Malaysia.","authors":"H Faisal, A Muslim, V Subramaniam, Y A L Lim","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.3.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.42.3.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cryptococcus neoformans, a ubiquitous fungus commonly found in bird droppings, poses a significant health risk by causing cryptococcal meningitis especially in immunocompromised individuals. In Malaysia, clinical reports from 1964-2010 documented an increasing incidence of C. neoformans cases, even in healthy individuals. Nevertheless, studies focusing on C. neoformans occurrence in birds are limited, with the last study conducted in 2005, focusing solely on the Klang Valley region. We aimed to update the molecular epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of C. neoformans in bird droppings from public areas and zoological gardens across Peninsular Malaysia. Molecular identifications were performed using nested-PCR with CNLAC1 outer and inner primer pairs for the primary and secondary PCR. Antifungal susceptibility tests were conducted against Amphotericin B, Fluconazole, and Itraconazole. The hygiene and environmental conditions of the zoological gardens were recorded. A total of 509 bird droppings were collected: 257 (50.5%) from public places and 252 (49.5%) from zoological gardens. Most samples from public areas were from common pigeons (n = 144; 56.0%), while samples from Mandarin ducks predominated in zoological gardens (n = 40; 15.9%). The overall prevalence of C. neoformans was 42.6% (217/509), with a higher prevalence in zoological gardens (116/252; 46.0%) versus public places (101/257; 39.3%) (P = 0.125). Notably, common pigeons in zoological gardens showed a significantly higher carrier rate (80.8%) versus in public places (54.9%) (P = 0.013). Other species with high carrier rates in zoological garden included Indian peafowls (61.9%) and budgie birds (61.3%). In public areas, apart from pigeons; doves (43.5%) also exhibited a high prevalence. Enclosure density and Columbidae family were found to be associated with high positivity rate in zoological gardens. Two strains were identified: C. neoformans var. neoformans (serotype D) and C. neoformans var. grubii (serotype A). One isolate exhibited resistance to Itraconazole. This study highlights the need for ongoing public health surveillance and preventive measures particularly in settings where human-bird interactions are frequent.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 3","pages":"267-277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145318847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) gene polymorphism is associated with pulmonary tuberculosis susceptibility in a Thai population.","authors":"P Tiwongsa, V Buapipatvong, S Khamsalao, P Petchee, M Kulpraneet, N Choomchuay, S Wiwattanakul, A Limtrakul, S Puttikamonkul, A Watthammawut, R Poonkhum, K Chotelersak, M Taweechotipatr, P Tangteerawatana","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.3.013","DOIUrl":"10.47665/tb.42.3.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a T-cell inactivation receptor and has been found to be elevated in Tuberculosis (TB) patients. The functional polymorphisms in CTLA-4 gene, including CTLA4+49A/G (rs231775) and CTLA-4+6230A/G (rs3087243) have been reported to be associated with the risk for many diseases. The two aforementioned functional polymorphisms in the CTLA-4 gene were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in order to investigate the possible susceptibility to pulmonary TB (PTB) in a Thai population. In this study, TB patients were grouped as 1) PTB with and without comorbidity of other diseases (PTB) 2) PTB without comorbidity of other diseases (PTBWO) 3) PTB comorbidity with other diseases (PTBD). We demonstrated that the allele frequency of CTLA-4+49A was higher in PTB, PTBWO, and PTBD groups than in healthy controls subjects (HCS), but no significant association of CTLA-4+49A/G polymorphisms with PTB, PTBWO and PTBD were seen. Whereas the CTLA-4+6230A allele was significantly higher in PTB, PTBWO and PTBD groups than in HCS, and the CTLA-4+6230A allele was found to be significantly associated with PTB, PTBWO and PTBD (P=0.007, OR 2.111, 95%CI(1.220-3.652); P=0.0218, OR 2, 95%CI(1.100-635); P=0.0439, OR 2.5, 95%CI(1.004-6.227) for PTB, PTBWO and PTBD respectively), as well as CTLA-4+6230AG genotype was found to be significantly associated with PTB and PTBWO (P=0.0432, OR 2.259, 95%CI(1.018-5.014); P=0.0392, OR 2.464, 95%CI(1.034-5.874) for PTB and PTBWO respectively). For the combination of CTLA-4+49A/G+6230A/G genotypes, +49AA+6230AA and +49AG+6230AG genotypes was more frequent in PTB and PTBWO groups. This study is the first to investigate CTLA-4+49A/G and +6230A/G polymorphisms in PTB patients in Thailand, The A allele and AG genotype of CTLA-4+6230A/G was significantly associated with PTB, suggesting a possible genetic influence on TB susceptibility. These findings indicate that CTLA-4 polymorphisms, especially CTLA4+6230A/G, may play a role in PTB risk in the Thai population.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 3","pages":"337-343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The efficiency of non-thermal plasma on the inhibition of environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon droppings.","authors":"P Buppan, N Saengchan, K Thongma, P Phuangphuang, W Sangwang, K Matra","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.3.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.42.3.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the antifungal efficacy of a non-thermal plasma (NTP) jet against environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans, a pathogenic fungus commonly found in pigeon droppings and associated with serious infections in immunocompromised individuals. Given the increasing concern over environmental fungal contamination and drug-resistant strains, this research aimed to identify optimized plasma conditions for effective fungal inactivation without relying on chemical disinfectants. Environmental C. neoformans isolates were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar and subjected to NTP treatment under systematically varied parameters: input power (30, 50, and 70 W), exposure time (30 s, 1, 2, and 3 min), and air flow rates (1, 1.5, and 2 LPM) mixed with a constant 12 LPM argon gas. Following treatment, plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, and antifungal activity was assessed by measuring the inhibition zone. The highest antifungal effect was achieved at 70 W, with a 3-minute exposure and Ar:Air flow ratio of 12:2 LPM, producing a clear zone of 0.93 ± 0.05 cm². This value corresponded to 28.6% of the inhibition zone produced by the Amphotericin B positive control (3.25 ± 0.08 cm²). All treatment conditions exhibited statistically significant inhibition (p < 0.05), with increased efficacy at higher airflow and longer exposure durations. The generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) is believed to be the primary mechanism underlying fungal inactivation. These findings demonstrate that Argon-Air-based NTP jet systems offer a promising, eco-friendly, and non-chemical approach for controlling fungal pathogens in environmental settings. The method has potential for application in urban sanitation and public health contexts where fungal contamination from bird droppings poses ongoing risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 3","pages":"258-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145318994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}