Tropical biomedicine最新文献

{"title":"Blastocystis subtypes in ruminant livestock from Perak and assessment of zoonotic transmission risks from livestock in Peninsular Malaysia.","authors":"A A Rauff-Adedotun, I L Lee, P Bathmanaban, Z S Yahaya, M T Farah Haziqah","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.2.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.42.2.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blastocystis is a ubiquitous intestinal protist of humans and animals. It is a genetically diverse organism whose part in the health and disease is still uncertain. This study provides information on Blastocystis STs in cattle, goats, and sheep in Perak, Malaysia, and the likely role of livestock animals in Blastocystis transmission to humans in Malaysia. Faecal samples from a total of 151 livestock animals consisting of cattle, goats, and sheep from Perak were examined by PCR analysis of the barcode region. Blastocystis ST10, ST14, and ST21 were identified in this study, and ST10 was common to all three ruminant livestock animal groups involved. Findings from previously published studies on Blastocystis in ruminant and non-ruminant livestock animals in Malaysia support indications that livestock animals may serve as reservoirs of human infections, being as one or more of the following Blastocystis subtypes: ST1, ST2, ST3, ST4, ST5, and ST6, have been isolated from both humans and livestock animals within similar regions of the country. Animal handlers are, therefore, advised to exercise proper hygiene to prevent possible transmission of Blastocystis from their animals, while further studies on the genetic variants of Blastocystis in farm animals and their keepers are required to better understand the role of these animals in human Blastocystis.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 2","pages":"146-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic effects of bioconjugated Linalool-zinc oxide nanoparticles against Giardia lamblia infection through modulating serum electrolytes and inhibiting inflammation.","authors":"A F Shater, A J Alghabban","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.2.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.42.2.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nowadays, there has been a noticeable rise in the utilization of nanoparticles in a diverse array of fields, including medicine and industry. The current research seeks to evaluate the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of bioconjugated Linalool-zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZOP) in the treatment of G. lamblia infection. The impact of Linalool-ZOP at dosages of 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, both individually and in conjunction with metronidazole (MTZ, 7.5 mg/kg) on the number and viability of Giardia cysts, the serum level of electrolytes of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), as well as the NF-kB signaling-related genes ((Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-a), Interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-10, Nuclear Factor kappa B p65 (NF-kB p65), and Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4)) were assessed. We found that the average diameter of Linalool-ZOP was determined to be 105 nm. Following a seven-day treatment of G. lamblia-infected mice with LinaloolZOP mainly in conjunction with MTZ, the number and viability of G. lamblia cysts was significantly decreased (P<0.001). Linalool-ZOP, particularly in combination with MTZ, notably modulated the serum levels of Na and K in the infected mice (P < 0.001). The Linalool-ZOP, particularly in conjunction with MTZ independently led to a notable drop in the TNF-a, IL-1, NF-kB p65, and TLR4 genes, as well as a marked increase in IL-10 gene expression (P< 0.001) with no toxicity on vital organs in mice. The present study revealed that the Linalool-ZOP, mainly in combination with MTZ, significantly alleviated Giardia infection in murine models by reducing inflammation and rectifying serum electrolyte imbalances. Should additional mechanisms be clarified and subsequent clinical trials involving human subjects produce positive outcomes, these compounds could be considered potential candidates for developing a new therapeutic approach for giardiasis. Furthermore, we advocate for the initiation of human clinical trials and a more comprehensive assessment of the toxicity of Linalool-ZOP in more intricate models.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 2","pages":"194-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological and entomological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Saudi Arabia: A narrative review.","authors":"A Al Zahrani, S Al Qarni, E Al Mohammadi, N Al Zahrani","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.2.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.42.2.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, transmitted through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. As a neglected tropical disease, it has recently garnered significant attention. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a priority for disease control by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Saudi Arabia, among other countries. This narrative review focuses on the history of the disease, its epidemiological and entomological aspects, high-risk populations, and hard-to-reach areas. The review is based on a comprehensive analysis of literature published in English on leishmaniasis in Saudi Arabia. Articles were systematically filtered to ensure relevance to the scope of this paper. Findings from these studies were summarized and categorized geographically into five main regions: Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western, and Central Saudi Arabia.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 2","pages":"90-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potent antileishmanial and synergic effects of phellandrene through its immunomodulation, modulating oxidant/antioxidant, and apoptotic induction.","authors":"A J Alghabban","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.2.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.42.2.016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The primary pharmaceutical treatments for the cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are linked to a range of negative complications. The development of innovative pharmacological agents aimed at enhancing cellular immune responses could denote a promising therapeutic approach for CL therapy. Here, the present study investigated the impact of phellandrene (PR), a cyclic monoterpene found in various plant species, on Leishmania tropica, focusing on its antileishmanial properties, immunomodulatory effects, antioxidant activity, and capacity to induce apoptosis. The antileishmaial and synergistic properties effects of PR alone and in conjunction with glucantime (GCT) on L. tropica promastigote and amastigote forms were investigated. As well, the influence of PR on the immunomodulatory-associated genes, antioxidant-associated genes, plasma membrane integrity, ROS generation, apoptosis induction, and nitric oxide (NO) production was assessed. We found that PR principally in conjunction with GCT notably reduced by the number of promastigote and amastigote forms within macrophages a dose-dependent reduction (p%lt;0.001). We found a significant upregulation in the expression of the iNOS, interferon gamma (IFN-g), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a) genes in infected macrophages subsequent to treatment with RP, particularly in conjunction with GCT. Conversely, there was a notable downregulation in the expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) genes; whereas, results in a substantial rise in NO release in macrophage cells (p<0.001). PR, GCT, PR+GCT resulted in a dose-dependent enhancement of caspase-3 activity, increase in plasma membrane integrity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (p<0.001). The findings indicate that the PR mainly along with GCT has a substantial effect on the inhibition and elimination of Leishmania parasites in controlled laboratory environments. Although certain cellular mechanisms of action have been recognized, including immune modulation cellular immunity response, the induction of apoptosis, ROS and NO production, reducing the antioxidant activity, and affecting membrane integrity in response to Leishmania, additional research is required to interpret its effectiveness in both animal models and human participants.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 2","pages":"226-235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prevalence of leptospirosis infections among humans in Malaysia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"M S Mohd Yusof, N Ahmed, S N I Bakhir, R V Shiva Shanghari, M Hashairi Fauzi","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.2.013","DOIUrl":"10.47665/tb.42.2.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leptospirosis is an infectious and zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes of Leptospira. It affects global health issues, especially endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. This meta-analysis assessed the prevalence of leptospirosis in Malaysia and explored factors contributing to variability studies. A systematic review was conducted, which identified 301 records from six key databases. After eliminating duplicates and applying the inclusion criteria, 24 studies were selected for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Pooled prevalence and heterogeneity were calculated using a random-effects model. The pooled prevalence of leptospirosis was 26.7% (95% CI: 20.5-34.0%) with high heterogeneity (I² = 97.43%, p < 0.001). Thus, the reported prevalence decreased from 29.7% (2001-2010) to 18.1% (2011-2020). Additionally, cross-sectional studies reported a 27.4% prevalence, while prospective studies showed a higher rate (53.0%). Diagnostic methods affected the results, with MAT reporting 29.8% and combined PCR-MAT showing the highest prevalence at 31.9%. Leptospirosis remains common in Malaysia, demonstrating the need for better public health interventions, especially in flood-prone areas. Diagnostic techniques and surveillance must be improved and essential for better detecting and managing the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 2","pages":"201-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seropositivity of Bartonella henselae Among Suspected Cat Scratch Disease Patients in Malaysia: A 5-Year Retrospective Study (2015-2019).","authors":"N Zabari, F S Abdul Hadi, Z Seman, B Y Tay, J Zahidi, S R Ramli","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.2.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.42.2.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cat scratch disease (CSD) is a worldwide preventable zoonotic disease caused by a Gram-negative bacteria, Bartonella henselae (B. henselae). A retrospective study was performed to determine the seroprevalence of B. henselae and to identify its associated factors among cat scratch disease suspected patients in Malaysia from 2015-2019. A total of 3525 serum samples from Malaysian government and private hospitals were tested using an indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) test kit. The IgM seropositivity of B. henselae was 41.8% and this rate showed an increasing trend each year. Among the states, Selangor had the highest B. henselae infection rate (23%), while Perlis had the lowest (1%). Further analysis revealed a significant association between B. henselae infection and female gender, as well as the younger age group between 10-19 years old (AOR 1.20, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.38; AOR 2.84, 95% CI: 2.13, 3.79). Patients presenting with fever, axillary and inguinal lymphadenopathy were found to be at a higher risk of B. henselae infection with AOR 1.73, 95% CI: 1.43, 2.09; AOR 3.71, 95% CI: 2.01, 6.84; AOR 1.91, 95% CI: 1.05, 3.48 respectively. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that B. henselae infection is not uncommon among at-risk patients in Malaysia. Clinicians should have a high level of suspicion when encountering patients with significant clinical presentations and risk factors of CSD.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 2","pages":"162-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro antibacterial potential of 1'S-1'-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) on oral opportunistic pathogens.","authors":"N S M Zahidan, N U A Sabri, S N A Adnan, K Awang, N Ab Malik","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.2.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.42.2.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oral opportunistic pathogens resulting from poor oral health can lead to serious issues in elderly and immunocompromised individuals, including lower respiratory tract infections and aspiration pneumonia (AP). The main objective of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial effect 1'S-1'-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) isolated from Alpinia conchigera rhizome extract against selected oral opportunistic pathogens which are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this study, a total of 13 respondents were recruited to obtain the clinical isolates of selected oral opportunistic pathogens. From these samples, 3 strains of S. aureus, 1 strain of S. pneumoniae, 3 strains of K. pneumoniae and 1 strain of P. aeruginosa were obtained and further tested. To achieve the objective, disc diffusion assay (DDA), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time kill assay were carried out to determine the antibacterial properties. Based on DDA results, ACA displayed good antibacterial activity against clinical isolates and ATCC strains of S. aureus, S. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa with the zone of inhibition recorded at 25.07 ± 0.09 mm, 36.83 ± 0.85 mm and 14.00 ± 0.82 mm respectively while clinical isolates and ATCC strains of K. pneumoniae did not show any inhibition diameter. The range of MIC and MBC values for ACA recorded were between 0.39 mg/mL until 12.50 mg/mL. ACA exhibited both bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties mostly when treated with concentration of 2 × MIC and MIC at different time intervals. In conclusion, ACA possesses antibacterial effect against clinical isolates and ATCC strains of S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 2","pages":"130-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rodent-borne zoonotic diseases in Southeast Asia: A narrative review.","authors":"T Ganasen, S N I Mohd-Azami, J J Khoo, T L Peng, J Johari, N Sahimin, Z Ya'cob, S AbuBakar, S K Loong","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.2.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.42.2.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rodent-borne zoonotic diseases, including hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, leptospirosis, and rickettsiosis, significantly impact public health. However, there is a limited understanding of these diseases in Southeast Asia, a region emerging as a hotspot for zoonotic diseases. To address this, the authors reviewed the recent developments in prevalent rodent-borne diseases in Southeast Asia from 2000 to 2024. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google, and Google Scholar, using keywords like \"rodent-borne diseases,\" \"prevalence,\" \"epidemiology,\" \"humans,\" and \"Southeast Asia.\". Leptospirosis is widespread in several Southeast Asian countries. Malaysia and Thailand have established effective national surveillance systems, tracking annual cases and fatalities. For viral diseases, such as haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, most countries lack a structured reporting system. Vector-borne rodent diseases deal with similar underreporting, with diseases like bartonellosis and borreliosis noted only anecdotally, even in relatively-resourced countries like Thailand and Malaysia. This underreporting is concerning, as the causative pathogens are often detected in rodent reservoirs and their arthropod vectors around these regions during biosurveillance studies. Invasive rodents have long infiltrated into human environments and thrive as successful commensal species, facilitating the transmission of zoonotic pathogens to humans. Therefore, robust surveillance systems, often essential in disease control are urgently needed across the Southeast Asian region. Further scientific research and biosurveillance studies are crucial in understanding the impact of these diseases on human health, rodent populations, and the environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 2","pages":"100-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying risk factors for soil-transmitted helminths among indigenous communities in Simalungun, North Sumatra.","authors":"D M Darlan, M F Rozi, H Yulfi, M Panggabean, Y Andriyani, I Siregar, V S Hutagalung, E S Mastari","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.2.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.42.2.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are among the most common parasitic infections associated with neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), particularly in regions with poor sanitation and hygiene. The prevalence of STH is disproportionately high in middle- to low-income countries due to inadequate infrastructure and hygiene practices. This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with STH infections among native communities in the rural Simalungun District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 592 native Simalungun Bataknese individuals living and working in 14 villages across the district. Participants were interviewed regarding sanitation, hygiene practices, and demographic factors, while fecal samples were collected for parasitological examination using the direct smear and Kato-Katz methods. All laboratory analyses were conducted at the Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, and interpreted by a parasitologist. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression to identify significant risk factors for STH infection. The overall STH prevalence was 14.5% (86/592 participants), with identified species including Trichuris trichiura (33.7%), hookworm (31.4%), Ascaris lumbricoides (11.6%), and mixed infections (23.3%). Multivariate analysis revealed two significant risk factors for STH infection: consumption of uncooked drinking water (AOR 2.05, 95% CI 1.10-3.81, p=0.000) and not using a toilet with a septic tank (AOR 2.38, 95% CI 1.46-3.87). These findings highlight the critical role of sanitation and water safety in reducing STH transmission. Improving access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation facilities is essential for controlling STH infections in rural communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 2","pages":"85-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Induction of pneumonia in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infected immunocompetent BALB/c mice.","authors":"A A Saperi, H Y Lee, S AbuBakar","doi":"10.47665/tb.42.2.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.42.2.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Assessing the efficacy and safety of potential therapeutics for multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii infections necessitates the use of in vivo models, typically involving mice and highly virulent isolates of the bacterium. In this study, we investigated the clinical isolate Ab35 of MDR Acinetobacter baumannii to determine its ability to infect and induce pneumonia in a mouse infection model. Immunocompetent BALB/c mice were infected through the oropharyngeal aspiration route. Enlarged spleen germinal center, reduced lung air space, and infiltration of immune cells within the lungs of infected mice were observed. Notably, there were no significant changes in body weight among the infected mice. Clinical scores were elevated from days 5 to 10 post-infection in groups administered with 1×10⁸ CFU/ml Ab35 (score: 3) and 1×10¹⁰ CFU/ml Ab35 (score: 6). In contrast, immunosuppressed mice exhibited clinical scores as early as 5 minutes after inoculation with 1×10¹⁰ CFU/ml Ab35, with observations beginning on day 2. Furthermore, a lung burden of 1.32 log10 CFU/ml (21 CFU/ml) was recorded in immunocompetent mice inoculated with 1×10¹⁰ CFU/ml Ab35. These findings suggest that infection with clinical isolates of A. baumannii in BALB/c mice through oropharyngeal aspiration can lead to symptomatic infections, including pneumonia. Thus, this study supports the feasibility of utilizing an in vivo mouse infection model with immunocompetent mice and clinical isolates of A. baumannii for future therapeutic evaluations.</p>","PeriodicalId":101343,"journal":{"name":"Tropical biomedicine","volume":"42 2","pages":"155-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}